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6} ืฉื˜ 808118016 ืฉ|ืก1ื•ืกื˜ื˜ 06ื”ื ืช 1085 8161121ืžื– ืคื  1 


ืช00002110? 210166049 116114896 


ืคื™ื˜ 2 
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2 
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3 

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1ื–0ืก.1116ื˜ืก-ื’ื•ืค00ื ืฅ//:ืคืงืŸื–ื–ื— 


00042008 0(6049ื–? 116116496 06 1 0 


ื–ืกืŸ ืฅ501611 ืกื—ื–ื•ื—ืก 1066ื˜ืกื–ื˜ 15 01611601ื—ื– 1015 
ื–ืก 010ื– 60006โ€ 101ืก'ื–ืกื•ื•ื–ื•ื•ื–ืกืก ื–ืกื™1 ืฅ|ื—ืก 56ื˜ 01ื—50ื–ืกืง 
ืกื—ื•ืฉืก11ืกืŸ 406 01 ืคื• 0001006 10096ื˜ ,ืกืคื•ื• ื–ืกื—}ืก ืขื—ื 

:4405 011ืฐื–ืก 


ื ื–ืกืก. 14016ืก-10)604100190ื1 


ืช70000210 21016019 116111296 06 1 0 


ืคื™ื˜ 07 


+ ื ืžืื™ ื•ืจ 


ืคื•ืขื˜ื™ื˜ 


| ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“ 


ืื•ื•ืฉื˜ื™ื˜ 
|ื•ื–ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“ 


ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉ-ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ'ืฉืขืฃ 
ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ 


ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 1961 


ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืžื™ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ืœืขืจ. ื›ืื™ึดื ื’ื•ืจืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ. ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืืฃ ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจืขืจ ืขืจื“ (ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ) + + *+ * . * 
ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื ืคืึทืจืžื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ. ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืึธืŸ ื ื”ื™ื™ื (ืœื•ื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข) . + . + +. . . . . 11 
ื ื‘ืจื™ืง ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ืŸ (ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ) . 26 
ืืจื• ืฐืขืจื’ืขืœื™ืก. ื ื‘ืื ืงืจืึธื˜ื™ืจื˜ืข ืื™ื“ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืขืช ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื˜ืขื’ . . .+ + + + . . . . . 37 
ืžืึธื–ื™ ืงืึธื‘ืจื™ืื ืกืงื™. ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืข ื’ื™ื™ื˜ (ืจืึธืžืืŸ. ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื " 
ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™. ืžืืกื˜ื‘ืฑื) + + + + + + + + 6 . 6 6 6 49 
ื‘ืึธืจื™ืก ืžืึธื’ื™ืœื ืขืจ. ืคื™ื ืฃ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ . :+ + + * ื™ื‘ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ--ื–ืฒืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจ ื’ืฑืจืœ. ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืงืื”ืืŸืฃ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธืคึผืึธืœื™ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข . . . . *+ * * * 
ืื™ืจืžืข ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจ. ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜. ื“ื™ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ืข ืฉื™ ืืข ื ื•ืจ 5 ื™ื™ 


ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื™ื“ืื˜ืขืก 


ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืขืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืฒืคืก ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’: ืงื™ื›ืขืœืขืš 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืžืขืœืขืš. -- ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื‘ืกื•ืจืขืก. -- ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข, ื–ื•ืžืขืจ 1944..--ืื ื 
ืคืจืื ืง. -- ื ืคึผืึธืกืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืื ืืš. -- ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืึธื›ืŸ 
ื˜ืž ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืจ ืจืงื™ืข ื’ ืฉื™ ืฉื™ 76 ืขื˜) , 66 6 ื. ืจื’ 
ื ื•ื™ืขืš ืœื•ืจื™ืข. ื ื ื™ื˜ื™ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืึธื™ 
ืคื ื ื—ืืœืœ" + +  .โ€ + + ืฉ .= ืจ ื ืช. 12 
ืื™ืฆื™ืง ืงื™ืคึผื ื™ืก. ื“ื™ ืื™ืœื™ืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืงืขืก. -- ืžื™ื™ื™ 
ืขืจืœ ื“ืขื ืงืืฆืขื•ื•ืก.--ื ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ. -- ื“ืขื 
ืจืึธื•ื•ืก ื’ืื ื“ื–. -- ืฉืฒึทืข ื”ื™ืจืฉืžืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื ืฒึทืข ืงืืœืึธืฉืŸ . 125 


ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ-ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง. ื‘ื™ื‘ืœ;ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข. ืคืจืื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ 


ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืžืืจื’ืึธืœื™ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืืฐืจืึธื ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ . . 140 
ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืขืก. ื”. ืจ ืขืžืขื ื™ืง. ื ืจืึธืžืืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื˜ืขื- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข; ื™ื ืงืึธืฐ ื’ืึธืจืขืœื™ืง. ื ืฐืขืจื˜- 
ืคื•ืœืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข: ื™ืขื›ื™ึทืขืœ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืžืืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 149 
ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทืœืื’ืข. ืœื™ื•ื“ืžื™ืœืข ื‘ืึธื’ืฑ 

ืก ืœื ื•ื• ืก ืง ื ื™ื. ื ืคื™ืœืฆื•ื–ืึธื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ . . . . . 155 
ื›ืื™ื ืžืขืœืืžื•ื“. ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐืฒืฆืขื ืข ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ . . . . . 156 
ืืฃ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขืžืขืก. ืคึผืจืึธืคึผ. ื’. ื‘ืึธื ื“ืืจ ืขืฐืจืกืงื™ ืื™ืŸ 

ื ื ืขืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผืจื•ื›ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจื™ึทืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืข- 
ืœื•ื›ืขืก (ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืืฉ 6 ืขืจ + = ื™ื™ื’ ื™.ื™ 
ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ,ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืž 
ืœืื ื“" ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ. ,ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ?1" . . . . . . . 168 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึธื˜ืฉื˜ ื™ื™ ื™ืข ืจ 
ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ + + + *+ * * * * 14 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื˜ืฉื™ืงืื•ืข. ื–. ืกื™ืžื›ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉื™ื–ืึธืจื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ 

7 66 ืŸืข ืจ ื™ื™ ื™ื™ ; 
ืคืึธื˜ืึธ-ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืง. ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืื ืฆืขืก . . . . 178 
ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืง ืขื™ ืืข ื ืขื™ . ื ื ื™ื™ ื™ืข 
ืฉื™ ื™ืข ;ื™ืข ืขืจ .ื ืฉืฉ 6 ,ืืช 
ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืœืขืงืกื™ืงืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื™ ืข ืข ืื’ 6 +ื™+ 6 ืื™ = ื =+ ื™ืข 
ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ,ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“? ืคืืจืŸ 
ื™ืฉ ืืคืกืžืข . +6 + + + 6 + ืื™ = 6 6 6 . . 156 
ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ืก. 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฐื•ืจืึธื ื’ืึธื ื˜ืืจ, ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื ืื˜ืืŸ ืฉื•ืœืžืืŸ . 191 


*. 


ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ื™ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ 
ื. ื•ื•ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ืก 
ืจืขื“ืงืึธืœืขื’ื™ืข: 


ื›. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืขื”. ื. ื’ืึธื ื˜ืืจ, 
ืฉ. ื’ืึธืจื“ืึธืŸ, ื˜. ื’ืขืŸ, 


ื™. ื˜ืฉื™ื˜ืฉืขืœื ื™ืฆืง,, 
ื ืึธื˜ืข ืœื•ืจื™ืข, ืž. ืœืขื”, 
ื‘. ืžื™ืœืขืจ, ื›. ืžืขืœืืžื•ื“, 


ื”. ืคึผืึธืœื™ืื ืงืขืจ, ืก. ืคืจื˜, 
ืคืืจืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจ 
ื™. ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจ 


ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื•ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืื™ื™ื’ื ืฉืืคื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ -- 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผื™ืขืœืงืฒึทื˜, ืขืจืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, ื˜ื™ืคืข ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ, ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืœื˜ืข ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงืึทืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืึทืจืืœ. 


ืœืขืึธื ื™ื“ ืื™ืœื™ื˜ืฉ ื‘ืจืขื–ืฉื ื™ืขื•ื• 
(ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื˜-ืคืึธืจื˜ืจืึธื’ ืืคืŸ 4 ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™-ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ) 


ื›ืื•ื ื’ื•ืจืฆืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 


ืžื™ื˜ื™--ื˜ืœืขืจ 


ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืืฃ ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจืขืจ ืขืจืจ 


ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 


ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ื ื™ืœืึธืคึผื™ืื˜. 
ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขื ื™ืขื ื™ืกื™ื™ 


ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื•ื™ืกืขืฃ ืœื™ืกืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืจืืฉื™ืงืŸ ื ืึธืฐืึธืกื™ื‘ื™ืจืกืงืขืจ 
ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืžืื’. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืŸ 
ื ืฐืฒึทืกืฉื ืฒื™ืงืข ืคึผืื ืืžืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœืขื ื“ื™ืง ื 
ืคืจืขื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ: 

-- ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ืงื•ืง, ื•ื™ ืคึผืืกื˜ 
ืขืก ืžื™ืจ? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ื‘ืขืกืขืจ. 

ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื™ืš ืื™ื, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ื™ืš ืืฃ 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ: 

--- ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืฒึทืช ืฐื™ ื’ืขื ื™ื™ื˜ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ึดืขืœ ืคืืจ 
ืืฒึทืš. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืกืขื–ืึธืŸ, ืื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ืจืขื’ื ืก, ืื– ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื ืคึผืื ืืžืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฉืื˜ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ืฉื™ืจืขื. 

ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ: 

-- ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืœืข ื ืึธืฐืึธืกื™ื‘ื™ืจืกืงืขืจ 
ื˜ื•ื™ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ืฆื•ืœืึธื›ืขืก ื“ืขื ืฐื•ืขื˜ืขืจ ื–ื•ืžืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผื- 
ื ืืžืขืก, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ืืœ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืจืข- 
ื’ืขื ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืžื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืฆื•ืคึผืืกืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธื“ืข. 

ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืœืื ื’ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš 
ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืงื•ืขืš, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ื ื’ื™ื™ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ื•ื•ื-ื™ื‘ืื ืง: 

-- ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ, ื›ืึธืฉืขืฐืขืจ ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ, ื•ื™ 
ืื™ืš ื–ืข, ื–ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ื ื™ื™ึธื“, ืื™ื– ืœืึธืžื™ืจ 
ืื•ื™ืกื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ, ืงืึธืœื–ืžืืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืืก ื”ื•ืœื™ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ื ืฉืžื•ืขืก ื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ-ืฉืคึผืจืืš. 


4 


ืžืื›ื˜ ืขืจ: 

-- ื‘ื™ื˜ืข! ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ืึธืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื , ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข" ื ื™ื™ึธื“, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืืคืงืข ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืขืจ--ื ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืข- 
ืฐืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืœื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื›ืขื–ืฉื‘ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืข- 
ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืจ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืฆืœื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš ืคืืจื“ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ 
ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจื™ืืง... ื ืึธืจ ืืœืฆื™ื™ื ืก ืื™ื– ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื”ืืจืฅ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ.. 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืึธืœื™ึดืข, ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ื™ืึธืกื™ืฃ ื™ืืงืึธืฐื•ืœืขืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 
ืื™ื– ื ืงืื ื“ื™ื“ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืŸ, 
ืื– ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐ-ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจืขืจ ื”ื™- 
ื“ืจืึธืžืขื˜ืขืึธืจืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืกืขืง- 
ื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ืจืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืœืก 
ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื– ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืื™ื ื“ืึธ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืข, ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื™- 
ืงืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื™ืงืข ืืฒึทื–ื™ืงืจื™ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ,ืคืืจืงื™ืฉืขืคื˜" ืžื™ื˜ ื ืกืืš ืืึธืจืŸ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ 
ื–ืขื›ืฆืŸ. 

ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืื’ืข, ืฐื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ 
ื“ื™ ืงืืฅ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ื™ ืืฒึทื–ื™ 
ื˜ืขืžืข ืฆื• ื ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื–ื™ืงืŸ 
ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื™ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•, ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืขืจ: 

-- ื™ืึธ, ื˜ืืงืข ื ื’ืื ืฅ ื˜ืฉื™ืงืื•ื•ืข ืคืจืื’ืข.. 
ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึธืจ, ืื– ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื, ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ื ื™ืœืึธืคึผื™ืื˜, ืคืืจืืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทื›ืœ, ื ื‘ืฒึทืคืœื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ 


ื“ืขื ื˜ืขื˜ืขืจืขื•ื•, ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื•ื™ ื ื’ืขื ืขืฅ... ื ืขืžื˜ 
ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ื ืึธืš 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขื ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื™ื™ืฆืขื’ืื ื’, ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธ- 
ื–ื™ืงืขืจ , ืจื™ื–" ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขื’ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™, ืื– ืื™ื ืขื 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื›ืื˜ืขืก. ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืื–ื 
ืžื™ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ื›ื™ืข ืึธื ืžืื›ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜... ืžื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื ืฅ ืขืคึผื™ื–ืึธื“ืœ ืฆืขืจื•ื“ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ื’ืขืœืขื›- 
ื˜ืขืจ.. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืฉื™ืŸ ืื–ื, ืžื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, 
,ื•ืืกืขืจื™ืืจื˜ืขืจื™ืข", ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื ื™ืœืึธืคึผื™ืื˜, ืงืึธืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืึธืคึผื˜ืึธืŸ ื ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืœ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทื›ืŸ- 
ื’ื™ื’ืื ื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงืื˜ืืกื˜ืจืึธ- 
ืคื™ืฉืข ืืฒึทื–ื™ืงืจื™ึดืขืก? 

ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜, ื˜ืึธื’ ืืฒึทืŸ 
ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ื™ืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ื™ืขืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืขื’ื‘ืขืจืŸ 
ื ื’ืขื“ืื ืง: ืื– ืฐื™ ืืœืข ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืคืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ืฃ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืžืขืกื™ืง... ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคึผืึธื•ื•ืื“- 
ืงืขืก, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืขืจื ืขืŸ, 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธื ืงื•ื ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืคืœื™ื™- 
ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ... 

ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืืคึผืจื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ื ื™ืœืึธืคึผื™ืื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ื™ื•ื™ืกืขืคืงืข 
ืœื™ืกืขืจืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื- 
ืจื•ืฃ, 

ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1944, ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืŸ 
ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื™ื“ืจืึธืžืขื˜ืขืึธืจืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™- 
ื˜ื•ื˜, ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจืืกื ืึธื™ืืจืกืง ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืกืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ืจืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึธื’ื ืึธื–ืŸ. 
ืกืึธืคึผืงืึธืœืกืึธืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื˜ืจื•ื™ื. ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืงืœืฒื ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื™ืขื ื™ืกื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืืกื™ื™ืŸ! ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผืขืจืื˜ื™ื•ืข 
ืจืื›ื•ื•ืขืก, ืื–ื•ื™ื ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืคึผื™ื™ื–ืื–ืฉืŸ ื ืึธืจ 
ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ืคื•ืœืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจ ืœื™ืกืขืจืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ ืคืืจื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ 
ื“ืขื ื™ืขื ื™ืกื™ื™ืก ืืฒึทื–ื™ืจืขื–ืฉื™ื, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜, ื ื- 
ื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš, ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื™ืงืข ืืฒึทื–ื™ืงืจื™ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ืึธ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืจืื ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืืจืคืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืžืข ื ืขืžื˜ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืึธืคึผ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆืขืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 
ื ืึธื›ืื ืื ื“. ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜- 
ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื˜ื•ื–ื™ืื–ื ,ืื ืื˜ืึธืžื™ืจื˜" ื“ืขื ืงืึธืžืคึผ- 
ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืืคึผืจื™ื–ื ืขื ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจืขืจ ืืžืื–ืึธื ืงืข... ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1954 ืคืืจ- 
ื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœืŸ 
ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื’ื ืึธื–ืŸ (ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื“ืจืึธ- 
ืžืขื˜ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ) ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืกืขืจื˜ืืฆื™ืข , ืคืจื™- 
ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื™ืงืข ืืฒึทื–ื™ืงืจื™ึดืขืก ืืคืŸ ื™ืขื ื™ืกื™ื™". 

ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืง ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸืŸ, 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืžืึธื ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข ,ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื™ืงืข 
ืืฒึทื–ื™ืงืจื™ึดืขืก ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฒึทื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ". ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 


ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธืคึผืจื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื 
ืฉืขื“ืขื•ื•ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ื 
ืงืึธืœืึธืกืืœืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืคืืจ ื”ื™ื“ืจืึธืœืึธื’ืŸ, ื’ืขืึธ- 
ื’ืจืืคืŸ, ื”ื™ื“ืจืึธื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืกื˜ื•" 
ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ืจืึธืžืขื˜ืขืึธืจืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืข ืคืืงื•ืœื˜ืขื˜ืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, 
ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื™ืึธืกื™ืฃ ื™ืืงืึธืฐื•ืœืขืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 
ื‘ื ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืื•ื•" 
ื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ, 

ืขืก ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืžืขืจืงืŸ ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›- 
ื˜ื™ืงืข ื“ืขื˜ืืœ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข. ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขื›ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ืกืขืจ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืฐืึธืกื™ื‘ื™ืจืกืงืขืจ ืคื™ืœื™ืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœ- 
ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜-ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืข (ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืืฒึทื–ื–ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืœืื‘ืึธืจืื˜ืึธืจื™ืข ื‘ืื ื˜ืจืื ืก- 
ืคึผืึธืจื˜-ืขื ืขืจื’ืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜). ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธ- 
ื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืขืจื™ึดืึธื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืœืขืง 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืืกื ืึธื™ืืจืกืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืื˜ืกืงืขืจ 
ื”ื™ื“ืจืึธืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืขืก, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ 
ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืฉ ืืจื•ื™ืกืคืึธืจืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืึธื ื˜ืฒื™ืœื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ื™ืขื ื™ืกื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื ื’ืืจื ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืข 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืฒึทื–ื™ื’ืื ื’. 

ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืคืืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืคื™ื™ืจืขืฉ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืื ืื - 
ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืคืจืขื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ: 

-- ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข 
ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทื–ื™ื˜ืขืžืข, ืื™ืจ 
ื“ืขืจืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืฆื•ื ื˜ืื›ืœืขืก, 
ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข ืจืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ ื ืึธืš ืืฒึทืš ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’?.. 

-- ื™ืึธ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืœื™ื‘ืข: ื–ื™ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื–ืฉืืฐืขืจื˜, ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ืงืขืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืื•ื, ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืงืœืืคึผื˜ 
ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืขื ื”ืืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืืฒึทื ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืจื•ื™ึทืง... ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืึธื’ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ืึธืคึผ 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ,ืจืืงืขื˜ืข" ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ืจื’ื•ื˜. ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืืฃ 
ื“ืขื ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืฒึทืš ืึธื‘, ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืึธืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜. ืžื•ื– 
ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืฒึทื–ื™ 
ืจืขื–ืฉื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืจืื™ืึธืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข , ืจืข- 
ืงืึธื’ื ืึธืกืฆื™ืจืึธื•ื•ืงืขืก? ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ืฉื˜ืขื - 
ื“ื™ืง ืึธืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ... 


ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืžืื’, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ื™ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื’-ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขื ืข ืฐืึธืœืงื ืก, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ 
ืฐื™ ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืจื™ืขืก, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืœื™ืง ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ. ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื‘ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื”ื™ืžืœ. 

-- ื ื•, ืึธื˜ ื–ืขื˜, --ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ื™ืึธืกื™ืฃ ื™ืืงืึธื•ื•ืœืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืคืืจื™ื›ื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ 


ืคึผ 


ื“ื™ ืคึผืื ืืžืข.--ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืฐืึธืœืงืŸ- 
ืงืจื™ึดืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขื–ื™ื™ื˜, ืื™ืฆื˜ ืงืึธืŸ 
ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื”ืึธืคืŸ ืืฃ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ, ื–ื•ื ื™ืงืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจ. 


.ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ืึทืšืจ 
ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืึทืจ 


ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืœืขื ื ืฉื˜ืฒึทื’, 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืื•ืคื”ืขืจ ืืจื•ืžื’ืข- 
ื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืื•ื•ืกื˜ืจืืœื™ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื’ืึธ. 

ื“ืึธืก ื™ืื˜ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืขื ื’ืŸ ืงืจืฒึทื– 
ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืขืฐื•ืจืขืœืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื”ื™ืก- 
ืคึผืฒึทืœืขืก ืขืคึผืขืก ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜. 

ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜ 
ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขื–ืฉื•ืจื ืขืจ ืื ืข ืคื™ืœื™ืคึผืึธืฐื ืข ื˜ืฉืขืจ- 
ื ืึธื‘ืฒึท, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืึธื ื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื–, ื”ืืœื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขืจืขื˜ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜, ืฆื•ื’ืข- 
ื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉ: 


-- ื’ื•ื˜ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ื‘ื™ื˜ืข! ืื ืข ืคื™ืœื™ืคึผืึธื•ื•ื ืข, 
ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ืื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฃ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืขืงืกืงื•ืจืกื™ืข-ืคื™ืจืขืจ. 
ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืฉื™ืœืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ื ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ื ื’ืึธ. 

-- ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืื ืง ื“ื™ืจ, ืžื™ืฉืขื ืงืข, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื“ื™ ืืื•ื“ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืข ืื™ื– 
ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ. ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืขืคึผืขืก! ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ.. 


-- ืึท! ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขืฐ: ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืงืจืึธื’ืŸ ืืœืข ืคื™ืจ ื‘ืขื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขืžืก 
,ื‘ืืœืขื›ืื™ื-ื•ื•ืขืœื˜". ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข. 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืื™ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืขืก! ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื˜ืืงืข ืืŸ ืขืžืขืก, ืื ืข ืคื™ืœื™ืคึผืึธืฐื•ื ืข, ืื– ืจื™ื˜ืข ืื™ื– 
ืงืจืื ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ? 

-- ื™ืึธ, ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืงืขื ื˜ื™ืง, ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฆื•ื’ืข- 
ืงื™ืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืืฃ 
ืจืขื ื˜ื’ืขืŸ. ื‘ืืœืึธื ื™ื ื ืงื•ืง ื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืืฆื™ืขื ื˜ืงืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืกืืš,--ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื ืข ืคื™ืœื™ืคึผืึธืฐื•ื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ: 

-- ืจื™ื˜ืข, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืžืืœืคึผืข, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืืœืข- 
ืžืขื ืก ืœื™ื‘ืœื™ื ื’... 

-- ืื™ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืจืขื-ืžื™ื–ืจืขื›ื“ื™- 
ืงืข ืื–ื™ึดืข, ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืงืœื•ื’ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืฒึทื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื›ืขืก, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื‘ืึธื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืคืืจืžื™ื˜ืœืขืจ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™- 
ืงืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจืข ื‘ืืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, --ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ืื˜ ,ืคืืจืคื•ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืื ืงืขื˜ืข? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื™ื’ื™ื ืข- 
ืœืขืจ ืจืขื ื˜ื’ืขืŸ-ืคึผืืฆื™ึดืขื ื˜ืงืข. 


6 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ: ืื ืข ืคื™ืœื™ืคึผืึธืฐื•ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ืœืื“ืŸ ืฆื• ืขืคึผืขืก ืืŸ ืขื“ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ 

-- ืื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ื˜ 
ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, -- ืื™ืš ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ืึธืคึผืฉืฒื“ืŸ. ืืฃ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื™ื‘, ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื ืขื“- 
ื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ื ืžืึธืจืขืฉื›ื•ื™ืจืข.. 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ืง, 
ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืฉืขืŸ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ื ืึธืฐืึธืกื™ื‘ื™ืจืกืงืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื ืื˜ื•- 
ืจืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ. 

ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื™ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืฃ ื ืกืืš ืจืฒึทื›ืขืจ -- ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืžื™ืฉืข ืขื ื˜ื•ืกืŸ. 

ืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ -- ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ, 
ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึธื ืขื ื ื‘ืื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื˜ืก ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืก, 
ืื– ืขืก ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื“ื™ ืฉืฒึทืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื. 

-- ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ืฉืข, ื 
ื™ื•ื ืื˜? 

-- ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ. ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื™ 
ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ื ืกืืš ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข, 
ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš, ืื™ืš ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืคื™ืœืข, ื•ื™ึทืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืงืœืืก ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ... ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜, ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืึธืึธืคึผืืจืง ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื’ื™ื™ืŸ. 

-- ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ? 

-- ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ื•ืื“ืข, ืื– ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ 
ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืขืœ, ืฐืขื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื ื’ื™ืœื“ืข- 
ื ืขื ื˜ืขืœืขืจืœ ืขื“ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ --ื ืื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขื 
ืงื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื›ืฒึทืขืก, ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื 
ืฉืขืคื˜ื•ื, ื“ืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืื™ื.. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ ืืคื™ืœืข 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืงืฑื™ื“ืขืžืงืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ื ื‘ืขื–ืขื ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ืื ื˜: ืงืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืืœื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขืก ื ื™ื˜, 
ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืึธืึธืคึผืืจืง ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจื™ื™ืŸ.. 

-- ื‘ื ื“ื™ืจ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืก- 
ื˜ืืžืข ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืœื™ื‘ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืฒึทืขืก.. 

-- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืจืขื“ื˜ ืื™ืจ! ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ืื™ื– ื 
ืจืื“ื™ืึธื™ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ,ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธืกื™ื’ื ืืœ? 
ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข --ื ืงืืจื“ื™ืึธืœืึธื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืง- 
ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืงืœื™ื ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืžืขื’ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืžื•ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื“ื™ ื–ืืš ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืคืืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ืข, 
ืื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฑืกืจืฒึทืกืŸ 
ืื”ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื•ืืœื“, ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื’ืข- 
ื”ืื˜, ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืš, ื›ืืกืฐืขื›ืึธืœื™ืœืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฆื•ืงืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืคึผืึธืคึผืึธื˜ืื... 


-- ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืขืžืขืกืŸ ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขืš 
ืฆื• ืื™ื™ืกืขืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ื›ืฒึทืขืก.. 

-- ื•ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ? ื–ื™ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืกืืš ืงืœื™ื’ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืกื™ื›ื™ืง ืื™ื– ืคื™ืœ 


ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข 


ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก 
ืคืึธืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, 
ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžืืกืงื™ืจืŸ, ื“ืขืจืฉืžืขืงืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ืืœ, ื ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืึธ ื‘ืขืคื™ื™ืจืขืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ. ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ืขืžืœื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืจื•ื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืึธืจืžืข, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืืคืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ, ืื™ื– 
ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ื 
ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, 
ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ ืืŸ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš. ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ื“ืืจืฃ 
ืžืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ืื– ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ื‘ื 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื™ื– ื‘ื ื›ืฒึทืขืก ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืคืืจืคึผืจืึธ- 
ื’ืจืืžื™ืจื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ืก ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืก. 

ืžื™ืฉืข ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืฉื•ืคึผืจื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื 
ืคึผืื•ื–ืข ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื ืคืจืขื’: 

-- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืก, ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืœืื›ืŸ? ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืึธืจ.. 

-- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืฐื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš, 
ืžื™ืฉืขื ืงืข, ืœืื›ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘... 

-- ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ืื–ื•ื™, ืฐื™ 
ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื™ื– ื”ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืš, ื‘ื™ื˜ืข, ืื•ื™ืก... ืžื™ืจ 
ื“ื•ื›ื˜, ืื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื”ื™ืคึผืึธ- 
ื˜ืขื–ืขืก, ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืืฃ ืงื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืœืื ืขื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืืœืืงื˜ื™ืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ. ืคืืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขื–ื ืก 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืฒึทื ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–. ืงืฑื™ื“ืขืžืงืึธืœ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืคืืจืงื- 
ื˜ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืคึผืึธื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืื ืขื˜ืขืก 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื•ื™ืขืจืฉื˜ืึธืฃ, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืคืืจืคืœืื ืฆืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“- 
ืžืืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจืคึผืขืง- 
ืœืขืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืขืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฆื• ืขื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืžื™ืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ืืฃ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืข ืคึผืœืื ืขื˜ืขืก ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ืœืŸ ืขืœื ื˜.. ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื“ืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ 
ืžื™ึดืขืกืข ื‘ืจื•ื™ึดื ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื”ื™ื ืฆื• ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฉื™ืงืŸ... ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื‘ืื“ืขืจืคืขื ื™ืฉ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•" 
ื›ืื–ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธ- 
ื ืขืŸ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจื“... 

-- ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ืฐืขื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื™ึทืึธื“ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ืขืจ, --ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืฉืข ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืข, -- ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืกืžืึธื“ืจืึธ- 
ืžืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืืคืœื™ื’ืœื˜ืข ื ื•ื™ืขื›ืก 
ื˜ื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืก, ืก'ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ืึธื ื™ืจืŸ ืงืึธื - 
ื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืืฃ ืฆื• ื‘ืื–ืขืฆืŸ ืืฃ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคึผืœืื ืขื˜ืขืก 
ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“-ืคืื•ื ืข, ืก'ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืื•ืค- 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกื™ืขืก... 

-- ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืขืžื˜, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ื“ืื ืง, ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืฐื™ ื ืคืืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืกื•ื–ืฉืขื˜ ืคืืจ 


ื ืคืื ื˜ืืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’. ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ื”ืขืจื˜ 
ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืจื™ื™ื“, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืคื™ืจ, ืื– ื ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื™ื ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืขื ื“ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืง... 

-- ืื™ืŸ ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ ืคืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืืฐืขืง ื–ื™ืš 
ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธืžืกืงืขืจ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜, ืืคืŸ ื‘ื™ืึธ- 
ืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืืงื•ืœื˜ืขื˜. 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื ื›ืืคึผ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 

-- ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื–ืึธืึธืคึผืืจืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœืฅ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ? 

-- ื ื™ื™ืŸ. 

-- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื–ื•ื™, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜ืŸ ืคึผื- 
ืฐื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื ืึธืš ืขื ื’...--- 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ ื‘ืืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื˜, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื™ ืขืจ 
ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืึธืฐืึธืกื™ื‘ื™ืจืกืง ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื˜ื™ืง ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื–ืึธืึธืคึผืืจืง... 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜ืŸ ืคึผืืฐื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืข 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืขืจ, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ื‘ื- 
ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื˜.. ืœืขื ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืฒึทื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืฒึทืขืก 
ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืŸ ืืฑืกืฉืขืคึผื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื™ื ืคืึธืจืžืืฆื™ืข... 

ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืฒึทื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ 
ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืคึผืืฐื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ: 

-- ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื–ื™, ืจื™ื˜ืข! ื–ืขื˜ ื ืึธืจ, ืกืืจื ื‘ื- 
ืงืœืขืจื˜ืข ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืžืื›ื˜!. 

ืจื™ื˜ืข, ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืœืื ื’ื”ืขื ื˜ื™ืงืข ื ืขืคืืฉืข, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ื ืฉื˜ืจื™ืงืขื ืขื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืœ ื“ืขืžืึธื ืกื˜- 
ืจื™ืจื˜ ืกืืœื˜ืึธ-ืžืึธืจื˜ืืœืขืก... ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงืœืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ื’ื™ืš, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื’ื™ืš ืฐืขื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืฒึทืš ืึธื‘, 
ืœืขึนื ื“ืขื ื–ืื™ืขืœืฆืึธืฐื•ืกืงืŸ ื‘ืึธืจ, ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื ืึธืฐืึธืกื™ื‘ื™ืจืกืงืขืจ ื–ืึธืึธืคึผืืจืงืช-- 
ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืืคืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืฐืขืœ 
ืื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืคืจืขื’ ื˜ืึธืŸ; 

-- ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื“ืขื–ืฉื•ืจื ืข? 

ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ: 

-- ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜-ื™ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ืขื ื˜ื•ืก... 

ื™ืึธ, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืื–ื•ื™... ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ? 


ื“ืขื ื ืขืฐื•ืจืึทืคึผืื˜ืึทืœืึธื’ ืœืฒื™ืคึผืกืึทื ืก 
ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ. 


ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒื™ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืึธืฐืึธืกื™ 
ื‘ื™ืจืกืงืขืจ ืคึผื™ึทืึธื ืขืจืŸ-ืคึผืืœืืฅ, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ 
ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืœืขืš ื™ืื˜ืœ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืžื™ืœื“ืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ 


7 


ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืก, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฉืžืึธืœื™ื ืงืข ืคึผืœืฒืฆืขืก, 
ื’ืขืงืขืกื˜ืœื˜ ืคึผื™ื“ื–ืฉืืงืœ. 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืขืคืœืขืš ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜: 

-- ืกื™ืึธืžืข ืœืฒืคึผืกืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึธืจื™ืกืขืงืฆื™ืข. 
ืžื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืื”ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฐืึธืœื“ืขืžืืจ ืกื˜ืื ื™- 
ืกืœืืฐืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืึธืคึผืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจืก. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ืฆื•ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™ื ืข, 
ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื˜ื•ืฅ ืฉืึธืšื™ื–ื™ื™ื™ 
ื’ืขืจืก: 

-- ื‘ื™ื˜ืข, ืงืœืœื™ื‘ ืึธืคึผ... 

ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื, ืฐื™ ื ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืืจื“ื™;ืึธืœืึธื’ 
ื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืจื™ื˜ื ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืืจืฅ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืกื™ืึธ- 
ืžืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ. 
ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš, ืคืืจื˜ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืึธื˜ืขื, ืื™ื™ื ืขื 
ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืžื•ื™ืœ, ืฐื™ ืขืจ 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ื˜ ืืคืŸ ื˜ืื.. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืกืึธืคืงืึธืœืกืึธืฃ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืข- 
ื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ:; 

-- ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืื ืง ืืฒึทืš, ื‘ืืœื“ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ืข ื‘ืื˜ื- 
ืœื™ึทืข. ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ืŸ ืฉืึธืš!.. 

ื“ืขื , ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš" ื”ืึธื˜ ืกื™ืึธืžืข ืื–ื™ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜, ืื– ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื ืื ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืžื•ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ; 

-- ืฆื•ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉืึธืš 
ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื ืคึผืจืึธืคืืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืœืขืš. ืึธื˜-ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื ืžืึธ- 
ืœืึธื“ื™ืขืฅ, ื“ื• ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืกื˜ ืึธืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜. 

ื“ืึทืก ื™ืื˜ืœ ื”ืึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื•ื™ื˜ืœื˜: 

-- ืื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ 
ื ืคึผืขืจืฐืึธืจืื–ืจื™ืื“ื ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขืงืก ื™ืึธืจ. ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืœืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืืฑืกืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ, ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืื›ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืžื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื˜ืึธืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื’ืžืขืกื ืขืคืขืฉ. ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ืืœื™- 
ื–ื™ืจืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ึดืขืก, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜, 
ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืืงืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ืจืข 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ... 

-- ืื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืฅ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืœื˜ 
ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜? 

-- ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืฉืขืคื˜ื•ื 
ื™ืขื•ื•ื’ืขื ื™ ืœืขืึธื ื™ื“ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธืคึผืืฐืœืึธืฐืกืงื™ 
ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืกื˜ืข ื ืึธืฐืึธืกื™ื‘ื™ืจืกืงืขืจ 
ืฉืึธืšื™ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจืื ืขืŸ. ื™ืขื ืข ืฉืื›ืžืื˜ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 


8 


ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜, ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ืื™ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืื ืงื‘ืืจ ืืคืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 

-- ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืขืœื˜ื™ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืข 
ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจืก ืื™ื– ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ืžื™ืจ? 

-- ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืขืจ.. ืงืืคึผืื‘ืœืื ืงื. 
ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืฉืึธื“ื™ืงืืจื™ืขืจืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืงื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื–ืขืงืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืง ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ึดืขืก. ืขืžืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืึธืš-ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืœืื ื“ืกืžืืŸ ืืœื™ืึธื›ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ 
ื ืขืฐื™ึทืขืก: ื“ื™ ืฉืื›ืžืื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืงืœื•ื™ืžืขืจืฉื˜, ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜, ืึธื˜-ืึธื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ. 


-- ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื”ืืœื˜ ืขืก ื˜ืืงืข ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืขืžืขืกืŸ? 

-- ื’ืื ืฅ ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜... ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื™ ืื•ืžื’ืจืขื ืขืฆ- 
ื‘ืืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืขืจ ืกื™ื™ื›ืœ, ืื–ื•ื™ ืงืึธ- 
ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฑืกืฉืขืคึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืึธืšื™ื•ื•ื- 
ืจื™ืื ื˜ืŸ. 

ืกื™ืึธืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื™ืกืคึผืฒึทืœืขืก ื“ืขืจืฆื™ืœื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึธืจื™ืกืขืงืฆื™ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ืขืจ ืœืขืจื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื–ื™ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืงืœืืก, ืื•ืŸ , ื›ื•ืฅ ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’" ืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืขืจ 
ื”ืื™ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง-ืฉื•ึนืœ.. 

-- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื–ื•ื™, ืื™ื– ื‘ื ื“ื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข 
ืคืืจืืŸ ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืืœืขืจ , ืงืืคึผืื‘ืœืื ืงื"? 

ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืขืจ: 

-- ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข: ื‘ืืš, ืฉืึธ- 
ืคึผืขืŸ, ื˜ืฉืฒึทืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™, ื”ืฒึทื“ืŸ. ืืคืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืคึผืœืืŸ -- 
ื‘ืืš. ืงืึธืœื–ืžืืŸ ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ- 
ื”ืฒึทื˜, ืฐืขืœืŸ ื”ื™ืœื›ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื›ืึธืจืืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธ- 
ืžืขืŸ... ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื“ืŸ ืจืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ. ืขืžืขืก, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜. 
ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ืœืขื˜ ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื–ืขื’ืขื ื•ื ื’ืก-ืกื™ืžืคืึธื ื™ืข. ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜? ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 
ืึธืจืงืขืกื˜ืจืื ื˜, ืคืืจืœืึธื–ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื ืข, ืœืขืฉื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืก ื ืœื™ื›ื˜... ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืคื™- 
ื ืืœ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜? 


-- ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜, ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ื– ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ื™ื ืข ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ... ื ืึธืจ ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึธืจืงืขืกื˜ืจืื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื™ืกืŸ, ืฆื™ื ื“ื˜ ืขืจ ืึธืŸ ื ืœื™ื›ื˜. ื ืึธืš 
ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ.. 
ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืŸ ืื™ื– ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉื‘ื™ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ื˜ืจืึธืคึผื ื“ืœ ืฉืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขื... 

ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืืจื•ื ื ืึธืš ืกื™ืึธืžืขืก ื‘ื- 
ื–ื•ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืึธืš-ื™ืกืขืงืฆื™ืข ืฐืึธืœื“ืขืžืืจ ืกื˜ืื ื™ืกืœืืฐืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 
ืื•ื•ื“ื™ื™ืขื•ื•ืŸ. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืกื™ืึธืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐืึธืœื“ืขืžืืจ ืกื˜ื- 
ื ื™ืกืœืืฐืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืงื•ืจืฅ: 

-- ื ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืคื™ื™ื™ึทืงืขืจ ื™ืื˜. ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขื’ื™ื“ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ื’ืขื˜ื ืก: ืงืืœืกืข ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขืฐื˜ืขืจืคึผืข. ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื 
ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืขื™ื™ืฆืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืฉื•ืก 


ืคื•ืŸ ืงืื™ืกืขืŸ. ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ื–ืึธืœ ืคืืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืฐื™ 
ื ื”ืึธื‘ื™. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืงืฒึทื˜ ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ืœืขืจืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื˜ืขืคึผื™ืื ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง-ืฉื•ืœ ืื™ื–ืึธืœื“ืข ื•ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™- 
ืจืึธื•ื•ื ืข ื›ืฐืึธืจืึธื•ื•ื: 

-- ืกื™ืึธืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืขืจ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ 
ื ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืืœืŸ ื˜ืืœืื ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืงืึธื ืงื•ืจืกืŸ 
ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข, ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ืคื™ื™ื™ึทืงืขืจ ืฉืื›ืžืื˜ื™ืกื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึนื™ื ื’ืขื™ื™ืฆืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ 
ืจื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง.. 

ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ืึธืžืขืก ื‘ืึธื‘ืข, ืžืืจื™ึทืข ื–ืขืœื™ืงืึธืฐื•ื ืข, 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืืœืข ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืขืก: 

-- ืกื™ืึธืžืงืข ื•ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžืืจืง 
ื˜ืฒึทืžืื ืึธื•ื•, ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื™ ื“ืึธืก, 
ืื™ ื™ืขื ืฅ, ื ื™ืฉืงืึธืฉืข, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืขืคึผืขืœืข ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ. ืคืืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขื ื ืขื•ื•" 
ืจืึธืคึผืื˜ืึธืœืึธื’ ืœืฒืคึผืกืึธื ืก ืืŸ ืืฒื ื™ืงืœ! 


ื ืœื•ื™ื‘-ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ 


ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš: ืื™ืกืขืจ ืžืฒึทืงืึธืŸ, ื ืฉื™ืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื ืฒึทื ื˜ืŸ ืงืœืืก, ืืŸ ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ื•ื’ื™ืกื˜, ื 
ืœื™ื‘ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืขืจืกืคึผืขืงื˜ื™ื•ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืึธืœืึธื’. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ื–ื•- 
ืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ื™ ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืึธืฐืึธืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ- 
ืกืงืขืจ ืคึผื™ึทืึธื ืขืจืŸ-ืคึผืืœืืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, ื–ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืงื ื™, ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขืคึผื- 
ืงืขืฐื•ืขื˜ ื ืงืืกื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ. 

ื“ืขืจื”ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืื– ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžื•ื–ื™ื™, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ 
ืคืืจืœืึธืจืŸ; 

-- ื’ื•ื˜ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ! ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข 
ืกืขืžื™ืึธืŸ ืืจืึธื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ? ืขืจ ื“ืืจืฃ ื‘ืืœื“ ืฆื•ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, 
ืื•ื•ืขืง ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื•ื•ืืจื ืข ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข, 
ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื“ืจืขืก ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื–ืขืœ- 
ื›ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืืกื˜ื ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ. 

-- ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜, ืฐื•ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืงื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคึผืืงืข- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜, ืฐื™ ืžืืจืื ืฆืŸ ืืฃ ืขืงืกืคึผืึธืจื˜... 

-- ืžืืจืื ืฆืŸ ืื™ื– ืฐืึธืก?! ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืœื˜, 
ืื•ืคื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืข ื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืจ ืืคึผืื˜ื™ื˜ืŸ. ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคึผืืงืขืฐืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืœื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ 
ืœืื ื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืงืึธืœืกืงืขืจ 
ื”ืืœื‘-ืื™ื ื“ื–ืœ... 

-- ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ื‘ื ืืฒึทืš 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืงืกืคึผืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืข? 

-- ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ืคืืจื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืคืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ 


ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืขื’ืก ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“, ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืขืจืžื™ื˜ืื–ืฉ, 
ื“ืขื ื‘ืืจื’-ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืœืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื’ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜. ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืจืฒึทื–ืข 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืงืึธืœืกืงืขืจ ื”ืืœื‘-ืื™ื ื“ื–ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื - 
ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข ืื™ืžืื ื“ืจื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืจืึธื•ื•ืกืง --ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืื–ืขืจื˜ 
ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืžืืจืฉืจื•ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืืžืึธืœ 
ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืงืขืจ ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ืขื•ื•ื’ืขื ื™ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืคืขืจืกืžืืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ 
ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื? 


-- ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืืคื™ืœืข ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคืืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœ ,ื ืจืฒึทื–ืข ื ืึธืš 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ". ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขืงืฆื™ืข ื–ืข ืื™ืš, ืื– 
ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜. 


-- ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš. ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืืœืข 
ืงืื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืื ื“. ืคืืจืื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืฆื•ื ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ, 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืืœื˜ืฒึท, ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืงืื–ืื›ืกื˜ืืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืงืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื. ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืฅ ื“ืขื ืคื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื˜ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžื•ื–ื™ื™ืขืŸ. ืคืืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, 
ืื– ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ --ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืื™ื™ื“ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืขืจื“, 
ื ืฆืขืขืคื ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธืจืข, ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ- 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืŸ 
ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง: ืฐื•ึผ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืงืœื™ืžืื˜ ืก'ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ื™ืืžืขืŸ, ืืฃ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืฉืขืฐืขื˜ ืงืื˜ื- 
ืงืœื™ื–ืžืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืฒึทื–ื™ื‘ืขืจื’, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื˜ืงื•ืคืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ึทืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื’ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืงื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืœืขื›ืข 
ืืฑืกื’ืจืึธื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืึธืจื ืืžืขื ื˜, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจื™ื™ืขืš, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ึทืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข, ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข. ืึธื˜ ื˜ื•ื˜, ื‘ื™- 
ื˜ืข, ื ืงื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืขืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™ื ืข, ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ, ืืคืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืœืขื˜ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ,ืœืึธืคึผืืจื™ืฉ ื‘ืœื•ื˜". ืืžืึธืœ ื–ืฒึท- 
ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืฐืึธืคึผื ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ืฉืฐืขื“ืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื“ืœืขื›ืข ื”ื™ืœืคืœืึธื–ืข ืœืึธืคึผืืจืŸ. 
ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื’ืึธืกืŸ ืืฃ ืืœืข ื‘ืขืจื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืขืœื“ื–ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ, ืื– ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืืคึผื˜ 
ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื, ืืคื™ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ.. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืืกืื•ื•ืขืฅ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื’ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื•ื™ 
ื’ืจื™ื ืขืจ ืฉืžืืจืื’ื“, ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš , ืืฉื™ืจื™ื˜". ืืคืŸ 
ื˜ื•ืžืœืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžืืจืง ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื’ื“ืื“, 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื 
ืคืืจืฉืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืกื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื ืคืืจ ืฉืžืืจืื’ื“, 
ื ื–ืืง ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืœืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืกืึธืคึผืงืึธืœืกืึธืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื 
ืื•ืคื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜... ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•" 
ื’ืขืงืœืขืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื ืกื•ื™ื›ืขืจืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ---ืืฉื™ืจื™ื˜. ืื•ืŸ 


9 


ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืขืจ ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจืขืจ ืœืื ื“ืกืžืืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื™ื™ึดืฉืขื•ื• ื‘ืืจื™ืฉืขื•ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืืงืื“ืขื- 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ. ื–ืขื˜ ื ืึธืจ, ืกืืจื ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ืคึผืœื˜ืขืจ ืขืจ ืื™ื–, 
ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืจืืœืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืฐืขื˜, ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื– ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ืื, ืขืžืขืก, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืงืึธ- 
ืจืืœืŸ-ืงืึธืœืึธื ื™ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืฒึทื ื˜ ื˜ื™ืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ.. 

ืื™ืกืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธื˜ืขื ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื•ื™ื˜- 
ืจื™ื ืข. 

-- ืื™ืš ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ื‘ืขืฉื•ื-ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜, --- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, -- ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง: 
,ืื•ื™ื‘ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ". ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜, ืื– ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืฉืคึผืจืืš. ืึธื˜, ืฆื•ื ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื ื•ื•ื™ืงื•ืขืš: ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื’ืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืจืึธื‘, ื–ืึธื’ื˜: ,ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจืœืขืš, 
ืฉืคึผืืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื 
ืคึผืื˜ืจื™ึธืืจืš, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื™ืืฐืขื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทืกืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืžืœื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื 
ืคืฒึทืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืงื•ื™ืœ". ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทืกืฉื ืฒื™ึทืงืขืจ ืคึผืฒ 
ืจืืžื™ื“ืืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืึธื›ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื™ื: ,ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืื˜ืจื™ึทืืจืš, ื ืึธืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืœ- 
ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคื•ืœืข ืจืขื›ื˜: ืžื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื™ 
ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืข ืคื•ืŸ 


ื˜ื™ืฃ ืื–ื™ึทืข ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžืืจืงืึธ ืคึผืึธืœืึธ?. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื’ืขืงื ื™ื™ื˜ืฉื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื“ืขืœืข ืžื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืฐื•ื™ืงื•ืขืš: ,,ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ื 
ื˜ื•ื™ื’ืขื ื™ื›ืฅ, ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืžืคึผืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืืคึผืึธืจืึธื˜ื ื™ืง, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•" 
ืจื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ, ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ ื’ืึธืœื“ -- ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืงื•ื™ืœืŸ?.. 

ืœืื ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืกืขืจืงืขืŸ ื•ื™ 
ื ืคืืจืงื™ืฉืขืคื˜ืขืจ. ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื ืขื 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ 
ืœื•ื™ื‘-ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืึธ- 
ืฉืขื˜ ืคืืจืœื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ืขื›ืฆื ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ื™ืื˜ืœ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืขืจืกืžืื ืก ื˜ืขืžืคึผืข- 
ืจืืžืขื ื˜. 

...ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ึดืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื’ืขืึธืœืึธื’ืŸ ืกืขืžื™ืึธืŸ ืืจืึธื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืกื˜ืจืึธื. 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืฑืกืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืืฑื’ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข, 
ืฐื™ ื‘ื ืืœืข ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ืข ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธื’ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืคื™ืœืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืœื™ื ื’, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉื™ืœืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืึธื˜ื™ืึธื˜ ื ืคืึธื›ืข ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืืง- 
ืกืขื ืข ืคืœื™ื’ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืคืœื™ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™- 
ืกืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ... 


== 2 ื™ื˜ 


0 ืจื’ ืื•ื™ื ืคืึธืจืžื™ืจืŸ ! 


ืฆื•ื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข, . 


ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ 


ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืึธืŸ ื ื”ื™ื™ื 


ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข 


ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืข ื–ืืš ืืฒึทื ืฆื•ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ 
ื ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืืฃ ืฉื˜ืขื ื™ 
ื“ื™ืง ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืึธืจื˜, 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข, ื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ืข ืืจื™ 
ื‘ืขื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ื™ 
ืงืฐืึธืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืจืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื™ืขื ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
ื”ืขื ื“ืœืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืกื›ื•ื™ 
ืจืข, ื“ื” ื“ื™ ืื–ื™ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืข ื’ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืืœื™ืข!, --ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ 
ืื™ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ื ื ืึธืฐืึธื™ืข ืฐื•ืจืขืžื™ื" 
ื ื•ืž. 6 ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืก ื™ืึธืจ โ€ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืึธืŸ ื ื”ื™ื™ื" 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ ืฐ. ืึธืœื›ืึธืฐืขืฆืงื™, ืคืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืืฒื™ื ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื’ืŸ 


ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ืงืŸ 


ื“ื™ , ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื™ึทืข" ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ื™ืึธ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื ืืจืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข 
ืฆืึธืœ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืงืขืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ื“ืขื ื“ื™ืฉืœ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืœื™ืขืŸ ื”ืขื ื“ื•ื" 
ืคึผืขื ื“ื•ื, ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ืข ืคึผืึธืœืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™- 
ื“ืขื ืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐ-ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืข, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื- 
ื ืื“ืข. 

ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืงืœืึธืจ ืžืื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืจื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงื- 


ืžื™ื˜ ื ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ื˜-ื•ื•ืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข 
ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืงืื ื“ื™ื“ืื˜ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฐืฒึทืกืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื– ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื™ืขื’ ื ืึธืš ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ืกืึธื™ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืก ื–ืึธืจื’ืขืจ" ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜ื™ืคึผืจืขืกืข, ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืข, 
ืคืึธืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืืœืฅ ื ืฒึทืข ืคึผืจืึธื˜ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ-- 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืข ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“, -- ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื ืืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืฉื. 

ื‘ืื ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ ืืจื•ื ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื’ืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง ืฆื• ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ืœืขืฅื™ื™ื•ื™ืฉืขืจืก: ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืœ, ื ืงื•ืง 
ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื! 


ื ืขืจ ืฆื™ึทืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฆื“ืึธืงืข-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืข ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืžื™- 
ื’ืจื™ืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืก --ื“ืขื ืขืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ 
ืžืืจืง ื‘ืจื•ื“ื ืข. 


ืž. ื‘ืจื•ื“ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืœืก ื ื‘ื™ื™ืื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื˜ (ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืืœื™ืคื™ืงืืฆื™ืข). ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ื•ื•ืืœื˜ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจืขื ื˜ื’ืข"-ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืงืœื™ื ื™ืง. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืืคืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ ืงื•ืจืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ 
ืคืืจ ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ืคืึธืจ-ื•ื•ื™ื–ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข ื‘ืจื•ื“ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ 
ืคืึธืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ. ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื“- 
ื ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื ื–ื™ื˜-ื‘ืื–ืข 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืœื™ื ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ืก 
ืจืึธืขืœ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืจืงืขืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื, ืฐื•ึผ 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืืฃ ื ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ืฆื•ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืื ืื“ืข. ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื‚ื™ื. ืกืึธืคึผืงืึธืœืกืึธืฃ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ืฒื™ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืื ืื“ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืขื - 
ืกื™ืึธื ืขืจืŸ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ืงืื ืื“ืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข. ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื“- 
ื ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ 
ืืจืฒึทื ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืข- 
ืจื™ืงืข. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžืืกืงื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืคื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืขื”ื™ืœืข. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืืฒึทืŸ- 
ื’ืขืึธืจื“ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื“ื™ืจืข, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึธืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 


11 


ื ืขื“ืึธื•ื•ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ ืงืขื”ื™ืœืข ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืงืขื”ื™- 
ืœืข, ื•ื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืื“ื™ืงื™ื, ืžืข ื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืž- 
ื–ื™ืกื˜ืข ื ืขื“ืึธื•ื•ืขืก... ื™ืขื“ืข ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืข ืกื•ืžืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ึทืขืœ ื›ื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืก- 
ื‘ื™ื›ืœ. ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืจื•ื“ื ืขืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจืคืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ื- 
ื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ืฉืึธื˜ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื›ื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืกื™ื‘ื™ื›ืœ -- ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืงืกืœ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืืจืง ื‘ืจื•ื“ื ืขืก ืฆื•ื™ื™ 
ืฉืฐื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื“ื ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขืœื ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜. ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ื ืึธืจ... 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜. ืื™ื ืขื , ืคืจืฒึทืกื˜ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜", ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืžืขื’ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื™ืžื™- 
ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ ื•ืฐื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ, ื ืึธืจ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืขื”ื™ืœืขืก ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธืŸ. 
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ ืคืืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ื ืขืก 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜, ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืฉื™ืงืื’ืึธ, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. 

ื“ื™ ืœืื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข ื‘ืจื•ื“ื ืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืื. ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ 
ืžืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืžืขื’ื•ืœื’ืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืื™ืŸ ืงืื ืื“ืข. ื“ื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ื•ืข, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข-ืื’ืขื ื˜ื•ืจืŸ, 
ืงืœืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืงื•ื™ื ืืฃ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืงืืฉืข. 
ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉืขืคื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืคื™- 
ื–ื™ืฉืข ืžื™, ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื™ืึธ ืืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• 
ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทืข ืคึผืจืึธ- 
ืคืขืกื™ืขืก (ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ ื‘ืื˜ืจืขืคื˜ 60 ืคึผืจืึธืฆ. ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ) ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืคืืจื•ืจ- 
ื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืฆื• ืคึผืขืจืžืื ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืกืœืึธื–ื™ืงืฒึทื˜. 
ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืืœืก ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ื ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธ- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“. ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื 
ืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืฆื• ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืืงื˜ื™ืง ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ื“ืขืžืœื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืขื ื“ืจืฒึทื™- 
ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ืœืขืจืŸื™ืงื•ืจืก. ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืจืฒึท ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฆื• ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืืœืก 
ืกืื ื™ื˜ืืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืขืœื“ืฉืขืจ. ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ 
ื“ื™ ืœืื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ: ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื’ืขืจ 
ืœืขื‘ื ืกืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืคืจืขืžื“, ืื•ืžื‘ืืงืื ื˜, 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืืš ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืคืืจื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื ืกื™ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืข ื•ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ืึธื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅื™ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื, ื“ื™ ืžืืงืกื™ืžืืœืข ืึธื - 
ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก, 
ื•ืขืืœ ืงื•ืœืึธื--ืงืขืŸ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข 
ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืคืืจืฉื˜ืืจืงื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืžืื“ืจื™ื™ื’ืข ื“ื™ ื ืึธืกื˜ืืœื’ื™ืข ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื. 

ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข ื‘ืืฆื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ืฆื• 
ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืฒึทืฐืข, ืึธืŸ ื ื‘ืจืขืงืœ ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, 
ืžืข ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืกืึธืจื˜. 
ืงืขืžืคืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืจืขื›ื˜, ืื•ื™ืกืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืข- 
ืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืข ืึทืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืขืก, ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ืฐืขืจื˜ ื˜ื™ืฃ 
ื‘ืืื•ื•ืœื˜, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜. ืžื™ืจ 


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ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืึธ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืกืืš: ื“ืจืฒึท ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืข ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™- 
ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ--ืฐื•. ืฉืคึผื™ื ืืจ, ืž. ืงืึธื ื™, ื’. ืจื•ื‘ืขื - 
ื˜ืฉื™ืง -- ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื - 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืขืžืขืก, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื‘ืื”ืื ื“ืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืืœืก 
ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ. ืืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื™ืš: ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืกืœ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืžืืงืขืกื™ืจืขืฆืขืš. 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืื–ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืข. ืงืึธื ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื ืžืขืกืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืงืŸ. 


ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ 


ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืฐ-ืึธืจืงืขืจ 
,ืคืึธืจื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืก" ื™. ืฉืžื•ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข. 

,ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืœืขืขืจืขืš ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ,-- 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, -- ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– 
ืกืื›ืืงืœ 43 ื™ืึธืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืœื ื˜, ืฐื™ ื 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ื’ื™ื’ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืฐื•ื™ ื ื™ื•- 
ื™ืึธืจืง, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ื–ืื, ืึธืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข, ืึธืŸ ื’ื•- 
ื˜ืขืคืจืฒึทื ื˜, ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื‘ืื ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืขืœื ื˜, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš, ื›ื•ืฅ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ืžืื›ืŸ ื ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 
ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก-- 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜... ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•ืฒื™ืึธืจืง ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืžื™- 
ืœื™ืึธืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืคืืจืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืข- 
ืงืึธื ื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืืฒึทื ืึธืจื“ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ืื™ืš 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืก? 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ื ืขืก-ืœืฒึทื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžืขืจ, ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš 
ืืฒึทืš, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜, ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ืืจื™ 
ื‘ืขื˜. ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืคื™ืœืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืฆื• ื‘ืืฆืึธืœืŸ ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืื ืึธื ืก, ืื– 
ืื™ืš ื–ื•ืš ืืจื‘ืขื˜.." 

ื‘ืื ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื™. ืฉืžื•- 
ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ืึธืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœ, ืฆื™ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืก" ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืืจื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื. ืื™ื ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, 
ืื– ืื–ื ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจืžืืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืจ, ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืขื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ืŸ- 
ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“, ื–ืึธืœ ืคืืจื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึธืจ- 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืก". ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืจืฒึทื›ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืกืืš ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื ืง, ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ. 

ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื™. ืฉืžื•ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ืื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื’ื™ืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ื“ืขื ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืฉืžื•ืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ 


ืื™ื– ื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืขื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืฉืขื ืขื•ื•. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ--ื ื“ืึธืง- 
ื˜ืขืจืฉืข. ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืŸ 1941, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืืฃ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ืŸ-ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืงื•ืคึผื™ืจื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืงืขืฉืขื ืขื•ื•, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืกืื›ืืงืœ 
9 ื™ืึธืจ. 

,ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื›ืข, --ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜, ---ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืื ื˜ืœืึธืคืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงืขืฉืขื ืขื•ื•. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฃ 
ืื•ืงืจืื™ึดื ืข, ืืจื•ื ืกืึธืฃ 1942 ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืก 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืจื’ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืืฃ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข. ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ืŸ- 
ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜-ืœืื’ืขืจืŸ. ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืข-ืžืืžืข, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืœ- 
ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืฉ- 
ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืฉื™ื. ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜ ื ื ืขืก. ืื™ืš 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื™ึทืื–ื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืืœืขื›ื”ืืžืึธื•ื•ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื ืึธืขื - 
ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื ื˜- 
ืœืึธืคึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ, ื’ืขืฐืึธื’ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจื˜, ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืขืง, ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืงื™ืจื’ื™ื–ื™ืข. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืืจ- 
ื‘ืขื˜". 

ืื™ืŸ 1948 ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื”ื™ื™ืžืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืงืขืฉืขื ืขื•ื•, ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืข ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืงืขืฉืขื ืขื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืœืก ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™- 
ืงืขืจ ื‘ื ื˜ืจืืžืฐืฒึทืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฐื˜ืึธื‘ื•ืกืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืœืื ื“. ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ- 
ื’ื™ืข. ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1975 ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ 
,ื”ืื™ืืก" ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•ืฒื™ืึธืจืง. ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•- 
ื™ืึธืจืง ืงืึธืŸ ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜, ืื– ืื™ืŸ 
ืงืขืฉืขื ืขื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืžืขื“ื™- 
ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ื•ื ืคืืจืขื - 
ื“ื™ืงื˜. ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืฐืฒึทืœื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืžืื ื”ืข- 
ื˜ืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ, ื‘ืืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืฐืฒึทืœื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™- 
ืฆืข ืคื•ืŸ ,ื ื™ืื ื™ื". 

,ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’, -- ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื™. ืฉืžื•ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ,-- 
ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจืžืืŸ ืื™ื– ืืฐืขืง, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜: ,ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธื›ืืžืึธืœ, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ, ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜".. 


ื ื˜ืฉื™ืงืื•ื•ืข ื™ืขื“ื™ึตืข 


ื“ืจ. ื‘ืขืจืœ ืคืจื™ืžืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื•ื™ื™ืึธืจืงืขืจ ,ืคืึธ ืจืฐืขืจื˜ืก" ืื–ื ื˜ืฉื™ืงืื•ื•ืข 
ื–ืืš: ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 20 ื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜ ืกืขืจื•ื™ืก-ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ, 


ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ 
ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืื ืฅ-ืฉืฐืขืจื™ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“, ื‘ื- 
ื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•ืฒื™ืึธืจืง, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ 


ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžืขืจืกื˜ื ืก ืžื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืคึผืืœืข 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืืžื˜ืข. ืืจื•ื 140 ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึท- 
ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆ;ืื ื˜ืŸ, 50--- ืคืฒึทืขืจืœืข- 
ืฉืขืจ, 700 -- ืœืขืจืขืจ ืืื•ื•. ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืึธืจื’ืื ื™- 
ื–ืืฆื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืคืึธืจืฉืŸ, ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ-ื“ื™ืกืงืจื™ืžื™ื ืืฆื™ืข. ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜. 

ื“ืขืจ ืืœื™ึทืข-ื™ื“ืขืคึผืืจื˜ืืžืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืก- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื˜ ื ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืื’ืื ื“ืข ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืคึผืืœืข 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืฉื˜ืข- 
ืœืขืก, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืœืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆื™ึทืื ื˜ืŸ, ืคืฒึทืขืจ- 
ืœืขืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ, ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืคืืจ ืœืขืจืขืจ.. ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™- 
ื›ืขืก ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืœื•ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืจืขื’ื™ื™ 
ืจื•ื ื’ืกื™ื‘ืืืžื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืจ 
ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืข. 

ื‘ืขืขืžืขืก ื ื˜ืฉื™ืงืื•ื•ืข ื™ืขื“ื™ึดืข. ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื– 
ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ืžืขื“ื™ื ืืก-ืฒื™ืกืจืึธืขืœ ืงืึธืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื ืึธืฐื•ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ืš ืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืคืืจ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข ื“ื™ ืคึผืืจ- 
ื ืึธืกืข-ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื. ืื‘ื™ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืœื™ื... 


ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืข ื”ืื•ื•ื˜ืึธื›ืขืก 


ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ , ื“ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฐืึธืจืœื“" 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜: ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ 
ื˜. ืจื•ื™ื–ืžืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•ื™ 
ื™ืึธืจืง, ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืคึผืจืขืกืข, ืื– ื–ื™ 
ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืก. 

,ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžืขืจ ืœื™ื’ื ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขื ื–ื•ืจื™ืจ-ืคึผืจืขืกืข, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฐืฒื™ืึธืจืง, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืจื•ื™ื–ืžืืŸ. --- ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ, ืื– ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืคืืจื ืืจืŸ ืื”ืขืจ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืฐื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืื›ืงืขืก. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ 
ืื™ืจืขืจ ืคึผืจื•ืฐื•ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคึผืจืขืกืข ืื•ื™ืกื‘ื- 
ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ"... 

ืจื•ื™ื–ืžืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืจืฒึท ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืข ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™- 
ืฉืข ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคื™ื ืฃ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืงืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐื•ืขืจืขืจ ืœืื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ืœืื ื“ืกืœืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•ืฒื™ืึธืจืง. 

,ืืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜, -- ืงืœืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืจื•ื™ื–ืžืืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ , ื“ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฐืึธืจืœื“? ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
8 ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ 
ืื’ืข". 


,ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืจืึธืจ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ- 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื ืืจื˜, 
ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜ 
ืฆื• ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื. ืขืก ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ, 
ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื ืื›ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ 
ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืœ"... 


13 


ื•ื™ ืจื•ื™ื–ืžืืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืคืจื•ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ 
ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ 
ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ 
ืืฒึทื ืึธืจื“ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ืืฃ ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ื‘ืืฆืึธืœ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืœืขื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืฐื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืื•ื™ืœื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ื–ืžืื ืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืฆืฒึทื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืขืœืฉื˜ืข, ืื™ื ืกืคึผื™- 
ืจื™ืจื˜ืข ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืืœืข ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื ืืจืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ื›ืืจื‘ืื ื“. 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ,ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง ื˜ืฒึทืžืก? 


ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ , ื ื™ื•ื™ื™ืึธืจืง ื˜ืฒึทืžืก?" ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืึธืคื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื‘ืื”ืึธืœืคืขื ืขืจ ืœืื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืข ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผื- 
ื’ืื ื“ืข. ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื 
ืึธืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืงืข ืคืืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืก- 
ืœืึธื–ืข, ืฉืจืœื™ื‘ื˜ ,ื ื™ื•ืฒื™ืึธืจืง ื˜ืฒึทืžืก", ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื–ืขืœ- 
ื›ืข ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกื™ืขืก, ืฐื•ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื, ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ, 
ืื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื™ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืจืขื–ืฉื™- 
ืกืขืจ ืž. ืงืึธืกื˜ืจืึธื•ื• ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืืœืก ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ, 
ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืจื™ื ืง-ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื ื˜ืึธืจืŸ. 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ ืข. ืœื™ืžืึธื ืึธื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื™-ื™ืึธืจืง ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืึท- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ื™ื“ืข, ืื– 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื ื˜ื•ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืžืฒึทืจืขื•, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ. 


ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ-ืขืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืคื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืื ื˜ื•ื™ืฉื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืฐื•ืขืจืขืจ ืœืื’ืข, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืข- 
ื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืคืึธืœื’ื - 
ื“ื™ืงืก. ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืžืืจื™ืฉ-ืื•ื™ืœืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื”ื™ืฅ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“, ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืื›- 
ืœื•ื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืฐื™ 
ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืœืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข. 

ื“ื™ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ,ื ื™-ื™ืึธืจืง ื˜ืฒึทืžืก? 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืœืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืขืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงื•" 
ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื ืงืœืึธื’ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืื’ืข ื“ืขืจ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›- 
ืงืฒึทื˜, ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงืื˜ืขื’ืึธืจื™ืฉ ืึธืคึผ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก. 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืจืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ, ื›ืืคึผืŸ ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ 
ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจ- 
ื‘ืื ื“. 


14 


ื•ื•ืืœืขืจื™ ืงื•ึผื•ื•ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืืœื˜ืฉื™ืง 


ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•. ืงื•ึผื•ืฐื•ืขื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข, 
ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืข ืกืึธ- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืคึผืœืึธื - 
ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ, ืฐื•ึผ 
ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืื ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ืคืืœืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขื ืขื. ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืื›ืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืจืขืง. ืคืืจ- 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืฉืจืขืง! ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ื›ืืœืขืฉื˜ ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื”ื™ื™ื, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืืœื˜ืฉื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ 
ื ืขืžื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื’ื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืกืขืจ-ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืœื˜ืจืื™ืจืขื›ื˜ืข 
ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืื“ืžื™- 
ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืจืขื“ื™ืคืขืก. 

ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืืœืขืจื™ ืงื•ึผืฐื•ืขื ื˜ืŸ 
ื ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึทื ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ,ืื™ื–- 
ืฐืขืกื˜ื™ื" ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื•. 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืจืข 
ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื›ืึธืคึผื˜ืข ืงื•ื™ืœืขืจ-ื™ื•ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ืืฃ ืื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜. ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ: ,ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜, ืงืจื™ืš 
ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ื™ื–ืŸ-ืœืึธืš?. ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืœืœึทืš ืึธื - 
ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ. ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ ื ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜, ื ืœืขืจืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืฆืขื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื ื“ื™ื˜ืŸ. ืงื•ึผื•ื•ืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ 
ื“ืขื ืœืขืจืขืจืก ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ, --,ืžืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื, ื“ืขื ืœืขืจืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืžื™ื™ืžืขืกื˜, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื‘ืื™ืึธืจื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื ืขืจ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจืึธืงืŸ 

ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•. ืงื•ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึทื ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืฐ-ื™ืึธืจืงืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ 
,ืฐืึธืจืœื“ ืžืขื’ืขื–ื™ืŸ" -- ืžืฒึทืงืœ ื–ืื’ืึธืจืขืœืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืื– ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคืืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืืืžื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆื™ึทืื ื˜. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืืžื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืขื“ืขืจืืœืขืจ ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’-ื‘ื™ื•ืจืึธ, ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื™ื™- 
ื˜ืขืจ -- ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข-ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ื•ื ื’. ื–ื™ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื ื’ืขืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ื ืงื•- 
ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขืกื˜-ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜, 20. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•- 
ืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืืคืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืึธืง ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืคืืจื”ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจ- 
ื”ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 10 ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ 
3 ื‘ืื˜ืึธื’. ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ 
ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ื ืกื•ื•ืขื’, ื™ืขื“ืข ืงืœืฒื ื™ืงืฒึทื˜. 

ื‘ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึทื ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
,ืฐืึธืจืœื“ ืžืขื’ืขื–ื™ืŸ" ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืข- 
ื–ืขื ืข ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืฉื™ื™ื“ื˜ 


*ืŸ 


ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืงื•ึผื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืก. ืื™ื™ื ืข ืืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ืคืจื•ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื ืืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ (ื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืง, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข): 

-- ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ืืฃ 
ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืฒื™ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื, ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ืžื•ื™ื›ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. 
ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจืงืข ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš: ,ืžืืžืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸืœ!" 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืž. ื–ืื’ืึธืจืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืจื•ื™: ,ื•ื•ื™ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืžืึธืœ ืื•ืž- 
ืงืขืจืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื!", ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก 
ืื•ืžืจื•; 

-- ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื˜, ื ืึธืจ 
ื“ืึธืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ื™ืึธ ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืืœื˜ืฉื™ืง. 

ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืก ืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ: 

,ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ, 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืื›ื˜-ืึธืจื’ืื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™. ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืืกืงื™ื ื–ื™ืš ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืืจืื‘ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขืŸ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืืจื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื›ืขืŸ. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื›- 
ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืื›ื˜ืึธืจื’ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ 
ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ". 

ืงื•ึผื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืก ืžืืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืจืขืก- 
ืคึผืึธื ื“ืขื ื˜ ืืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ื‘ืขื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ, ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ื’ืขื•ื•ืื ื˜: 

-- ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ. ืื™ืš 
ืœืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ ืœืขืจ- 
ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜, ื’ืขืœื˜, 
ื’ืขืœื˜.. 


ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ, ื›ืื™ึดื ื˜ืขืคึผืขืจ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื– ื‘ืื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืžืึธืœื“ืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืœ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™, ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ,ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืคืืจืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืœื™ื–ื". ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื 
ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืคื™ืกืข. ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ 
ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืข, ื ืึธืจ 
ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืืฒึทื ืฆืึธืœืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืกืึธื›ื ื•ื˜" 800 ืœื™- 
ืจืขืก. ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืžื“ ืืคืŸ ืœืฒึทื‘. 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ 


ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ ื™. ืงืืžืขื ืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืงื•ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ื‘ืืงื™ื ืกืงื™ 
ืจืื‘ืึทื˜ืฉื™?? 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื’ืข ืžืื›ื˜-ืึธืจื’ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขื ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ึธื“ืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคื™ืœ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฉืึธืคืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•, 
ื”ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื•ื˜ืคืืœื™ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืฉืืคื™ื ื’: 

,ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข, 


ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคืข- 
ืœืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืŸ. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื•ืฐืขื ื“ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• 
ืืฒึทืš, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉืœื•ืก ืื™ื– 
ืืŸ ืขื ื“ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ 
ื“ืื ืงื‘ืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืžืื›ื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ื›ืขืกืขื“ ืฆื• ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื”ื™ื™ื". 

ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืงื• ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื•ื 
ืืฐื•ื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ืŸ โ€ ื‘ืืงื™ื ืกืงื™ ืจื- 
ื‘ืึธื˜ืฉื™" ื™. ืงืืžืขื ืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ. ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืงืืžืขื ืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ืงืึธืœืขื’ืข ืœืฑื˜ืŸ 
ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืฆืขืš ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืžืื ื“ืขืœ, ืืŸ ืืžืข- 
ืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืจืื“ื™ืึธื“ืงืึธืžืขื ื˜ืื˜ืึธืจ. 

?ื’ืจืึธื“ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ, -- ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืฐื•. ืžืื ื“ืขืœ, -- ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœืขืฉืึธื ืึธ-ื˜ืฑืฐืึธ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืจืื“ื™ืึธ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืื“ื™ืึธ- 
ื˜ืจืื ืกืœื™ืืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืึทึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ 
(ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ื•ืจืš 
ืจืื“ื™ืึธ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื˜ืจืื ืกืœื™ืืฆื™ืขืก). ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื ืกืœื™ืืฆื™ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื• ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื˜ืฒึทืŸื™ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจืฐืึธืก 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœื’ืข- 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืข- 
ืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜. ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืืฒึทื - 
ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื ืกืœื™ืืฆื™ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื™ึทึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธ- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ื’ืจื™ืฉืข ืงืืฆื ืขืœื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขื ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ืžืื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืงืขืจ-ืขืงืึธ- 
ื ืึธืžื™ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืžื™ื’ืจื™ืจื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“. ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ืฉืข ื›ืืœืขืฉื˜ ืžืืžืขืฉ ืื•ืž- 
ืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“, ืขืจ ื‘ืขื ืงื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™- 
ืงืข ื’ื•ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืึธืจื“ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜? 


ื ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ -- ื ื ืื›ื˜ื™ืฉื•ื™ืžืขืจ 


;ื“ืฒืœื™ ืฐืึธืจืœื“ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืขืฐืขื–ืขื ืขื ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ 
ืก. ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืขืžืขืกืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™. ื“ืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืืš ื 
ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืขืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 20 ื™ืึธืจ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืœืขืงืฆื™ืขืก 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืจืื“ื™ืึธืœืึธืงืืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ 
ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืฉื•ืœ ืืฃ ื‘ืื•ืžืื ืก 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ --ื ืœืขืจืŸ-ืื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืืœืก ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ืคื™ื™ื™ึดืงืข ืื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืขื ื˜ืŸ 
(ืคืืจืŸ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ืžืื›ืŸ ื ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™- 
ืฆื™ืจื˜ืŸ ืงืึธื ืงื•ืจืก-ืขืงื–ืืžืขืŸ), ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืืœืข ืื‘ื™- 
ื˜ื•ืจื™ืขื ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœืฉื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขื ืžืขื“ืืœ. ืืœืก ืœืขืจืขืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื”ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคืื›ืœืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืงื•ืืœื™ืคื™- 
ืงืืฆื™ืข. 

ืž. ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืคื™ื ืคื™ืึธืจื™ืงืข ืฐืึธ- 
ื’ืœืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข ื’ืขืงืจืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืื˜ืขืจ- 
ื ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ืื›ื˜-ืฉื•ื™ืžืขืจ. ืขืจ ืžืึธืœื˜ 


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ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื ืฐืึธืจื”ืืคื˜ื™ืง ื‘ื™ืœื“, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืขืก 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข 
ืขืœื˜ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืื›ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืž- 
ืœืื ื“. ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ืงืข ืฆื™ืœืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืฃ ื”ืขืคืงืขืจ, ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืœืขื‘ืŸ, 
ืึธืŸ ื ื“ืืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ. 

,ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืื˜ืขืจื˜ ืืฃ 
ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•ืฒื™ืึธืจืง ื ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ืœื•ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขืš-ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜, 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืืฐืึธื“, ืฆื™ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ, ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื ื™ื•- 
ื™ืึธืจืงืขืจ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ืึธืจื“ืขื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื™ื›ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืœืื ื’ืข ื–ื•ื›ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื’ืขืจืื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืžืืกืงื™ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ืื›ื˜-ืฉื•ื™ืžืขืจ" 

ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ , ื“ืึธืก ื’ืื ืฆืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขื ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื - 
ืฉืืคื˜", ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจืคืืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ,ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ 
ืžืขืฉืึธืจืกื™ื ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื, ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ 
ืกืขื ืื˜ืึธืจ ื“ื–ืฉืขืงืกืึธืŸ, ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืคืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื, ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข, ืื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ 
ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืฆื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ืืฉืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืขืก, ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ืกื˜, ืื•ื™ืกืงืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืง, ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืขืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™- 
ืจืื™ึดื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืฒึทื›ืข ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ".. 


ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื˜ื”ืึธื ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืงืึธืจื™ื 


ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืž. ืžื™ื›ื˜- 
ืœืึธื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•. ืงืืกื™ืก ืื™ืŸ , ืื™ื–ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื™ื" ืคื•ืŸ 15 
ืžืฒึท 1976. ื“ื™ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ; 

ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืœ-ืื•ื•ื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜, 
ืื– 300 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืฅ-ืœืึธืึธืจืขืฅ. ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืข ืืฃ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง. 
ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ื”ืืืจืขืฅ" ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืœ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ --ืกืื‘ืจืขืก. ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึธืก- 
ืจืึธืขืœื™ืงืฐืขืœืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจ, ืื– 
ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ึผืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ื ืกื™ืžืคึผ- 
ื˜ืึธื ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืงืจื™ื–ื™ืก. ืฐื•ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ 
ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข ืœืื’ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืขื“ื™ื ืข, ืื™ื– ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜-ืกื˜ื™ืžื•ืœ ืฆื• 
ืขืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข. ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ืงืœืึธืจืขืจ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืขืจืกืคึผืขืงื˜ื™ืฐื•ืœืึธื–ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืงื•ืคึผืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืขืจ ืขืจื“, ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื–ื™ื ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืงืกื˜ืจืขืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง, ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืืฃ ื ืคึผื•ืœืฐืขืจ-ืคืืก, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืžืึท- 
ืžืขื ื˜ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืืžืึธืœ, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจ, ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคืจืฒื™ืกืŸ. 

ืคื™ืœื–ืึธื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืืงื˜, ืื– ืขืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืึธืจืŸ ืึธืคื™ืฆื™ืขืœ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ 


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ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืข. ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜ ืขืžื™- 
ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• 
ืคืืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐ-ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืข, ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืึธ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืึธื ื’ืื‘ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ ืคื™ืœื™ืคึผ 
ื‘ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึทื ื“ืขื ืฅ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœ-ืื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ 
,ืžืืืจื™ื•ื•". ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ื’ืขื”ืขืจืŸ (ืึธืคื˜ 
ื’ืื ืฅ ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ืœืขืš) ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ืฅ. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 
ื™ืขื›ื™ื“ื™ื ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืœื•ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืืš. ืขืก ื’ืœื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธืคึผ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธืจื“ืข- 
ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ ืืœืก ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ-ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ 
ืงื•ืกื˜ืืจืŸ. ืค. ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜: , ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜-ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ืึธืจ, ืงื™ื ืึธื™ืจืข- 
ื–ืฉื™ืกืขืจ, ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืฐืขืจืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืžืขืจ-ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจ. ื“ืขื 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜-ื˜ื•ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื ื˜ืŸ". 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ. ,ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฐืึธื›ืŸ, ืฆื•ืžืึธืœ ื›ื- 
ื“ืึธืฉื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืื“ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืจืฒึทื›ืข 
ืคื™ืœืื ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืŸ, ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœืขื ืขืจืข 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜. ื“ื™ ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ ื–ืขืขืŸ ืจืฒึทื›ืข ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ, 
ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ื“ืืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืืœืข ืื–ื•ื™. ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืงืœืึธืจ 
ื“ื™ ืคืืงื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœืื’ืข".. 

ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, 
ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืืžืข ืคืืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืื›ืŸ ื 
ืกืึธืฃ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืื™ืœื™ื•ื–ื™ืขืก ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืื ืืจื™ืฉื˜ืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื’ืึธืจ ื ืขืคึผืœื”ืืค- 
ื˜ืข ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ,ืืžืข- 
ืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื ืกืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ", ืงืึธืœื–ืžืืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, 
ื•ื™ ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืก, ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื˜ ืื™ื 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื˜. 

ืื™ืฆื˜ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืืจืฒึทื ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข 
ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ. ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืข 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืžืฒึทื“ืŸ 
ืคืืจืคืึธืœื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืคึผืจืขืกื™ืขืก ืžื™ืฆืื“ ื“ื™ ืืžืข- 
ืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืขืก. 

ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ , ืื™ื–ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื™ื". 

,ืžืฒึทื ืข ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข! ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜, ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ืึธื ืฆื•ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ. ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืคืืจืขื - 
ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืฐืฒึทืœ ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืข. ืึธื˜ 
ืคืืจืฐืึธืก. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ 
ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืข ื ืขืคืืฉืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึท-. 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“, ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืจื•ื™ึทืง 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืœ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื›ื•ืฆืคึผืข ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจืขืžื“. ืืš, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžื™ึทืขืกืข 
ืžืฒึทืกื™ื ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ! ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืื’ืื - 
ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ, ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข 
ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื“ืขืจื”ืืจื’ืขื˜. ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืึธ- 


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ืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ื–ืื›ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืืคืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ (ื’ื•ื˜ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืคึผืึธื˜ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข-ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“). ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื ื“ื– ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืืฑืกืžืฒึทื“ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคื™ืกืœืขืš. 

ืกืึธืคืงืึธืœืกืึธืฃ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, 
ืื– ืžื™ืจ ืคืœื™ึดืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 100 ื“ืึธืœืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ 
ื–ืขืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข. 
ืื ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืจื™ืง ื‘ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืžืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืื ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื›ืืœื˜ื•ืจืข, ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืฐืขืง ื“ื™ 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง. ืฉื•ืจื™ืง ื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ: , ืžืืžืขื ื™ื•, ืฐืขืŸ ื–ืฉืข ื•ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ 
ืื”ื™ื™ื?!? ืื ื™ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜: , ืžืืžืข, ื ื• ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขืœื ื˜". 

ืฉื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ 9 ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ื‘ื™ื– 2 ื‘ืื˜ืึธื’ 
ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื - 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืึธื’ ืึธืŸ ื ืงื™ืฉืŸ, ืึธืŸ ื ืœืฒึทืœืขืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื ืงืึธืœื“ืจืข. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ื’ืข- 
ื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืงื™ืฉืŸ, -- ื“ืขื ืœืฒึทืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืœื“ืจืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืคืจืืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื˜ืœืขืš. ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืกื˜ 120 ื“ืึธืœืขืจ ื ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ. 
ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืคืืจืืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืฐื•ึผ" 
ื ื™ื˜ื™ืื™ื– ืื–ื ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ? 

ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื–ืืš, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“, ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื‘ืขืกืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืขืจืข, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืข- 
ืจืข. ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ื“ืึธืก 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ. ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืขืก ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืฃ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื™ืœืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืกืฒึทื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฐื•ืขืœื˜-ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืฐืขืงืคืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื˜ืคื™ืกืขืก". 

ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ-ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืึธืงืขืืŸ.. 

;ื ื’ื•ื˜ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ืžืฒึทื ืข ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข, ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืกื˜ืข! ืืœื–ืึธ, ืฆื• ืืœืข ืฆืึธืจืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืขืœ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ืึธืš ื‘ืืคืืœืŸ ืงืจืขื ืง. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืœื™ืึธื ื™ืข. ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ืงืจืขื ืงื˜ ืฉื•ืจื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืฃ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜, ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ืงืจืื ืง ืื ื™ืข. ืื™ืฆื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš 
ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืื™ืš 
ืœืขื‘ ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืื‘ืœืขื˜ืงืขืก. ื’ื•ื˜, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืจืขืคื•ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ืจืขืคื•ืขืก ื˜ืจื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ื ื™ื˜. ื“ืขื ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ 
ืœื•ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืืฆื™ืขื ื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืœืขื ื’ืขืจ ืงืจืขื ืงืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืœืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื 
ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ. ืคืืจ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืฆืึธืœืŸ 20 ื“ืึธืœืขืจ. 

ื’ืื ืฆืข ื˜ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข. ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ 


ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืจ 
ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜! 
ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืืฆื˜. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ืืฒึทื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืืžืข- 
ืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืึธืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื ื™ื˜. ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืืœืฅ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ 
ืืฃ ื’ืขืœื˜. ืขืก ื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืึธ ื’ืขืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฆืข- 
ืœืึธื–ื ืงืฒึทื˜, ืฉืžื•ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฆื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื’ื–ื™ื™ืœืข, ืžืึธืจื“, ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื™ืจ ืกืจื™ื™ืคืขืก, 
ืื•ืคืจืฒึทืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืขืก ืืื•ื•. ืžืข ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ื˜ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–: ,ื’ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจืข 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืื ืฐืขื ืขืฃ!"? ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธ 
ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ, ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงืืคึผื•ื™ืจ. ื•ื™ 
ืจื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ื’ื•ื˜ื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืขืจ, ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœ- 
ื˜ื•ืจืขืœืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื! ืขืก ืžืื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืขืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ, ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ ื ืงืึธืฉ- 
ืžืืจ. ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืš, ืืœืข 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงื˜, ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžืึธืจืืœื™ืฉ 
ื“ืขืจื”ืืจื’ืขื˜. ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ, ื•ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื ืึธื“ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™? 

ื“ืขื ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžืืŸ, 
ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืœื™ืงื˜, ื–ื™ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืึธืจื“ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื ืื›ื˜- 
ื•ื•ืืจื™ืขื˜ืข. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข! ืืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืึนืฃ 
ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื’ืข ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. 

,ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข. ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืขืžื™ืœ ื”ืึธ- 
ืจืึธืฐื•ืขืฅ ืœืขืจื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ื ืฉื˜ืขืคึผืขืจ, ืขืจ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ื˜ 
ืฆื• ืœืขื“ืขืจ. ืคืืจ ื ื™ืึธืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข 2 ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜ืŸ. ื–ื™ื ืข ืฉืืจืืคืขื˜ื“ื™- 
ื ืึธื•ื•ื -- ื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืข ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืึธืŸ- 
ืฆืขืจื˜ --ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืื‘ืจื™ืง ืฆื• 10 ืฉืึธ ื 
ื˜ืึธื’, ืื™ืจ ืžืืŸ ืืœื™ืง ืงืืฅ --ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืงื•ืกื ื™ืง, 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืœืก ืฉืึธืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื˜ืืงืกื™. ืžื™ืจ ืฉื™ืœื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ื ืืฃ ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜. ื•ื•ืœืื“ื™ืกืœืื•ื• ื’ืœืขื›ืื˜ (ื ืคึผืฑ- 
ืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง-ื”ืึธืœ) ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ืžืึธืœ 
(ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื’ืœื™ืงื˜ ืึธืคึผ) ืืœืก ื ืงืขื›ืขืจ. ืžืข ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ 
ืื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืื ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืขืจ 
ื ื™ื˜. ื˜ืื ื™ืข ืกืื•ื•ืขืœื™ืขื•ื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ื’ืขืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืฆืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื ื•ืžืขืจ 8ืึธื“ืึธื ืื•ืŸ 
ื›ืื•ื•ืข", ื–ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื ื™ื˜. ืื™ืจ ืžืืŸ -- 
ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืื˜ืึธืจ, ืืŸ ืืคืขืจื™ืกื˜ -- 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ืืคืขืจืขืก, ื ืืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื ืื™ื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ--ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ, 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืก-ื’ื™ื˜ืืจื™ืกื˜ ื•ื•ืืกื™ืœื™ ื˜ืึธืงืืจืขื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจืŸ (ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ), ืื™ื–ืŸ ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ--ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืœืก ื 
ื ื™ืื ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ, ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืจืื ืงืข, 
ื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ื™ื˜ืขืคึผืœืขืš. 

ืœืขื•ื• ืคึผื™ืœืฉื˜ืฉื™ืง -- ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืงืจืึธืœืก ืึธืจืงืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืจืฒึท ื™ืึธืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืฉืึธ- 
ืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื˜ืืงืกื™, ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ืขืงื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 


17 


ื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืขื“ืขืจืื˜ื™ืฐื•ืขืจ ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง. 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขื ืฆืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืฉื ื™ืจ --ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ืกืืงืึธื•ื•ืŸ (,ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ืกืืงืึธื•ื•") -- ื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ืึธืŸ ืืจ- 
ื‘ืขื˜, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžืืกืงื™ื ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื™ืขื˜ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืข. ื•ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืฉื™ื–ืฉื™ืง, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ 
ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธืจืงืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืื“ื™ืึธ ืื•ืŸ 
ื˜ืขืœืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข, ืงืจื™ื’ื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื›ืืœื˜ื•ืจืข 
ืืฃ ืึธืฐื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื›ืืกืขื ืขืก. 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืืœืฅ. ืฐืึธืจืขื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงืœืขืงืŸ". 


ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื•ื™ึทืื–ื•ื™ ืขืก ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืข- 
ื–ืขื ืข ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืขืžื™ื’ืจื™ืจื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ื•ื™ ืคื•ืœืข ื‘ืื ืงืจืึธื˜ืŸ, ืฆืฐื•ื™ืืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืฉื- 
ืงืจืึธื ื™ื ื–ืขืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื™ืขื ืข ืืœืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืกืคึผืขืงื•ืœื™ืจื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ-ืคืจืื’ืข" ืื™ืŸ ืกืึท- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“. ืืœืฅ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื˜ื”ืึธื ืงื•" 
ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืื•ื•ืื ื˜ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ื•ื™ืจืึธืœืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. 


ื“ืึธืก , ื“ืึธื‘ืจืข-ืžืื–ืœ" 
ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึธืกื™ืื ื–ืฉืขืœืขืก 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ื™ืฉืจืืœ-ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข" ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื™ 
ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื™. ืคืจื™ื“ืžืืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ 
ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ืขืก ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ, 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืข ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธืกื™ืื - 
ื–ืฉืขืœืขืก. 

ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืืจื™ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืœืึธืกื™ืื ื–ืฉืขืœืขืก, ื•ื™ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ 
ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืืฐื•ื˜ืึธืจ, ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธ- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“, ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžืึธืงืขื- 
ืžื™ืงืœืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง. ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆื•ื™ื™ 
ื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 300 --400 ืื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืขืจืขืš 200 ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืขื”ื™ืœืข (ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืขื“ืขืจืืฆื™ืข), 

ืžืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ืื– ืืœืข ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืก 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ, ื ืึธืจ ืฐื™ ืžืข 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืคืืจืงืขืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ื- 
ืœื™ืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื›ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ,ื”ืื™ืืก" ืฆื™ 
ืคื•ืŸ ,ื“ื–ืฉืึธื™ื ื˜", ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืืฒึทื ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ, 
ืื–.. ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืกืขืจ, ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื™ื– 
ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ. 


ื“ื™ ,ืคืขื“ืขืจืืฆื™ืข" ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ืงื•ืžืขื ืข ื ื‘ืจืึธืฉื•ืจ (ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš), 
ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื– ,ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืึธืจื“ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธืกื™ืื ื–ืฉืขืœืขืก ื ืกืืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืœืื ื“ืกืœืฒื™ื˜". ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงืœืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืžื™ืก ืืžืื ื˜ (ืคืึธืจื–ื™ืฆืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืึธืกื™ืื ื–ืฉืข- 
ืœืขืกืขืจ ืคืขื“ืขืจืืฆื™ืขื™ืฉื˜ืื‘), ืื– ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฉืขืคื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืึธืจ ื ืฉื•ืฐื•ืขืจืข. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืข- 


18 


ืงื•ืžืขื ืข ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ื ื“ื™ืคึผืœืึธื, ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืฉืขืคื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืš, ืืคื™ืœืข ืคืืจ 
ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜. ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ,ื”ืื™ืืก"-ืฉืœื™ื›ื™ื 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืข, ืื– 
ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ืข ื“ื™ืคึผืœืึธืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข ื ื’ืึธืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืื“ืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ (ื“ื™ 
,ื”ืื™ืืก"-ืฉืœื™ื›ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ, 
ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ื™ื ื’ืขื ื˜ 
ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ...). 

ืกืึธืคึผืงืึธืœืกืึธืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืคึผืœืึธืžื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฆืขืจ ื™ื™ึธื“, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ืจืข ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื– ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ื ื ืึธืจ ืคืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ืงืœืขืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ืื ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื™ืืงืจืขืก. 

ื“ื™ , ืฉื™ื™ื ืข-ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ", ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืขืฆื“ืึธืงืขืก, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืื“ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ. ื 
ืกื™ืžืขืŸ --48 ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ,ื™ืื•ื•ื™ 
ื ืขืจ" ื™ืขืฉื™ื•ื•ืข (ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 48 ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 9). 
ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืœืื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ื- 
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืจ ื ืขืฐื™ึทืขืก ื‘ืขื ืขื’ื™ื™ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ืกืื›ืืงืœ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจ ืืจื•ื ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ืขืจ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ (ืืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš). ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืข, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขื“ืขืจืืฆื™ืข, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜. 


ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ-ืžื- 
ื˜ืขืจื™ืืœ --ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข, ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืืื•. ืื•ื‘ 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ืคึผืืกื™ืงืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜, 
ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจ- 
ื‘ืื ื“. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ื ื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ืžืข ืคืืœื˜ ืงื•ื™ืจื™ื ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขื“ืขืจืืฆื™ืข, ืžืข ืคืืจืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฆืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืงื•ืžื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข... 


ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืœืื ืฆื˜, ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืœืš 


ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืงืขืจ , ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ-ืคืจืฒึทื”ืฒึทื˜", ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจื•ื‘ืจื™ืง ,ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ', ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื. ืงื™ืฉ: 

,ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืืกืงื™ื, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืึธืจืขืก. 
ืืœืข ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืกืฐื•ืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ื ื•ืขื’. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ 
ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืขืก, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข 
ืฉืืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืึธืœื“, ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฐื•ื˜ืึธืžืึธื‘ื™ืœืŸ, ื”ืœื™- 
ื–ืขืจ, ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืžืข ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืœื“, ื ืึธืจ ืงื•ื ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ.. 

ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›- 
ืงืฒึทื˜ -- ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ื ืœืื ื“, ื•ื™ 
ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, -- ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื ื˜ื•ื™ืฉื˜. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ 


ืื™ื™ื ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜- 
ืžืึธืจื“. ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื˜, ืงืึธ- 
ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื ืขื›ื˜. ื“ื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืžืื–ืœ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื™ืึธ ื’ืขืงืจืึธื’ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืืฃ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ื•ื™ืœ, 
ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืก. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื•ื•ืœืขื ื“ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขืจ, ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืึธ- 
ืจืขืก. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืืœืข, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜: ื–ื™ื™ ืงืข- 
ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ืืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ. 

ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื, 
ื™ืขื ืข ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื˜. ,ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืฅ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื’ืœืื ืฆื˜, ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืœื“", ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื. 


ื™ืึธืจื“ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึทืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข 


ืื™ื ืขื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื™ื™ืึธืจื“ื™ื ืคื•ึนืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ืื™ืŸ 
ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข? (ืคึผืืจื™ื–ืฉืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืฐืึธืจื˜") ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ: 

ืžืข ื”ืขืจื˜ ืึธืคื˜ (ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•ืฒื™ืึธืจืง) ืฐื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ. ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื˜ืึธืขืก ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ืœืขืจ- 
ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื’ืข ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•" 
ืฆื™ืขืก. 

ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•ืฒื™ืึธืจืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืคืืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ, ื“ื™ ืื–ื•ื™ื’ืขืจื•- 
ืคืขื ืข ื™ืึธืจื“ื™ื. ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜, ืื– 
ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ (ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืœ ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื’- 
ื˜ื™ืงืก ื™ืึธืจ) ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ื 200 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืืก-ืฒื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ. ืžืข ื”ืืœื˜, ืื– ื‘ืขืข- 
ืจืขืš 80 ืคึผืจืึธืฆ. ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข, 100 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง. ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, 
ืื– ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 4 ื™ืึธืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืœืึธืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ 70 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื™ื™ึธื“ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืคืืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจื˜ืข ืฆืึธืœ ื™ืึธืจื“ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ืงืœืขื ืขืจื˜ืข ืฆืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืœื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืกื™ื‘ืขืก: 1) ืฉืฐืขืจื™ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’- 
ื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ืขืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงืœืขื ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ, ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜, ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ: 2) ืงืขืกื™ื™- 
ื“ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืคืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืืคืŸ 
ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš. 

ื ืกืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœืฒื™ืึธืจื“ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึท- 
ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืืžื™-ื‘ื™ื˜ืฉ. ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืืžื™-ื‘ื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืขืจื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ 
ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ... ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจื“ื™ื ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ 
ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืืฒึทื ืึธืจื“ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื™ืึธืจื“ื™ื ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืฉืฐืขืจ! ืคื™ืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืืžื™ื™ื‘ื™ื˜ืฉ ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคืขืจืก 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืžืื’ืื–ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืึธืœ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืœืก ืฉืึธืคืขืจืŸ ืืฃ ื˜ืืงืกื™ื™ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืก, 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืืจื ืึธืกืข ืื™ื– ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืจืขื•ื•ืื ื™ืข 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ, ื•ื™ ืงืื˜ืึธืจื’ืข. 


ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืื’ืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’. 
ื›ืื ืื›ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ,ืคืึธืจื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืก". ืขืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ืฆื•, 
ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข-ื“ืขืคึผืืจื˜ืืžืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืœืขืฆื˜ื ืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืŸ ืืงืฆื™ืข ืฆื• ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฉื™ืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง ืื•ืžืœืขื’ืืœืข 
ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš 
ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืคื™ืจืžืขืก: ืžืข ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ืฒื™ ืฆื• ืึนืฃ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืžืข ืฆืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืงืœืขื ืขืจืŸ ืœืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ. 

,ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, -- ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื’. ื›ืื ืื›ืึธ- 
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, --- ืคื™ื ืฃ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืš ืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื”ื™ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ,ืกืึธื‘ืฐืขื™" (ืžืขื˜ืจืึธ). 
ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืื ื”ืขื˜ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืก, ืื•ืŸ ืึนืฃ 
ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืžืืจืฉืจื•ื˜ ื”ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื•ื™ ื ืกืืš 
ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ. ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ื™ึดืกืจืื™ื™ืœื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•ืฒื™ืึธืจืง, ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึดืฉ. ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืืžืึธืœื™ืงืข ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ, 
ืžื™ื˜ 90 ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ื’ืจื•ืคึผื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื’- 
ื˜ื™ืงืข ื™ืึธืจื“ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ. ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื™ืึธืจื“ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืืจืขืกื˜ ื”ื™ืœืก, ื–ื™ื™ ืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึธืจื˜ ,ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™- 
ื ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœ-ืื•ื•ื™ื•ื•": 

ืคืืจืขืกื˜ ื”ื™ืœืก ืื™ื– ื ืžื™ืŸ ,ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขื’ื ื˜". 
ื“ืึธ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ื ืกืืš ื‘ืึธื˜ืขืžืขื“ืจืึทืฉื™ื, ื›ื- 
ื“ืึธืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขืฉื™ื•ื•ืขืก. ืœืขืฆื˜ื ืก ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ื ืกืืš ืืคึผืืจื˜ืืžืขื ื˜-ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจืขืก ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืงื ืืคึผืข ืคืืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ. 


ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข ืœืื’ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข 


ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืจื™ื–ืฉืขืจ , ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจื˜" ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืข- 
ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘. ืกืžืึธืœื™ืืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืขืจื ืกื˜ืข ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข 
ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ. ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜: 

ื“ื™ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžืขืจืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื ืจืข- 
ื–ื•ืœื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื™ืขืจื™ื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืง, ื˜ืฒื™ืœืฐืฒึทื– ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐื•ึผืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื˜ืข 
ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืขืก. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืขื”ื™ืœืขืก 
ืคื™ืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ 
ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœืขื ืขืจืข. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืกืœืึธื–ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ืฒื™ืึธืจืง, ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืื™ื– 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืึธืจืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืกืœืึธื–ืข ื’ืจืข- 
ืกืขืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื˜-ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข. 

ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืก-ื‘ื™ื•ืจืึธ ืคื•ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืกื™ืกื˜ืื˜ื™ืก- 
ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืื– 
ื“ื™ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืข ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข ืฉืฐืขืจื™ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ,ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขืš ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื- 
ืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’". ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืขืก ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืื˜ืขื’ืึธืจื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืขื›ืขืจืŸ ืงืœืืก ืึธื - 


19 


ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืข --ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉืข 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ --ื‘ืื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ืžืึธืœ ืžืขืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜-ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ. ืื–ื ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืœืื’ืข 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•ืฒื™ืึธืจืง, ืฐื•ึผ 20 ืคึผืจืึธืฆ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืขื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืขืจ 
ืงืื˜ืขื’ืึธืจื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜-ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืข- 
ื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืื˜ืขื’ืึธืจื™ืข ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
5 ืคึผืจืึธืฆ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฉืขืคื˜ื™ืงื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™- 
ืฉืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ, ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ 41 
ืคึผืจืึธืฆ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืขืจ ืงื- 
ื˜ืขื’ืึธืจื™ืข. ืื™ื ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืœืื ื“ ื‘ืื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™- 
ืฉืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจืŸ ืงืœืืก ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืข 60 ืคึผืจืึธืฆ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื - 
ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข ืœืื’ืข ืื™ื– 
ื ื ืึธืจืžืืœืข, ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืึธืจืฅ. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืงืึธืจ- 
ื‘ืึธื ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืŸ ืงืจื™ื–ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืขืจืข ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืข. ืื•ื™ื‘ 
ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืกืœืึธื–, ืคืืœืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคืืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ. 


ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ึผืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื˜ืข ืคึผืึธืจืœืขืš, 
ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืข ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืขืก, ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื™ืš ื ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืขืจื™ื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืง. 

ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฐ-ื™ืึธืจืง ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึธื ืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ 20 
ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืขืก, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ืฒึท- 
ื ืขืŸ ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื˜. ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 25 ืืึธืจ. 
ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื. 
ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืืฆืึธืœื˜ืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืขืก ื’ื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. 

ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ึผืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจืขืžืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืฉืจืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืื– ืึธืจืขืžืงืฒึทื˜ ื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ื‘ืœื™ื– ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข. 
ื“ื™ ืึธืจืขืžืงืฒึทื˜ ื•ื•ืืงืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืข 
ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึธื“ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืืฉืขืคื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืกืœืึธื–ืข, 
ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜, ืื– ืืจื•ื 40 ืคึผืจืึธืฆ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืก- 
ืœืึธื–ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™ ืืคืŸ ื“ื™ืกืงืึธื ื˜, 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 21 ื™ืึธืจ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 50 ืคึผืจืึธืฆ. 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1975 ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 22 ื‘ื™ื– 
4 ื™ืึธืจ. ื“ื™ ืคืืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
4 ื™ืึธืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ 40 
ืคึผืจืึธืฆ. 


,ื”ืื™ืืก? -- ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืก? 


ืžื™ื˜ 90 ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข , ื”ืื›ื ืึธืกืขืก-ืึธืจื›ื™ื", ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ 
(ืื•ืคื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืกื˜, ื’ืืกื˜ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜). 


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ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ืคืืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืœื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื ื“ืขืจืก.. 

ื“ื™ ,, ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ-ืคืจืฒึทื”ืฒึทื˜" ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜; 

ืื– ืžืข ืงื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ืฆื•ื ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ,ื”ืื™ืืก", ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ื•ื™ 
ืืคืฆืขืœืึธื›ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืืกื ื“ืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืข ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืกืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื™ 
ื’ืขืฉืœื™ืกืขื ืข, ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ื™ืื ื˜- 
ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื˜ืข. ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœืขืงื˜ื•ืืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ, 
ืขืงืœื˜ ืื™ื. ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ,ื”ืื™ืืก" 
ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื›ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืœืขื›ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธืŸ- 
ืื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจืŸ -- ืฆื• ืื™ื ืกื˜ืืœื™ืื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ 
ืžื•ืก-ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจืก. ืื–ื•ื™, ื‘ื•ื›ืฉื˜ืขื‘ืœืขืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื›ื™ืžื™- 
ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ืŸ, 
ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ,ื”ืื™ืืก" ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืึธืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก, ืึธืŸ ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข, ื–ื™ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืื›- 
ื ืึธืกืขืก-ืึธืจื›ื™ื, ืคืืจ ืืฒึทื ืึธืจื“ืขื ืขืŸ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ืืฃ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืข 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™- 
ื–ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ึธืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜! ื“ืขืจืฆื• ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืงืึธืคึผ, 
ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžืขืจื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜. 


ืฐืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืข ื‘ื•ื™ืš-ืกืฐืึธืจืข... 


ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื•ืฒื™ืึธืจืงืขืจ , ืคืึธืจื˜ืฉื•ืŸ" ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื›ื•ืจื•ื•ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืจืขืžืฉืืคื˜, ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืกืœืึธื–ืข, ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ืึธืŸ ื ื”ื™ื™ื. ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืก, ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืกืืš ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ืฆื•ื ื ื™ืฐื•-ื™ื™ืึธืจืงืขืจ ื”ืืจ- 
ืœืขื. ืื–ื ื’ืขื˜ืึธ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืจืื™ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฐืฒื™ืึธืจืง, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืจืขื-ื‘ืจืึธื ืงืก, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืžืื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืขื-ื‘ืจืึธื ืงืก ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื ื”ืืœื‘ืขืจ 
ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื‘ืขืขืจืขืš ื ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ 16 ื‘ื™ื– 21 ื™ืึธืจ. 20 ืคึผืจืึธืฆ. ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ 
ืืจื•ื ืึธืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, 28 ืคึผืจืึธืฆ. ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื•ืข. 
ื“ืึท ื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ืงืข ืฉืจืขืง ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื ื“ืขืก 
ืจื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืืจืงืึธืžืื ืขืŸ. 


ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืขืื™ื‘ืจืึธื ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ื›ืืคึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืžืึธืœ ืืจืึธืคึผ ืื”ืขืจ ื ืงื•ืง ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ืื”ื™ื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ืข. ื–ื™ 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจืื™ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜, ืฐื™ 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืงืขืฃ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืจืขื–ื“ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš, ื ื’ื•ื–ืžืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข. 

ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื ืกืฐืึธืจืข, ืื– ื“ืึธืจืขื- 


ื‘ืจืึธื ืงืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืžื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืข ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืื”ืขืจ ืคืืจืคืึธืจืŸ ,ืืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ? 
ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืข ื‘ื•ื™ืš-ืกืฐืึธืจืข, ืงืึธืŸ 
ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜... 


ืจื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืึธื ืงืก ื“ืขืจืžืึธืจื“ืŸ 
ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขื ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ 


ื“ืขืจ ,ืคืึธืจื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืก" ืคื•ืŸ ืืฐื’ื•ืกื˜ 1976 ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ืœื˜: ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ, 
ื“ืขืจ 24ื™ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ืก ืฉืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ืข 
ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฒึทื ืึธืจ- 
ื“ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืก ืฉืึธืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื˜ืืงืกื™. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึท- 
ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง 
ืืœืก ื ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื”ืืจืฅ- 
ืื˜ืืงืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืื– ื˜ืื˜ืข-ืžืืžืข, ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืงืจืื ืงืข ืื™ื ื•ื•ื- 
ืœื™ื“ืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืืœื˜. 
ืื™ืฆื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืคืืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜, ืื– ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐื•ืขืจืขืจ ืœืื’ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื- 
ืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜... 


ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ืจื•ืก ืฉืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื“ืขืจืžืึธืจื“ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืืง- 
ืกื™. ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆืฒ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืขืจื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ. ืœื•ื˜ ืืœืข ืกื™ืžืึธื ื™ื ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงืœืึธืจ, 
ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืžืขืจื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืึธื ืงืก. 

ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฐืฒึทืข ืื™ื– ืืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ื”ืขืกืคึผืขื“ ื”ืึธืจืื•ื• ืžืึธืจื“ืขื›ืฒึท ื’ืึธืจื“ืึธืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: ,ื“ื™ ื”ืฒืœื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ื– ืฆืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ื“ื–ืฉื•ื ื’ืœ-ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง". 


ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฉืื“ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฐืขืคึผื˜ 


ื“ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ , ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืึธืŸ ื ื”ื™ื™ื" ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื’ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•. ืึธืœื›ืึธืฐืขืฆืงื™ ืื™ืŸ ;ื ืึธืฐืึธื™ืข ื•ื•ืจืขืžื™ื". 
ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืึธ ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืฉืœื•ืกื™ืฆื™ื˜ืื˜ืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ, 

ื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืข ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ, -- ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ 
ืฐื•. ืึธืœื›ืึธืฐืขืฆืงื™, -- ื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก. ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืฆื• ืคืืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ื˜ืŸ ืคืขืœืขืจ. ืื™ื™ื ืข ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื ืฆืขื ื˜ 
ืฆื• ื ืฆืขื ื˜, ื ืœื™ืจืข ืฆื• ื ืœื™ืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืคืŸ, ืื– 
ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืคื- 
ืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืขืœืขืจ. ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืข- 
ื“ืึธืฐืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ 
ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืืจื•ื ืึธืŸ ืึธื˜ืขื 
ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืงืœืึธื’-ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืงืœืืคึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ืืœื›ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืจืื›ืžื™ื, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ 
ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“. 
ืื™ืŸ 1972 ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 69 ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ 1973 =-- 


ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 160, ืื™ืŸ 1974 ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 574 ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืข ืกืึธ- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืขืก ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืž- 
ืงืขืจืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ 1975 --ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜. ื“ื™ 
ืฆืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ. ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ื˜, ืื– ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคื™ืจ ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืœ ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืจืœื™ืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ืื– ื“ืึธืก 
ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ืกืึธืคืงืึธืœืกืึธืฃ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืคื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžืื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืŸ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืื ื˜ืจืึธืคึผื™ืฉืข 
ืื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืฆื“ืึธืงืข-ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™- 
ืงืขืจ, -- ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืกื˜ืืœื’ื™ืข ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื, 
ื ืึธืš ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืืก, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜. 

ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืึธ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืืœืก ืื™ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืข- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืจืืงื˜ื™ืฉ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข. 

,ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกืคืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจ- 
ื‘ืื ื“, -- ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื‘. ื“ื•ื‘ื™ืจื ื™, -- ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื 
ืกืงืื ื“ืืœื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืคึผืื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ 
ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืขืœืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืก, ืฐื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืขืก ืื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืœืื ื’ ืฆื• 
ืคืืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื, ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื”ื™ื™ื"... 

ื“ื™ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข ืžืืœื™ืฉืงื™ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธ- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืื ื“ืฉืืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกืืŸ-ืคืจืื ืฆื™ืกืงืึธ: 
,ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื”ื™ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ื•ืคืข -- ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื ื ืึธืจืžืืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืž-ื™ 
ืงืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื™ 
ื“ืขืจืœืขืš, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ื•ื™ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœืขืŸ".. 

ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ: ,ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื˜ืืงืข ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ 
ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืื›ื˜-ืึธืจื’ืื ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืฆื• 
ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื”ื™ื™ื! 
ื ื•, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก, ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื›ืขื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืš ืื•ืคืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœื“, ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืš 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ื›ืืจืึธื˜ืข. ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืึธืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉืฐื•ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžืขื›ื™ืœืข? 

ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคืจืื’ืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ืข, ื•ื™ 
ืขืก ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืก ืฆื• ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื - 
ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ื•ืขื ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึธ- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืข ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืจืฒึทืฐื™ืœื™ืง ืึธืคึผื’ืข- 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจืฉืืคื˜, 
ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื‘ืื ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกืคืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžืคึผืขื˜ืขื ื˜ืข 
ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึธืจื’ืื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจื ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืืœืข 
ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจืฉืืคื˜. 

ื ืกืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืข ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืืคืŸ 
ืกืžืืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืœืฉืข ืืจื•ื™ืกืจื•ืคืŸ, ืืคืŸ ืกืžืืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื•ื™ืžืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืื ื“. 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื– 


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ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืข ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืื ื“. 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืื– ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื ืืจื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืžืื›ื˜, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืื ื“. ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื’ืืจืื ื˜ื™ืข, 
ืื– ืืฃ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื ืืจืŸ? 

ืคื™ืœ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืœืื ื“, ืฐืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืื– 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืœื™ื•ื–ืึธืจื™ืฉืข, 
ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•" 
ืจื™ืง. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึธืจื™ืื›ืกืื ื™ืข, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืื ื–ื™ื˜-ื‘ืื–ืข. 

ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ื’ืขืžื™ืฉ- 
ืคึผืขื˜ ืคืืจ ืงืจื™ืžื™ื ืขืœืข ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ื ืก, ืžื™ืจ ื›ืื–ืขืจืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ -- ืงืจื™ืžื™ื ืขืœืข. ืื™ืŸ 1905 ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ 470 ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ื•ื™ ื–ืึธืœ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™? ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš? ืขืค- 
ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ, ืื– ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆืฒ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜? 

ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืึธืจื’ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐื™ืคึผืจืขืกืข 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืื›ื˜-ืึธืจื’ื- 
ื ืขืŸ ื”ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ื•ืžืื ื™ืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึธืคึผ 
ื“ื™ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ ืฆื• ืื•ืž- 
ืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื”ื™ื™ื, ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื, ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒืขืจืข ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืขืก. ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื•ื•ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืขืก! ื ืžื™ืœ- 
ื›ืึธืžืข? ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจื™ืงืื˜ืืกื˜ืจืึธืคึผืข! ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืขืžื™- 
ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืขืก ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื™ืฐื™ืœื™ืง! 

ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืžืึธ- 
ืžืขื ื˜. ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืขืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืืŸ ืืงื˜ื™ื•ืŸ 
ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืืžืคึผืื ื™ืขืก, ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขื›ื™ืœืขืก ืืฃ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขื–ืขื ืขื 
ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’, ืืจ- 
ื‘ืขื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื ืจื•ื™ึทืง ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ื–ื™ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื”ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจื“ืข. 


ื‘ืื ืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืข ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืขืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ 
ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืื›ื˜-ืึธืจื’ืื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ, 
ื“ืขืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™- 
ื ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, 
ื™ืขื ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืื’ืื ื“ืข. 
ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืจ" 
ื’ืขืจ --- ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื 
ืคื•ืŸ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข, ืฐืขืœืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืจื™ึทืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ืื™ื– ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ืฐืึธืก ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืก? ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจ- 
ื‘ืขื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืืฃ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ?! ื 
ืงื ืืคึผืขืจ ื™ื•ื™ืฉืขืจ. 

ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ. ืืœืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจืื ื“ื™ืขื–ืŸ ืžืืก- 
ืฉื˜ืื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก-ื‘ื•ื™ื•ึผื ื’ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ 


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ืœืื ื“. ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื•ืฐื•ื™ืŸ-ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื–. ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื - 
ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• 
ื‘ืื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจืขืก ืืœืข ื ื•ื™ื˜ื‘ื- 
ื“ืขืจืคื˜ื™ืงืข. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ื? ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ืจืขืก. 
ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ืข ื“ื™ืจืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืจื™ื™? ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ืœืขื˜ื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืก ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ืžื™ื™ื ื–ืื ืœืื ื“, ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“, ื•ื™ 
ื”ืขื ื˜ืฉืงืขืก, -- ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ? 

ืฆื™ ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ืข, ืื– ื“ื™ ืกืึธ- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืื›ื˜-ืึธืจื’ืื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืงืื˜ืขื’ืึธืจื™ืฉ 
ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืข ืกืึธ- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ืคืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง 
ื›ืืจืึธื˜ืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ 
ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืขืœืขืจ? ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื ื™ื˜. 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคืจืื’ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืคืืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขืกืงืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื - 
ืงืจืขื˜ืข ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืŸ. 


ืขืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ื˜-ืขืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ? 


ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืงืœืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืึธืจื’ืื ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐ-ืคึผืจืขืกืข, ืื– ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืจืึธื’ืื˜ืงืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ 
ืืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืžืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื™ึทืข. ืฐื™ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžืคึผืขื˜ืขื ื˜ืข ืกืึธ- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึธืจื’ืื ืขืŸ, -- ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืฐ. ืึทืœื›ืึธืฐืขืฆ- 
ืงื™, -- ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ (ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ืกื ืืžืขืŸ) ื‘ื- 
ืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืืœืข ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืคืืงื˜ ืื™ื–, ืื– ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื˜ืืงืข ืฉืืจืฃ ืคืืจืงืœืขื ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ. ืื™ืŸ 1975, 
ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืก ืืฃ ืืจื•ื™ืกืคืึธืจืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ 11 ื˜ืฑื™ื–ื ื˜ 700 ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ --ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืึธืœ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 1973 ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 1974. ืžืขืจ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1975 ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื”ืื™ืึธืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 1.400 ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืคืึธืจืŸ. ืžืข 
ื“ืืจืฃ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงืŸ, ืื– ืขืก ืคืืจืงืœืขื ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืข- 
ืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืœืขื - 
ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ, 
ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1974 ืขืžื™ื’ืจื™ืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึธืก- 
ืจืึทืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
2. ื ื•, ื™ืึธ, ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ึทืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืื’ืื ื“ืข 
ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ. 

ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื 
ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืงืื˜ืขื’ืึธืจื™ืข ืขืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืึทื ืจื•ืคืŸ ,, ืฉื™ืจ-ื ื™ื˜-ืขืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ". 
ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืข- 
ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืคื•ืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื˜ื”ืึธื, ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคื•ืก. ืคื™ืœ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืคืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืขื“ื™ึธืข, 
ืื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงื˜, ื ืข- 


ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผ ืืฃ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื“ื™ ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืึธื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืื˜ืขื’ืึธืจื™ืข 
(ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข ื ื™ื˜ 
ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ). ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืœืขืจืขืจ, ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ืœืขืจืŸ-ืื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืŸ. ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš 
ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’, 
ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืจืฑืกืคืึธืจืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืง. ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื“ืขืจื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื– ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื- 
ืงืื ื˜ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ 
ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ. ื“ืขืจื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ื ืžื™ืŸ 
ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคืืจื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืขืจ ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜. ื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืขื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, 
ืืŸ ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœื ืขืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขื - 
ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืข- 
ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ืืœืข ืคืขื“ืขื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืคืืจ- 
ื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืืงื•- 
ืžืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ืงืœืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ื™ืฉ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื›ืืจืึธื˜ืข ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ื‘ืื’ืื ื’ืขื ืขื ืคืข- 
ืœืขืจ. ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ 
ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืœ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืขื›ืขืจ.. 
ื“ืขืจ ,, ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ื˜-ืขืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜" ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื 
ื ืฒึทืข ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ืื– 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืืฉืœื•ืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืž- 
ื–ื™ืŸ, ืืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืจ ืืงื˜. 

ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงืœืึธืจ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ื’ืฒืขื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ืคึผืœืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืืงืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืŸ ื 
ืžื™ึดืขืกืŸ ืกืึธืฃ. ื“ื™ ืื‘ืกืึธืœื™ื•ื˜ืข ืžืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™- 
ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืคืจืฒึทืฐื™ืœื™ืงืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ึผื ื’ืขื ืข ื“ืึธื ืึธืจืŸ ืคืืจ 
ื“ืขื ืฆืœืขื ื™ื–ื. ืขืก ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ืืœืฅ ืงืœืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืข- 
ื ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื”ื™ื™ื, ืขืก ื•ื•ืืงืกื˜ ืืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ 
ืขืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืœืขื›ืฆืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื•ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื‘ื- 
ืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื˜ืข ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ. 


ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืงืœืื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ืข ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธ ื 
ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืžื•ื™ืฉืข-ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืืœืคึผืขืจื™ืŸ. 


ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขื ืœืื ื“ 


-- ืฆื™ ื“ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืœืกื˜ื•, ืžืืžืข, ืžื™ืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜, 
ืื– ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคืืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืœื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืœื“, 
ืื– ื’ืึธืœื“ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื–ืŸ 
ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื–ืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜? 


--- ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ, ืคืืจ ื ืžืืžืขืŸ ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜, 
ื ืžืืžืข ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืžืืžืข ืคื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜. 
ืžื™ืจ ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ืื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขื ืœืื ื“ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜. 


-- ืื•ื™ ืžืืžืข, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืข, ืฐื™ ืคืืœื˜ ืขืก ื“ื™ืจ 
ืืฒึทืŸ? 
ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืืจืœื™ืŸ. 
ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืก ื’ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“, 
ืื– ืก'ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืคืืจืœื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜. 


-- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ, 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืขืคืขืจื™ืง ืคืืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ืฆื•, 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™ ื‘ื ืื™ื™ื ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื›ืืœืขืฉื˜ ื ืึธืš ืจื•. 


-- ืื•ื™ ืžืืžืข, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืข, ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš 
ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, -- 
ืคืืจื˜ืึธื’ ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืก, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–. 


-- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืื™ื– 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“, 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื™ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ -- 
ืžื™ืจ ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึธื˜ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืžื•ื– ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™-ืึธ ื“ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ. 


-- ืฐืึธืก ืฆืืคึผืกื˜ื• ืžื™ืจ, ืžืืžืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืœื•ื˜? 
ืฆื™ ืคื™ืœืกื˜ื• ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜, ืฐื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื˜? 
ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืกื˜ื•, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืข, ืฆื™ ื–ืขืกื˜ื• ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš, 
ื•ื™ ืื™ืš, ืื–ื ื•ื•ืื ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš? 


-- ื•ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ืจ? 

ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืึธืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืึธืŸ ืžื™ืจ. 

ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื ื•ื•ืื ื˜, 

ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขื 
ืœืื ื“. 


-- ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื•, ืžืืžืข, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื˜. 
ื ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ืงื™ื™ื˜... ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืข ืงื™ื™ื˜... 
ื ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืœ -- ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ืจ, 

ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขื ืœืื ื“--ื ื˜ืœื™ึดืข ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ. 


ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื“ื ืก-ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึทืขืœ ืงืขืžืคืŸ ืคืืจ ืฉืึทืœืขื 
ืื•ืŸ ืกืึทืฆื™ื™ืืœืขืจ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ 


ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ: 


: ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข: 
| ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืŸ -- ืžืื˜ืึธื ืขืก ืคืืจ ื“ื™ 
ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืจืŸ ืืคืŸ ื›ืขื–ืฉื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืœืงืกื™ืžืืกืŸ 
;ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’"). 


9 * : 
= ื 6 6 ื™  {โ€ = : /| 2. ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ 
ื ืง" ื/ื™ื•ืขืš"ืค +. : , ืฉื™ืžืฉืึธืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธื ืกื˜ืจื™ืจืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืึธืงืื•ื˜, 

6 ื™ื• = : : || ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜. 
2 ื 


3 ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜-ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืืฆืขืจืขืก, ื“ืข- 
ืคึผื•ื˜ืื˜ ื˜ื•ืคื™ืง ื–ืื™ืื“ ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืืฃ ื 
ืžืืกืŸ-ืคืืจื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืขืจ. 


4 ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง ืฉืจืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ 
ืฆื™ื™ื™ึทืฉืข ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื ืงืขืก. 


24 


ื–ืึธื’ ืžื™ืจ, ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜.. 


ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ื™ื™ึดืฆื›ืึธืง ืจื" 
ื‘ื™ืŸ (ืจืขื›ื˜ืก) ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ-ื™ 
ืจืขืกื™ืืคืจื™ืงืข ื“ื–ืฉืึธืŸ ืคืึธืจืกื˜ืขืจ -- ืฆื•ื™ื™ 
ืœืฒึทื‘ืœืขื›ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜. 


ืคืึธืจืกื˜ืขืจืก ื‘ืื ื“ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ 
ืฆื• ืžืึธืจื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ;ื ื™ื“ืข" 
ืจื™ืงืขืจ ืจืืกืข". 


ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœื™ื”ืขืจืฉืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกืึธืœื“ืืคืึธืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืคืืจืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ 
ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœืฒึทื“ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉื™ืœื™ืข, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผื™ื ืึธื˜ืฉืขื˜ืก ืงื•ื™ืœืขืจ-ื™ื•ื ื’. 


ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฉื™ื™ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืฆืขื ืข, ืคืึธื˜ืึธ- 
ื’ืจืืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืฆืขื ืข ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืฉื™ืœื™ืข? ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™, ืฐื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒ- 
ืœื•ื ื’ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœื“ื™ืงืข ื–ืขืœื ืขืจ ื‘ืจืขื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, -- 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืื™ืœื ื–ืื™ืื“, ื“ืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ-ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ ื˜ื•ืคื™ืง ื–ืื™ืื“. 


29 


ื ื‘ืจื™ืง ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ืŸ 


ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื“ืขืจื™ืฆื™ืงืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ, ืื™ื– ืืŸ 26 2 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’, ืื™ 6 
ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ 16 ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ-- ื’ื " 0 6 
ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจืื‘ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื’ื•ืคืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’-- ื™ื• ื–ืฉืฃ โ€ 6 
,ื ื‘ืจื™ืง ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ืŸ"-- ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื•ื ื’ = ื™ื™ 6 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš ืฆื• ืฉืึธืœืขื ืื•ืŸ ืจ ื—ื•ึนื›ื' ื 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜. ืก'ืื™ื– ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ = 2 ื™ื™ 
ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ึดื™ ืฆึทื•ึฐืŸื™ ื‘ืฉ 2 0 
ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉ ืืฃ ืคืช }6 
ืื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜. ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื’ื™ ื™ื™ื ืขื‘ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื ืฆื™ืœ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื™ื– ื™ืฉื ื 5 
ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื™ื™ึตื“ื™ืฉ. : = =ืจ 


ืื™ื ืขื ืืจืฒึทื ืคื™ืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ,ื ื‘ืจื™ืง ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ 
ื‘ืจืขื’ืŸ" ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ, ืคึผืจืึธื™ 
ืคืขืกืึธืจ ื™ืขืฉืื™ืึธื”ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื‘ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ: 

ืื“ -ื“ื™ื‘ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืฒื™ึทื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจืื‘ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’, 
ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื‘ืืฉืฒึทืžืคึผืขืจืœืขืš, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืืจืื ืขืŸ ื ืฉื•ื˜ืคืขืกื“ื™ืงืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš--ืืœืงืึธืœืคึผืึธื ืขื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ --ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืฒืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืืœืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ืขื•ืžื™- 
ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืฉื•ื˜ืคืขืกื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืข- 
ืคื™ืœืŸ. ื“ื™ ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืจื•ืคืŸ ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœ-ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฉืคึผืจื•ื›ืŸ, ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจืื‘ืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ, 
ืื™ื–, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืื“ืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืืœืก ืงื™ื ืกึผื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ืฉืืคื•ื ื’, ื‘ืืจื•ืคืŸ ืฆื• ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ื ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืจืึธื’ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืกื™ื›ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืึธื“ืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขื". 


26 


ืืฐื•ืจืืื ื›ืืœืคื™ 


.. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืคื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ, ืึธ, ืขืจื“, 
ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืžื•ื˜ืขืจืก ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื ืœื™ื‘ืข 


ื ืึธืจ ืก'ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืขืก 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜-ื”ื™ืžืœ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ. 

ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืข, ื–ื•ื›ืŸ 

ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ, 

ื ืึธืจ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ 

ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืจื•ื™ื›ืŸ. 


ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ืึธืกืขืžื˜ืข, ื“ื™ ืžืืžืขืก, 
ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, 

ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื“ืขืจืฉื™ืกืŸ. 

ืฐื™ ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื•ืžืขืŸ, 

ืฐื™ ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื”ืืจื˜ืŸ, 

ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ 

ืื™ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืŸ. 


ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, 

ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ื• ื“ืขืŸ 

ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ, ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื–ื•ืŸ--- 
ืื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืŸ-- 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื™ื˜ืข-ืคืขืœื“ 
ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ. 


ืึธ. ื’ืึธื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืœืกื˜ ื ื”ืืจืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึธืœืกื˜ื• ื“ืืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ? 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ -- ื. ื’ืึธื ื˜ืืจ 


ืกืืœืขื ื“ื–ืฉื•ื‘ืจืืŸ 


ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืจืขืžืœืขืš 


ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืžืขืœืขืš ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข, 

ื•ื™ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื”ืืจืฆืŸ. 

ื–ื™ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง-- 
ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜. 

ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื‘ืื ืฒึทืขืก 


ื ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืจืžืื˜ืŸ.. 


ืœืขืฐื•ืฒึทืขืก, ืœืขืฐืฒึทืขืก, ืœืขืฐืฒึทืขืก-- 
ื’ืขื”ืืจื’ืขื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืŸ. 


ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื™ืงืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืื ืคืŸ, 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืคืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื’ืืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืจืืžืคืŸ, 
ืคืืจื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงื˜ืข, ืžืื›ื˜ืœืึธื–ืข ืœื™ื’ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืžืœืขืš ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืจื‘ืึธื ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ. 

ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืืกืื ื™ื, ื ืึธืจ ื–ืขืœื ืขืจ 
ืขืก ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ. 


ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ -- ื. ื’ืึธื ื˜ืืจ 


ื™ืขื”ื•ื“? ืืžื™ื›. 


ืงื™ื ืขืก ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืืœืขื ืข ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืฅ 


ื”ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืื ืื ื“ 

ื ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืคึผืื ื˜ 

ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืงืื ืืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 

ืื™ืŸ ืกืืจืคืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื“ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ, 
ืื– ืฉื™ืคืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ 


ื“ื•ืจืš ื™ืืคืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจ. 


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ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ 

ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ: 

ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขื ืงืื ืืœ ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜, 
ื ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคืืจ ืฉื™ืคืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื™ืื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, 

ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 


ื”ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ื ื’ื•ื•ืืจ, 

ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื“ืืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื•ืืจ. 

ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ืžืคืืœืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืœืืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“, -- 
ื”ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืขื ืกื˜, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื™ืืคืขืจ ื’ืืกืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜... 


ื‘ 


ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ ื“ืึธืก ืงืœื™ื™ื ืก 

ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื”ืึธื“ืขืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜. 

ื ืึธืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜. 

ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืงื™ื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, 
ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืืจื•ืžื•ื•ืืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืจื™ื™ืŸ. 

ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืืฉืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ: 

ื•ื™ ืจื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืืฆื™ื ื“ืขืจ 

ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืืžื“, ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ -- 

ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืืฃ ืืฒื™ื‘ื™ืง ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืŸ. 


ื’ 


ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงืžืึธืœ ื“ืขื ืื•ืžื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืŸ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ืืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืืคืŸ ืงืขื’ื ืขืจืก ื–ืฒึทื˜, 

ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ืœ ืืงื•ืจืื˜ 

ืคืืจ ื”ืืจืžืื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืกืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜. 


ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื ืขืจ ืžืืœืขืš! ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ 
ื’ืขื”ืึธืจืขืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืžืึธื ื•ืžืขื ื˜, 

ื‘ืืฆื™ืจื˜ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข, ื•ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื˜, 
ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื•ื™ ื ืกืจื™ื™ืคืข ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜, -- 
ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื ืฉืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื•ืคื’ืขืคืจืขืกืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 

ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจื˜ื™ืœื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืึธื˜. 

ืึธืžืฒืŸ! 


ื“ 


ื ื‘ื•ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคื™ื™ื’ืœ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ: 

ื‘ืจืขื. ,ื‘ืืœืขื›ืื™ึดื". ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืื ื“. 

ื ื‘ืœืื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื‘ืœืื˜ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜. 


,ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืœื™ึทืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง, 

ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื‘ืืคืœื™ื’ืœื˜ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜", 

,ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืก'ืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื•ืฉืœืขืŸ ืื•ื ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’, 

ื–ื™ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื•ืŸ-ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื‘ืืฉืฒึทื ื˜.." 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ื›'ื“ืขืจืžืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืฉื“ืึธื“ -- 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืŸ ืื›ื˜-ืื•ืŸ-ืคืขืจืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 

ื“ืขื ืึธื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, 

ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืืžื“ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜. 

ืื•ื™, ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื•ืฉืขืœ, ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ 

ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืžื“ืŸ ืืฉื“ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜!.. 


ื ื‘ื•ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคื™ื™ื’ืœ ืขืก ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ, 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจื’ืขืœื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืฉ... 


ื” 


ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ื˜ื•ืจืขื ืื™ืŸ ื™ืื“-ืžืึธืจื“ืขื›ืœื™, 

ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืงื™ ื ืฉืคึผืœื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืœึท, 
ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ (ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื --ื ืคืจืึธื ื˜), 
ืก'ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ืขืจื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืึธืžื˜. 


ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืกืœื™ืฐื•ื™ืกืœื™, 

ืฐื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ื˜ื•ืจืขื ืื™ืŸ ื™ืื“-ืžืึธืจื“ืขื›ืœื™. 
ืฆืึธืคึผื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก, ืœืขื ื›ื•ืœื™ื™-ื™ืืงืื˜, 
ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื“ื™ืงื™ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜. 


ืก'ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกืืœืžืขื ืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก, ื ื™ื™ืŸ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืœืฐืขืœืข ืžืืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื‘ืื’ื™ื™ืŸ. 

ืคื•ืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ืงืืกื˜ื ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื™ืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฐื™ืงืœื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืงืŸ ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจ. 


ืืคืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก-ื”ืืงืฐืึธืจืขืก ืœืขื ื›ื•ืœื™ื™ื™ื™ืืงืื˜ 
ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ื“ื™ืงื™ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜.. 


ื• 


ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืึทืจืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ื˜ืึทื’, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื˜ืขื’, 
ื“ื• ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืื™ื ืงืขื’ืŸ ืืœืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื•ื•ืขืง, 

ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืคืืœืขื ืข ืื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ื’-- 
ื ืึธืš ื™ืขื ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขืœืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. 
ืื•ื™, ื–ื™ืกืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืฐื•ืขืจ -- ื–ืึธื’! -- ืคืืจื’ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœืš, 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ 

ืึธืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจื“ืฒึทืขืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ! ืึธื˜ ื”ื™ืœื›ื˜: 

,ื’ืื ื–ื• ืœืขื˜ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข", -- ื ืขื ืืœืฅ ืื•ืฃ ืคืืจ ื’ืœื™ืง, 

ืืคื™ืœืข ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืืจ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ื“ืฒึทื ืก ืงื•ื•ื™ืง. 


ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื–ืงืขืจ-ื˜ืึธื’ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืืœืฅ.. 
ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ ื–ืขื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืก, ืฐื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืข ื–ืืœืฅ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ-ืงืจืขื ืฅ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜. 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืกื™ืข ืขืก ืฆื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืืœืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื’, 

ื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืขื ื’ 

ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืœืฒึทืš, -- 


ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืฉื˜ืจืึธืžื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืžื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืžื˜ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ-ื˜ืฒึทืš.. 


29 


ืื™ืŸ ื’ืกื™ืกืข-ื›ืจื™ืคึผ ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื ืื›ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื•ื™ืก 

ื ื›ืฒึทืข ื ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืข ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, 

ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืง ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืง ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 


ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื–ืื ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื“ื•ืจืš ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืืก 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธืคึผ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืœื™ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืืก, 

ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, 

ืื– ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ื’ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ. 


ืื•ื™, ื’ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื”ื™ื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง, -- 
,ื ืื ื–ื• ืœืขื˜ื•ื™ืฐื•ืข!" -- ื ืขื ืืœืฅ ืึธืŸ ืคืืจ ื’ืœื™ืง... 


ื ื“ื™ืฉ = ื˜ืข ื˜ื“ืขืจ 


ื ืื˜ืืŸ ื–ืืš 


ืื™ืš ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ื™, ื“ื™ ืืฑื’ืŸ 


ืื™ืš ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ืืฃ ื–ืขืขืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง, 

ืื– ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฉืฒื ืงืฒึทื˜ 
ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜. 
ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ 

ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข, ืจืฒึทื›ืข. 


ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืขื˜ืขื, 
ืื™ืš ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 


ืฆื• ืฉืขืคึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขืคึผืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืฉืขืคืขืจ. 


ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืคืืœืŸ 

ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืข ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืŸ, 

ื›'ื•ื•ืขืœ ืื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง 

ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ื™, ืื™ืš ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ื™ 
ืืฃ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 

ืืฃ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ืงืข ืฉืฒื™ื ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ 


ื“ื™ ืฉืฒื™ื ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, 

ืฆื• ื–ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืงืœื•ื’ืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืึธื›ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ -- ื. ื’ืึธื ื˜ืืจ 
ื ืฆื–ื™ื 55 


ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื ื’ืก= ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคืขืจ 


ื“ื• ื”ืขืจืกื˜, ื•ื™ ืก'ื”ื™ืœื›ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืœืขืก ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ืืฃ ืคึผืœืขืฆืขืจ, ื’ืืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ืจืึธื’ืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืกื™ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜-- 
ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื ืฒึทืก ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. 


ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“-- 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจืก ื•ื™ื™, ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืข ื™ืขืกื•ืจื™ื. 
ื–ืขื˜ -- ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื™ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื›ืขื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 
ืคืืจืฐืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขื˜ืข, ื“ืขืจืฉืึธืกืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืฐืึธืจื™ื. 


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ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืืœืฅ ื˜ื•ื ืงืœืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ -- 
ืื•ืžื–ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื”ืืจื•ื’ื™ื ืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืŸ. 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืืฉ ื‘ืื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ื ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืจืขืง ื“ื™ ืžืืžืขืก ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ. 


ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ, ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืกื™ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืจ! 
ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืงื•ึผื™ืขื ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื›ืึธืœืขื, 

ืื– ืึธื ืงืœืืคึผืŸ ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืจ 

ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื ื™ืขื“ื™ึทืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขื. 


ื™ึทื™ึธื“ึดื™ืฉื -- ืž. ื˜ืืœืืœืื™ืขื•ื•ืกืงื™ 


5* 


ื›ืื ืึธึทืš ืœืขื•ืฐื™ืŸ 


ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืฅ 


ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืฒึทื’ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ืคืืจืฉืคึผืืจื˜; 

ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ื™ ืฉืœืื›ื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื›ืึธืœืขื ืกืฒึทืฐื™ืกืฒื™ 

ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืืœืข ื“ืจืฒื™-- 

ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. 


ืืคื™ืœืข, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ, 
ื“ื• ื”ืขืจืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืฃ ืฆื• ืฉืจืขืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทื ืขืŸ, 
ืื– ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐื•ืขืœ ืขืก ืœื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืืœืฅ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื’, 


ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืงืึธืคึผื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ื•ื•ื™ื’. 
ื“ื• ืงืขื ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทืขืŸ, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื ื“ืจืฒึทืขืŸ-- 
ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. 


ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืžืขืฅ ืงืœืืคึผื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ, 
ื“ืขืจื–ืขืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ: ืื™ื ื“ืจืฒึทืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ-- 
ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•, ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืืฆื™ื ื“ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข. 


ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ -- ืž. ื˜ืืœืืœืื™ืขื•ื•ืกืงื™ 


ื ึทืื™ึดื ืืจืฒึทื“ื™ 


ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืึธืœื“ืื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจื”ืืกื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืจื™ื’ 


ืื™ืขื“ืข ืฉืึธ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื’, 

ื–ื™ ื“ืจื™ืงื˜, ืื•ื™ ืžืืžืข ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข. 
ื–ื™ ืงื•ืงื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืืžืข 

ื“ื•ืจืš ืจืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืจืžืื˜, 

ืขืก ื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ 

ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื›ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคืฒึทืขืจืŸ, 

ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ 
ืคืืจืฉื™ืงืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜. 


ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคืืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ื”ืฒึทื˜ 

ืื™ื– ืฐื™ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืžืืžืข, 

ืฐืึธืก ื ืขืžื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ืจืข ืงื ื™ ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“, 

ืึธ, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข, ืฐืขืกื˜ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื ืืกื˜ืืžืข-- 
ื›'ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทืกืขืก ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ื™ื– ืืฆื™ื ื“:; 


ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทืกืขืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืข ืฉืฐืึธื˜ื™ื, 

ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ื•ื™ืกืขืคืก ื›ืึธืœืขื, 

ืคึผืืจืขืก ืฉืœืขืง, 

ื›'ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื˜ืŸ ืึธื˜ืขื, 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœ, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœ... 

ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื•ืขืง, 


ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื’ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ื ืกืœื•ืกื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ื“. 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธืœืึธืฐืฒื™, 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ ื“ืขื ืงืœืึธืจืŸ 

ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื ืง ืืฆื™ื ื“ ืฐื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜. 


ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ -- ื. ื’ืึธื ื˜ืืจ 


ืžืขื™ืจ ืฐื•ื™ื–ืœื˜ื™ืจ 


ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื™ืขื—ื•ื™ืฉื•ืฅ 


ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื™ืขื”ื•ื™ืฉื•ืข ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืคืืจื˜ื™ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืื›ืฉืึธืฐืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืœืื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ืขืก ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ื ื ืžืขื ื™ืข-- 


ื ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ื™ืขื“ื™ึทืข. 


ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ื•ื™ ื ืึธืš ื ืœืื ื’ืŸ ื˜ืึธื ืขืก, 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ื’ืขืจื˜ื ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืื›ืžืึธื ืขืก: 


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,ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื ืขื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื˜ื•ื™ื˜.. 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ?" 


ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื™ืขื”ื•ื™ืฉื•ืข ืื™ื– ืืคืŸ ืฉืฐืขืœ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ. 
,ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื ืขื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื˜ื•ื™ื˜... 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื’ืŸ"... 


ื“ื™ ืœืขืจืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึธืกืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืžืขืฉ ื“ืขื ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ 
ืคืืจื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 

ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืขืงืฒึทืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืจืขืฉ: 

ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื™ืขื”ื•ื™ืฉื•ืข, ืืฆื™ื ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื™ื•ื™ืจืขืฉ. 

ืื–ื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ ืคืืจืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืจืื‘ื™ื™ื ื•, 

ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืงืื“ืขืฉ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ -- ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ. 


ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื™ืขื”ื•ื™ืฉื•ืข ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืข 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืจืขืจื ืก ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ื˜ืจืืš, ื˜ืจืืš, ื˜ืจืืš -- 

ื’ืขืจืื ื’ืœืขืŸ, ื’ืขืฉืœืขื’ืŸ: 

,ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืื’ืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ืžืขื’ืŸ!" 


ืžื™ืจ ืžืขื’ืŸ?! 

ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื”ื•ื™ืฉื•ืข ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

,ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืืคึผืขืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ืžื•ื™ืจืข, 

ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข: 

ืื™ืŸ ืืขืจืึธืคึผืœืื ืขืŸ ื›'ื•ื•ืขืœ ืคืœื™ึดืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ -- 
ื“ืขื ืฉืึธืœืขื ื›'ื•ื•ืขืœ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืคึผืœืขืฆืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืกืŸ, ืืฃ ืจืึธื’ืŸ. 


ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ -- ื‘. ืžืึธื’ื™ืœื ืขืจ 


ื˜ื•ืคื™ืง ื–ืื™ืื“ 


ื“ื™ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜ืข ืœืึธื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืคืจืื’ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืขืžืข 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข 

ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื ืงื ืึธืกืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข. 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข 

ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขื ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ. 
ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงืืžืฃ, 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข 

ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืงืœืื ื’ 

ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจืœ ื˜ืฒึทื ืขื˜: 


ื“ืขืจ ืœืึธื–ื•ื ื’ -- ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜, 

ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ืœ, 

ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ, 

ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืจื•ืžื˜ืข ืงื ืขื›ื˜ืฉืืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ! 
ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ, 

ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคืŸ. 


ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ -- ืจื™ื•ื•ืข ื‘ืืœื™ืืกื ืข 


2--0 


ืืจื™ืข ื–ืืงืก 


ืื•ื™ืš ืงืขืฅ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ืืจื’ืขื˜ ืืฃ ืจืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืฅ 


ืื•ื™ืš ืงืขืฅ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžื™ืงืขืจ 
ืกืจื™ื™ืคืข, 
ื–ื™ื™ ื’ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืงืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืœืื ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจืื ืื˜ืŸ, ืืฃ ืงื•ื™ืœืŸ 
ื’ืขืงื™ื™ืคืœื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ืกืืจืคืขื ื“ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ื’ืขืฆื™ืœื˜, 


ื ืงืืฅ ื›'ื–ืข: ืื™ืจ ืžืื ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื™-ื™ืฐืฒึทืกืŸ 
ืกืืžืขื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืคืœืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. 


ื“ื™ ืงืขืฆืขืœืขืš ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ, ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข, ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜. 


ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืœ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืขืš ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื•ืจืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจืŸ: ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ --ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜, 
ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืœืื›ื˜. 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงืขืฆื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืข ื’ืฐื•ึผืจืข, 
ื“ืึธืก ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืœืึธืฉืŸ ื ืฉืœืื›ื˜. 


ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉื -- ื“ืึธืจืข ื›ืฒึทืงื™ื ืข 


ืืงืขืจ ื”ืื” 


ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื›ืืจื•ืฉื ื™ื•ืกื•ืฃ, ื“ืขื ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืงื˜ = ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ 


ืคืืจื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทืกืŸ ืฆืฒึทื’ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, 
ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืข ื”ืึธืจ 

ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื”ืฒึทื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื’ื˜. 

ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉ ื”ืืจืฅ 

ืื™ื– ืืฃ ื ืกื™ื™ืคืขืจ ืขื ืœืขืš, 

ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื ืขื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืœื™ื’ื˜. 


ืขืก ืฉื˜ืจืึธืžื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ 

ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื™ื ืขืก, 

ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ืคืืจื”ื™ืœื˜. 
ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื ื˜ื‘ืœื•ื™ื–ื˜ืข 

ื˜ืฉืขืจืขื“ืขืก ืขืจ ื–ืืžืœื˜ -- 

ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉืขืจืขื“ืขืก ืคื•ึนืŸ ืฆืึธืจืขืก ืคื™ืœ. 


ืื™ืŸ ืฉืึธื˜ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืงืœืึธื’ืŸ, 

ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉืึธืœื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ, 

ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื ืจื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜. 
ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืคื˜ื™ืงืข ื ืืจื’ื™ืœืข: ืฐืขืงื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ, 


ืฐืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื ืขื-ืžื•ื™ืœ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืกืขืก ื˜ื™ืคืข, ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืข ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ืฃ. 


,ืื™ื– ื–ืฒึท ื’ืขื’ืจื™ืกื˜, ื™ื•ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืื“ื–ืฉื, ื’ืขืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึท!"--- 

ืขืก ื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ื 

ืืฃ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื˜ 

ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ: , ืžืฒึทืกืขืก ืฉืขื ืง!". 

ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืข ืžื™ื“ื‘ืึธืจื™ืขืก 

ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ-ืคืฒึทืขืจ ืคืœื™ื˜. 


ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืœ ืื™ื– -- ื•ื™ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ืข ืคื•ื™ืกื˜ืŸ. 
ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื‘ืื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื˜-ื”ื™ื™ืก 

ื ืœื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคืขืœื“. 

ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ื˜ืขืจืกื˜ื•, ื™ื•ืกื•ืฃ, ื›ืืœื•ื™ืžืขืก ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืข? 
ื–ื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืก ื ืขื•ื•ื™ึธื™ึตืฉ -- ื•ื•ืขืŸ 

ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึธืœืขื ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืืจื•ื™ึดืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜.. 


ื™ื•ืจื™ืฉ - ื“ืึธืจืข ื›ืฒึทืงื™ื ืข 


1 ื ืžื™ื–ืจืขื›ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฆื•ื ืจื•ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ -- ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื‘ืืงื™ืจื•ื™ืš, ื ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, 


ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงื™ืœื˜. 


33 


ืืžืึธืก ืงืฒื ืืŸ 


ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื ืจื ื˜ 


,ืืจืื•ื•ื™ ื˜ืึธื•ื• ื–ืข ืืจืื•ื•ื™ ืžืขื˜", 
,ืืจืื•ื•ื™ ืจื ื–ืข ืืจืื•ื•ื™ ื›ืœื™"ื–.. 
ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ื™ืง ื ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ-ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขื˜, 
ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืคื•ื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืœืฒึทืฐื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืŸ -- 
ื ื™ื˜ ื ืœ, 


ืกืฒึท ื“ืขืžืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืกืฒื™ ื‘ื™ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉ, 

ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืจ -- ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคื™ืœ, ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืจ-- 
ืื ืคืืก, 

ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜, ื“ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื’ื™ืฉื 

ื–ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืกื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืŸ ื”ืืก. 


ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืขืจ ื“ืขืจ 


ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ-- 
ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฑื™ืกื‘ืจืฒึทืขืŸ, ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ืงืœืึธืจ; 


ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืืจืื‘ืขืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืืœืฅ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื• ื™ืึธืจ. 


ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืจื•ื ื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืขื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืก, 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืžื™ื™ืœืข ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ื ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขื•, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืžืืกืงื™ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื• ืžื•ื–ืกื˜. 


ืืš, ืฐื™ ืืœืฅ ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ 
ืจื•ื™ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธืคึผื’ืจื•ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื’, 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ 

ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื’ืขื”ืืจื’ืขื˜ืข ืฉืืคืŸ ื ื‘ืจื™ืง. 


ื™ื™ื˜ื™-- ื›. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ 


ื™ืืงืึธืฐ ืจืึทื˜ื‘ืœื™ื˜ 


ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ ืคืืจ ืฉืึธืœืขื 


ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ืคื’ื™ื™ืŸ, 

ื“ืขื ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 

ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ, ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืŸ. 


ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืฒึทืŸ 


ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธืฉืŸ, 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜, -- 
ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืคืืจื’ืึธืกืŸ, 
ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 
ืคืืจื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜. 


ืกืฒึท ื“ื•, ืกืฒึท ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ, 


ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืึธื›ืŸ-ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, 
ื–ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ. 


ืกืข ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขื, 
ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืคื™ืœืข, 
ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืœืขืคื˜, ืคืืจื›ืึธืœืขืžื˜, 
ื–ืฒึท ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง, ืžืข ื˜ืึธืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืŸ. 


ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืœืงื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข, 

ื“ื• ื–ืขืกื˜, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืขืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ! 


ื™ึทื™ึดื“ื™ืฉื -- ืจื™ื•ื•ืข ื‘ืืœื™ืืกื ืข 


: ื ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืืจืื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืืจืื‘ืขืจ, ื ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืืจืื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืืจืื‘ืขืจ. 


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ืžืึทืฉืข ื‘ืืจื–ื™ืœืฒึท 


ื“ืขื ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ื˜ ืืœืžืึธื ืข 


ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ, 

ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš 
ื”ืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ืึธืš ืคืืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ืข ื ืขื›ื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ. 
ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืจืขื•ื•ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื ื˜ืขืœืขืš ื˜ืจื™ื˜ 

ืฉืคึผืืŸ ืื™ืš ืœืื ื’ื–ืื ืืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึธืคึผืขื ื•ื ื’, ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ, 
ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืืฉ ืืจื•ื ืžื™ืจ, ื‘ืขืจื’ืœืขืš ืืฉ ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื™ืจ, 
ื–ื™ื™ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืฆืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ, ืฆืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ื ืžืฒึทืœ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื”ืึธืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ. ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ืคืืจื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจืฑืงืฒึทื˜ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ. 
ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™, 
ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืื ื’, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืกื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื–ืื, 

ืฐืึธืก ื ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืงืœืขืžื˜, 

ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ื›ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš ืคื™ืœ: ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืข ื”ืขื ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืงืœืืžืขืจืŸ ืืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคื™ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ืง ืœืฒึทื‘. 
ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™, 
ืื•ืŸ ื›'ืฉื˜ืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ, 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืžืจื• ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ 
ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื‘ืœื™, 
ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ื˜ ืืœืฅ ืคืืจืœืขืฉืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ืคืืจื“ืจืึธืก, 
ืฐืึธืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ, -- 
ืคืืจืฐืึธืก? 
ืคืืจืฐืึธืก? 


ืชืขื“ื™ืฉื•-ื™ื™ ื™2-ื‘ื•ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื” 


ืžืึทืจื“ืขื›ืฒึท ืื•ืฐื•ืฒืฉืื•ืœ 


ื–ื•ืŸ = ืคืืจื ืื ื’ 
ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฉืืจืคืขืจ ื‘ืœื™ืฅ, ื ืงื™ื ื“ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’, 
ื•ื™ ืก'ืฐื•ืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ืขืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ืงืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ืืžื“ ืคืืจื’ืจืื‘ืœื˜. 
ื“ืึธ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 

ืื•ืŸ ืงืจืึธืคึผืขืฐืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ืฉืžื™ืฅ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ ื ืขืžื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืขื‘ืจื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืืฑื’ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขื›ืœืขืš, ื“ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ 

ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืง ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืขื ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืจืขืง ื™ื˜ ื™ื™ื˜ ื™ื˜ื•ื™, ืื™ ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื”ื™ื”ื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืกืืžื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืฆืืคึผืœื˜, ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ -- ื›. ื‘ืฒื™ื“ืขืจ 


35 


ื™ืขื•ืฐื™ 


ืื™ืš ;=ื™ืขื– ื™ื™ืจ 


ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ืืŸ ืืจืื‘ืขืจืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื'ืœืื’ืขืจ 


ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ, 

ืฆื• ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆืืจื˜ืข, 

ืฐืึธืก ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืฒึทื ืขื ื“ื™ ืžืื›ื˜, 
ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื”ื™ืžืœ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜. 
ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื›'ื’ืฒื™ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืืจื˜ืข 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ืคึผืืจื™ืกืŸ-ืฉืึธื˜ื ืก ื”ืืจื˜ืข. 


ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ, 

ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœืึธื–ื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืคืขืจ, 

ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืืจื›ืืคึผืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื•ืืœื“. 
ื›'ื˜ืจืึธื’ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื™ื ืขืก ืžืฒึทื ืข, ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ 
ืืคืกื ืฒึท ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืงืื™ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื”ื•ื™ืคืŸ, 

ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืขืคืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ื›'ื•ื•ืขืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื–ื•ื™ืคืขืจ. 


ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืจื“, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืึธืžืขืจื˜, 
ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื–ื™ืŸ. 
ื›'ืฉืคึผืืŸ ืืคืŸ ืืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื– ื“ืฒึทื ืขื, ืื”ื™ืŸ, 

ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืืงืœืึธื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืึธื ื“ื–ืฉื ื“ืข ื ืขืฉืึธืžืขืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืืฃ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืขืก. 


ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ 

ื ื™ื˜ ืจืื‘ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ, 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจ, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜, 

ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคืืจื™ื™ื‘ื™ืงื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 

ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ื ื–ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื™ื, 

ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื ืึธืš, ื“ืึธืš ื ืขื ืื™ื, ืฉืขืฅ ืื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ื. 


ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ, 

ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข 

ืคื•ืŸ ื ื“ืขืจืึธื‘ืขืจืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ืจ ื ืคึผืฒึทืŸ. 
ื›'ื”ืึธืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ืงืขืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. 

ื ืคืขืกืœ ืคืืจ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทืŸ ื›'ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ. 

ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจืข. 


ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉื‚ -- ื‘. ืžืึธื’ื™ืœื ืขืจ 


ื ื˜ืข ืืจื™ ื™ืข ื 0 


ืื™ืŸ ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 29-ื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก 


ืืจืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ืก 


ื ื‘ืื ืงืจืึธื˜ื™ืจื˜ืข ืื™ื“ืขืึธืœืึธื ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื•ืขืจืข ื˜ืขื’ 


ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ื™ื•ื™ืกืขืฃ ืืœืžืึธื’ื™ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืก ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืฉืžื•ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ: ื“ื™ 
ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื™ืึธืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ืจืฒึทื›ื˜ื™ืžืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ื–ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืคื•ืจืขืžื˜ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ, ื ืึธืš ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฒึทืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ 
ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึธืคืขืง ื ื™ื˜, ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืื– 
ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ื“ืืจืฃ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ื’ ืืฃ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืคืืจื˜ืจื•ื™ืขื - 
ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืœื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฆื™ื ื“ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฐืขืœืงื˜ืข ืึธื ืฉื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ 
ื˜ืขืึธืจืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืจื™ึดืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื. 

ื‘ื ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืืฆืขื•ื• ืื–ื: 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 80 ื™ืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื, ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
0 ื™ืึธืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืกื˜ืŸ ืขืงื–ืืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืืœืก ืื–ืขืœื›ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื ื“ืขื 
ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฑื˜ืฐืขื ื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 50 ื™ืึธืจ ื ืึธื›ืื ืื ื“ 
ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ; 

ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 20 ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ึทืขื ื™ื–ื ื ื‘ืื ืงืจืึธื˜. ืžืขื“ื™ื ืืก ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ, 
ืฐื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืื™ื”ืืžืคื•ื™ืจืขืฉ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ื™ื’ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืคืืฉื™ื–ื, ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืื˜ืืกื˜ืจืึธืคืืœืขืจ ืœืื’ืข ื”ืขืŸ ืืœืก ืคืืจื”ืจื™ื–ื ืขื˜ืขืจ ืืฃ 
ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื”ืืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืึธืงื•ืคึผืื ื˜, ื”ืขืŸ ืืœืก 
ืงืจืื ืงืขืจ ืœืื ื“-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืคืืœื˜ ืžืืžืขืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉ-ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ 

ืื–ื ื‘ืืœืื ืก ืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขืš. 

ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืŸ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ 29-ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ื–ื!, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืœืื’ืข ื ืึธืš ืขืจื ืกื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืืœืก ืื™ื“ืขืึธืœืึท- 
ื’ื™ืข ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืกื˜ืŸ ืงืจื™ื–ื™ืก. 

ื“ื™ ื‘ืื“ืขืจืคืขื ื™ืฉ ืืจืฒึทื ืฆื•ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืœืึธื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื–, ืฐื•ื™ 
ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืึธืจืขื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืื•ืคืงื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืืก ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ. ื“ื™ ืœืึธื’ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ืืŸ 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืืฃ ื”ืืจื‘ืข ืคืจืื’ืขืก: ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื? ืคืืจ ืฐืึธืก 
ืงืขืžืคื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜? 


? ื“ืขืจ 29-ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 17 ื™ืื ื•ื•ืืจ 1977 ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืจื•- 
ืฉืึธืœืื™ึดื. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ,ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืฅ, ืื™ื– ื‘ื- 
ืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขื ืขื ื‘ืืฉืœื•ืก ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›- 
ืฆื•ืคื™ืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื (ื–ืข ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ), ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ (ืจืขื“.). 


37 


ืื–ื•ื™ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ --ืฆื™ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืจืฆืœืก ืžืึธื“ืขืœ, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื˜, --ื ืึธืจ ื ,ื™ื•ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืืื˜" ืื™ื– 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ. ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืขื“ื™ื ืข, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืข- 
ืจืขื“ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื›ื•ื-ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืจืขืก, ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ื“ืจืฒึท 
ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงื•ื™ืขืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืจื™ื›- 
ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืกืงืื ื“ืืœื™ืขื–ืข ืื™ื“ื™ื™ื™ึทืฉืข ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืขืคึผื˜ืงืฒึทื˜, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืขื˜ื™ืข ืฆื• ืืœื“ืึธืก ืงืึธื ืกืขืจ- 
ื•ื•ืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืก, ืฆื• ืื ื˜ื™ืคึผืจืึทื’ืจืขืก. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืคืขืกื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขืœืŸ ืคืจื™ึทืขืจื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืžื™ืกื˜ืงืืกื˜ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจืื ืขืŸ-ืฉื™ื˜ืข, ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืžืื ืก, ื‘ืขืฑื’ื•ืจื™ืึธื ืก, ืฉืขืจื˜ืึธืงืก, ืžืขืœืจืก, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืงืœืืกื™ืงืขืจ-ื˜ืขืึธืจืขื˜ื™ืงืขืจ (ื”ืขืจืฆืœ, ืคึผื™ื ืกืงืขืจ, ืกื™ืจืงื™ืŸ, ืื›ืื“-ื”ืึธืึธื, 
ื ืึธืจื“ืื•ึผ, ื‘ืึธืจืึธื›ืึธื•ื•) ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืขืก, ื ื‘ืืจื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ืฒื™ื™ึทืฉืŸ ืฉืขืงืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืืœื ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ืงืฒึทื˜, ืžื™ื˜ , ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ", ืžื™ื˜ ืกืคึผืขืงื•ืœื™ืืฆื™ืขืก ืืจื•ื 
ื“ืขื ืงืึธืฐืขื“ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ ืืจื•ื ื“ืขื ืขืฆืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, -- ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืงืขืจ -- ื–ื™ื‘ืขืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื‘ืืฉืฒึทืžืคึผืขืจืœืขืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืœืื›ืœื•ื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื™ื™ื™ืง ืฆื• 
ืึธื ืคื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื™ืึธื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข, ืจืขื’ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื–ื•ื™, ืื– ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ื ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉื ืคืขืœืงืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ, ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืขื’;ืึธืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืืฃ ื™ืขืกื•ื™ื“ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืกื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’; ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ื ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืคึผืจืึธืฐื™ื ืฆ;ืขืœืข ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉ-ืคึผื•ืœื™ืฉ-ื’ืืœื™ืฆื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ื›ื•ื ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื“ืŸ- 
ืœืึธื–ืขืจ ืื™ื“ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืึธื‘ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืึธื“ื ืก, ืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ื™ ืื›ื–ืึธืจื™ืขืกื“ื™ืง ื‘ื ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง,.-- 
ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ืžืคืืจืžืฒึทื“ืœืขืš ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ืคื™ืจืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืืก ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื•ืค- 
ื”ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืคื ื‘ืœืึธื–", ืคึผืจืึธืกืคึผืขืจื™ื˜ื™", ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, 
ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜, ืกืึธืคึผืงืึธืœืกืึธืฃ, ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ , ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืืฃ ืคึผืขื ืกื™ืข'; ื“ื™ ืœืื’ืข ืื™ื– 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื“ืจืึธืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืœืขื’ืื‘ืข ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืฉื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขืึธ 
ืœืึธื’ื™ืข, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื˜ื™ืฃ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ, ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืื‘ืจืข-ืงืึธืžืื ื“ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœื“ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจืื ืขืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ื•ื™ ืืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆืœืขื ื™ื–ื. 

ื“ื™ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืข ,ื ืฒึทืข* ืžืขืœื•ื›ืขื™ืžืื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื˜ืขืจืžื™ื ืึทืœืึธื’ื™ืข, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื•ืžื›ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืœืื ื™ืจืŸ ืืงืฆื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืจืืฉื•" 
ื˜ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื ื“ืื ื˜-ืฉืึธืขืŸ, ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ืคึผืจืขืฐืขื ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืงืืžืคึผืื ื™ืขืก, ืึธืคึผื™ 
ืฉืจืขืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืžืื ืขื•ื•ืจืขืก. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืืœืขื“ืืžืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ืืจืžื™ื™ื™ืฉื˜ืื‘ืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืกืงื•ืกื™ืข-ืงืœื•ื‘ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ืงื ืขืกืขื˜- ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืขืกืข-ื‘ืื˜ืœืึธ- 
ื ื™ื ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืื ื’ืข ืฆื•ื ื’ ื‘ืื ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืืฑื‘ืขืจืงืขืคึผืœ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืฆื™ึทืขื ื™ื–ื, ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜. ื‘ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืื”ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืคืจืื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื ืข- 
ืจืืœืŸ ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืฆืœืก ,ื™ื•ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืืื˜" ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืข ืžืืคึผืขืก, ืฐื•ึผ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขื ื“ืขืœืขืš ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืืจืฒึทื ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืืฐืึธืคื ื˜ืข ,ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืง- 
ืœื•ื ื’ืก"ื™ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœืขืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื. ืคืจืขื’ื˜, ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ื“ืขื ืžืึธื“ืขืจื ืขื ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ- 
ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืžืึธืœื™ืงืŸ ืœืึธื–ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื ,ืฉืืคืŸ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืขื“ื™ื ืข, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฆื• 
ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฑื™ื˜-ืœืฒึทื“ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธืžืขืŸ", ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ื ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธื ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจืฆืข ื”ื™ื™ื–ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธืœืึธ- 
ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ื, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืงืื˜ืฉืขื˜ืข ืืจื‘ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืืฐื•ื˜ืึธืžืื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™- 
ืงืขืจ ืฆืœืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ืฆืข, ืื– ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ , ืคึผืœืืคึผืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฆืึธืจืขืก ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ" ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืžืขืจืขืจ ื“ืึธืœืืจืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ-ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ืืจื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ืžืขืจืขืจ ื™ื™ื ื’ืขืœืฒึทื˜ -- ืื•ื™ืœื™ื -- 
ืคืืจ ืฆืื”ืืœ. 

ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืืœื™ืข ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ. ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื‘ืืจ. ืžืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืŸื’ื•ืจื™ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืื•ืคืงื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืข 
ืคึผืจืึธืงืœืืžื™ืจื˜: ,, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ืกื˜". 

ืงื•ืจืฅ, ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ืกื˜ ืืคืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื“ืึธื–ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ, -- ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจืก, ื–ื™ 
ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื˜ืจืึทื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืงืข ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื. 

ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืึธืจืขื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืื–ืŸ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœื™ื–ื ื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืงืขืคึผ, ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• 
ืึธืคึผืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืคึผืขืจืžืื ืขื ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืจื™ื–ื™ืก. ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืขืคึผืืจื˜ืืžืขื ื˜ ืคืืจ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ื- 


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ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืคืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ึทืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜-ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ืืฐื•ืจืึธืืก ืฉืขื ืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืคึผืจืขืกืข-ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื• ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ื˜ ืื•ืคื“ืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ , ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉ-ื‘ืื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ืข ืœืึธื’ื™ืง" ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืงืจื™ื–ื™ืก: ,ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ -- ืกืฒึท ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข, ืกืฒึท ื“ื™ ื ื™ื˜-ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข--ืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื 
ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืงืœืืกื™ืฉืข ืจืืžืขืŸ ืฆืขื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื˜ืงื•ืคืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืขื™ึทืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœ- 
ืฉืืคื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื" 
ื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืžืขืกื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื, ื–ื™ ื“ืืจืฃ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืึธื.. 
ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืข ืื™ื–, ืฆื™ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ ื ืฒึทืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืืกื™ืงืข ืจืืžืขืŸ" (,ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจื˜", 27 ืืคึผืจืขืœ 1974). 

ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื˜ืืงืข, ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืฉืขื ืงืขืจืก ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขื ื’ืื ื’, ื–ื™ืš ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ื‘ืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ื–ื, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืคืขืกื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืฆื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ื ืืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื ื’. 


ื‘ืขืŸื’ื•ืจื™ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจืฆืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืกืึธืคื™ื–ื: ,ื“ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืฆื™ืœ, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืฆื•ื ืฆื™ืœ. ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืœ ืื™ื–---ืฆ;ืขื ื™ื–ื"... ืึธื“ืขืจ: ,ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื•ื 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื›ืŸ ืฆื• ื ืจื™ืฉื˜ืขื•ื•ืื ื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื ื˜ ืืฃ ืื•ืคืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื ื™ืขืŸ.. ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืฐื™ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ืฉื˜ืขื•ื•ืื ื™ืข". ื“ื™ ื–ืืš ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืจื™ืฉื˜ืขื•ื•ืื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืจืฒึท ื™ืึธืจืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืขื ืข 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ื˜, ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื™ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืืœืก ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืื™ื™ื’ื ื ื•ืฆื™ืงืข ืงืœืืกืŸ-ืงื•ื™- 
ื›ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืœ -- ืืจื•ืคืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืึธืงืŸ, ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืืฑื‘ื ืึธืŸ, ื‘ืื”ืขืจืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืฆืฑื˜ืึธื’ ืงืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ , ืจื™ืฉื˜ืขื•ื•ืื ื™ืข", ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืืฒึทื - 
ื’ืขืงืึธืจืขื ื™ึดืขื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ื˜, ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื™ื’ืœ ื ืึธืš ืฆื™ื’ืœ, ื‘ืืœืงืข ื ืึธืš ื‘ืืœืงืข... ื“ืขื 
ืกืึธื“ ืืฃ ื’ืื ืฅ ื‘ืจืึธื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืฑื‘ื ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ืขืจ ืืฐืจืึธื ืฉืขื ืงืขืจ: ,ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื™ 
ื–ื™ืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืจื™ื–ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืืก ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ. ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธืฃ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืžื™ื˜ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืขื›ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜ ืืฃ ืืœืข ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื ืคืจืื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ึทืขื ื™ื–ื ืืœืก ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืขืž- 
ืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ืขื" (, ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœื™ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข", 10 ื™ื•ืœ 1974). 

ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืขืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉื•ืจืขืก ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืงื•ืจืฅ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 
(ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืึธืžืงื™ืคึผืขืจ) -ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืคื•ืŸ 1973. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืงืฒึทื˜. ื›ื- 
ืจืืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืคืืจ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืœ-ืื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ 
;ืคืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืื˜" ืคืืจ ืžืฒึท 1974: ,ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ืึธืžืงื™ืคึผืขืจ-ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜: ืฆื™ ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ึทืขื ื™ื–ื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜? ื ืึธืš ืื™ืจ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ึทืขื ื™ื–ื ืžืขื’ืœืขืš?" (ืขื–ืจืข ืืœืึธืŸ. 
,ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื ืžืขื’ืœืขืš?"). 

ื“ื™ ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ-ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื‘ืืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืฐื™ ืืŸ ,ืขืจื“ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืข?? ื–ืฒึท- 
ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ืื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืขืจืขืึธื˜ื™ืคึผืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื ืืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ-ืืจืžืฒ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฆืึธืœืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื˜. ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืขืฒื™ืœื™ื 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ-ืคืืจืœื•ืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 18 ื˜ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. 4 ื“ืขืจื”ืืจื’ืขื˜ืข (ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืึธื’ื™ืงืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืคื•ืŸ 1967 ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืื”ืืœ 809 ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืืžืคึผืื ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ 1956---189), 
0 ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ึผื ื“ืขื˜ืข, ื”ืขื›ืขืจ 500 ืคืืจืคืืœืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขื ืข! ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืึธืจืฅ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืœื•ืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 2,5 ืžืึธืœ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืœื•ืกื˜ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืึธื›ื™ื ืข ืคืืจ 10 ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืขืฒืฒื™ืึธืจ. ืฐื™ ื“ืึธืก ืคื™ื ืื ืฅ-ื™ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจืœื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืขื“ื™ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืึธืœื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ-ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงืึธืกื˜ 7 
ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ืึธืœืืจืŸ. ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืึธืคึผืฉืืฆืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžื•ื™ืจืขื“ื™ืง ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืขืก ืื™ื–ืŸ ืื–ื ืกื•ืžืข, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ื’ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข-ื‘ื•ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ืืคืŸ 1973 ื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ 
5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ืึธืœืืจืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืืžื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื’ืึธืœืื ืขืจ ื”ืฑื›ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 18 ื˜ืขื’ ืฆืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืžืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื“ืึธืงื˜ืจื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืกืึธืœื“ื- 
ืคืึทื ื™ืฉ ื’ืขืคึผืืกืงื ื˜, ืื– ืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื˜ืข ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืื– 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืจืขืฐืขื ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืงืœืขืคึผ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืžืึธืจืืœื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข ืžืขืœื•ื›ืขืก. ื”ืื’ืื 
ื“ื™ ืื–ื•ื™ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืข , ืื’ืจืื ืื˜-ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข? ืืฃ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืคืึธืจืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืื˜ืืกื˜ืจืึธืคืข 
ื”ืึธื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคืืœืŸ, ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืกืึธื™ึทืจ ืœืื–ืึธื–ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœ-ืฉื˜ืื‘, ืคืึธ- 
ื“ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืืœืก ื ื™ื˜-ืงืึธืžืคึผืขื˜ืขื ื˜ืข ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืฃ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืื‘ ื’ืขื ืข- 


39 


ืจืืœ-ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ืขืœืื–ืืจ, ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืึธื ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœ-ืžืื™ืึธืจ ื’ืึธื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœ- 
ืงืึทืฐื ื™ืง ื’ืขื“ืืœื™ืข, ื“ื™ ืึธื ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืคึผื™ืจ-ื™ื“ื™ื ืกื˜, -- ื”ืื’ืื ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธืจ- 
ื–ื™ืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ืฉื™ืžืขืŸ ืื’ืจืื ืื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ืกืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืึธืคื™ืฆื™ืขืœืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืื’ืื ื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืข ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ื ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื ืขืคึผืœ ืืจื•ื ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืกืŸ 
ืžืืฆืขื•ื•, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืงืœืึธืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคึผื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผื™ 
ื’ืขื ืืจื˜ืข ืžื™ืฆืื“ ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื ืžืืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื–ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืข-ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง. 


ืื™ืฆื˜ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืขืœืขืš ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืกืึธืฆื™ึทืืœืข ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืึธื’ื™ืงืข ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆื™ึทืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคืืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฆืขื ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ. ืžืข ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื ืึธืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืŸ 1967 ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืจืขืืœ ื“ืขื ืงืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืื–ืขืจื˜, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ื“ืฒึทื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืจืขืžืขื– ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื ื™ืฆืึธื›ืŸ-ืคึผืกื™ื›ืึธื–, ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืข ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœื™ื ื’ื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ: 
,ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื’ ืื™ื– ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง; ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžืืคึผืึธืœืข ืื™ื– ื ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง".. ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉืฐื•ึผืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 1948 ื™ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ื ืขืฐื™ึดืขืก-ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื“ืขืžืœื˜ื™ืงืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ: , ืืคื™ืœืข ืื™ื ืขื ื–ื™ื’ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืžื•ื™ืจืข, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ (ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ- 
ืืจืžื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืื ื˜ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืข.--ื. ื•ื•.) ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืžืืคึผืึธืœืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื'. ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืงืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืžืืจื˜ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ื•ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ,ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืžื•ื™ืจืข" ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืคึผืึธืœืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืคื™ืœืึธืกืึธืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืŸ 1967, ืืคืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ื–ืขืงืก 
ื˜ืขื’, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืกื™ืงืขืจ ืคืืจ ืื–ื ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ืข ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœื™- 
ื“ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธึทืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืžืขืœื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผื™ืขืœืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื ื•" 
ืžืขื ืข ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืขืก --ื‘ืื ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืืจืื ื˜ื™ืขืก ืคืืจ ืืœืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืจืื™ืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ืืจื•ื ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืฆืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข- 
ื™ืึธืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื‘ืืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืข ืื–ื 
ืžืืฆืขื•ื•: 


ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ืื™ื– ืื™ื–ืึธืœื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืžืืจื˜ 1972 ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื™ื- 
ื‘ืขืจ 1973 ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืคึผืœืึธืžืื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืขืœ-ืื•ื•ื™ื•ื• 28 ืืคืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืข 
ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 19 --- ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ-ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข; 

ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื ืื™ื– ืฆืึธืจื ื“ื™ืง ืคืืจื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืœืก ืจืืกืŸ ืื™ื“ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืžื™ืฆืื“ ื“ืขืจ 
ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ื ืืฆื™ืขืก; 

ืขืก ืฐืฒื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจึผื• ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœื“ื™ืงืข ืคืึธืœืง. ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื– ื ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ื•ื•ืœืื ื“ืก-ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืขืŸ" ืคืืจืŸ 10 ืžืฒึท 1976: ,ื“ื™ ื”ืืจื‘ืข 
ืฐื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ. ืืœืฅ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื•ื˜ืขืจ ืืจืึธืคึผ -- ื•ื•ืืงืกื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ืคึผืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืฒึทืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืžืจื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข ืกืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ืฐื•ึผืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืœืื ื“. ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื ืกื™ื ื™ืฐืึธ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืขืจืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืฒึทืขืจืŸ ื ืืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ืคืืจืŸ 
ืคืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืฃ 5 ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื™ืึธืจ --ื ืึธืš ืืฃ 3 ืคึผืจืึธื™ 
ืฆืขื ื˜. ืืฒื™ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื•ื•ืืงืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื’ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขืžืคึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืคืœื™ืืฆื™ืข. ืื™ืŸ 1974 ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื‘ืื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ 
6, ืื™ืŸ 1975 --- 23, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืก ื™ืึธืจ -- ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 25 ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜:!. 40 ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข-ื‘ื•ื“- 
ื–ืฉืขื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืืฃ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ-ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš 20 ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ --ืืฃ ื“ืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืก ืคืืจ 
ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ืคืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฐืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’. ื“ื™ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ืžืื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข. ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ื‘ื 20 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ 19 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜. ืžืข ืจืขื›ื ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืขื ืกืื›ืืงืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื™ 
ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืข ืคืืจ ืืœืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ 3220 ื˜ืฑื™ื–ื ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ--10 ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืข- 
ืจื•ื ื’..." 


ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื ืกื˜ืื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืง, ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ื“ืื•ื•ืืจ" (6 ืืฐื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1976), ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉื ื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 3 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืคื•ื ื˜ 
(ืœื™ืจืขืก) ื ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ (ื‘ื ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืขื™ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ --- ืขืคึผืขืก ืžืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 2 ื˜ืฑื™ื–ื ื˜ ืœื™ืจืขืก). ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื’ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข ืื•ื™ืก 24 ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ ืืฃ ืขืกืŸ, 29 ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ ืืฃ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืจืข, 11 
ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ ืืฃ ื˜ืจืื ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜, ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ, ืคึผืึธื˜ืฉื˜, 10 ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ื‘ื- 


1 ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืึธืคึผื™ืฆื™ึดืขืœืข ืึธื ื’ืื‘ืŸ (ืกืึธืฃ ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ), ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืคืœื™ืืฆื™ืข ืคืืจืŸ 
6 ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืจืขืคืŸ 40 ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜. 


10 


ื“ืขืจืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข --ืืฃ ืงืœื™ื™ื“ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ-ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’. ืคืืจ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืŸ 
ื“ืืจืฃ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื 2870 ืœื™ืจืขืก, ื–ื™ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืงืขืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืจืขื“ื™ื˜; 

ื“ื™ ,ืงืจื™ื›ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื“ืขื•ื•ืืœื•ื•ืืฆื™ืข" ืขืกื˜ ืื•ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ 2 ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคื•ื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1948 , ื’ืขืงืึธืกื˜? 4 ื“ืึธืœืืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฆืึธืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ 1 ื“ืึธืœืืจ 
ืคืืจ 8,25 ืคื•ื ื˜. ืœืขืฆื˜ื ืก ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ืŸ-ืื•ืŸ-ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืข, ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืข, ื“ืขื•ื•ืืœื•ื•ืืฆื™ืข... ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื›ื•ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ 
9 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ืึธืœืืจืŸ (2600 ื“ืึธืœืืจืŸ ืืฃ ื ื ืขืคืขืฉ:; ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืงื™ื ื“ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ,ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ื•ื ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืก..). ื“ืขืจ ,ืืœ ื”ืืžื™ืฉืžืืจ" ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื 18 ืžืฒึท 
ื“. ื™. ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ: ,ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืื™ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืœืื’ืข ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜-ืฆื•ื™ื˜ืึธื’. ืฐืฒึทืกืข ืคืœืขืงืŸ ื‘ืื“ืขืงืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืจืื™ืึธ- 
ื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืืคึผืข. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืืฃ ืฆื• ืฆื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืืจื’-ืืจืึธืคึผ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืŸ, ืงื•ื™ื“ืขืžืงืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ?? 

ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฆื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข ืืงื˜ื™ื•' 
ืงืฒึทื˜, ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื ืฒึท-ื‘ื•ื™ื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ. ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ-ื’ืจื•ื‘ื ืก 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื™ืœืื˜, ื“ื™ ืคืื‘ืจื™ืง , ืคืจื™ื“ืžืืŸ", ืขืก ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ื ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืœ-ืงืึธืžื‘ื™ื ืื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืืงืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฉื“ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ ,ืžืคืขืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืืฉื“ื•ื“". ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืื ืฅื™ืžื™ื ื™- 
ืกื˜ืขืจ ื™ืขื”ื•ื™ืฉื•ืข ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจื ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืกืœืึธื–ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื 
ื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ืฅ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื ื ื™ืฐืึธ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ 5 ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜, ืขืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืจืงืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ืืงืจืขืก (ื ื”ืขื›ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ืืฃ 30 ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜); 

ื™ืกืจืึธืขืœ ืื™ื–ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืœืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื•ืคื”ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœืข ืงืึธื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ืŸ. ื“ืขื 1 ืืฐ" 
ื’ื•ืกื˜ ื“. ื™. ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ , ืžืืืจื™ื•ื•" ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ืขื 1975 ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืฆืึทืœ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืขื ืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืกื˜ืขื’ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทืงืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ 164.729, ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 6 ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื ืคื•ื ืขื 1976 --- 66.232; 


ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ืฐืขืจืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ืฉืืคื˜ ืžื™ืฆืื“ ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžืขืจ. ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื–ื™ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ (10 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ืึธืœืืจืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 7 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืึทืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ-ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข) ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืข ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืจืขื ืฆืœื˜ ืืฃ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืฆืฐื•ืขืงืŸ. 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜, ืื– ืงืขื“ื™ื™, ื•ื™ ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ,ืคืืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ", ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ืึธืš ืคืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืึธื‘ืœืขืš 17 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“. ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจืืœืข ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ , ืฉื™ื ื•ื™" ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืŸ ืืŸ 
ืื•ืคืจื•ืฃ (ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ,ื”ืืืจืขืฅ" ื“ืขื 17 ืžืฒึท 1976) ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ: ,, ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ 
ื ืœืื’ืข, ื‘ื ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื‘ืืœื“ื™ืงืข ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข -- ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืคืŸ, ืฉืคึผืฒึทื– ืื•ืŸ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ 
ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืข -- ืงืึธืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ... ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืืฃ ืฆื• ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ"... ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืืจื‘ืขืจืก, ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ื”ืึธืคืŸ ืฆื• ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ืงืจืึธื˜, 
ืึทื ื”ืฒื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ื ื ืฒึทืข ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืืจื‘ืขืจ-ื•ื•ืืจื™ืื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจ; ,ื“ื™ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ , ื™ืขื“ื™ืึธื˜ ืื›ืจืึธื ืึธื˜". -- ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ื ื’ืขืคืืจ, ืื– 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืึธืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ื™ืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจืื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืืคื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืขื˜ืข ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ.." ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื" 
ืจื™ึธืื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ, ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืื ืฆื™ืขืœืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืคืืœ ื•ืขืจื˜ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ืื–ื•ื™ ืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืฒึทื›ืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ, ืื– ืขืก ืคืืจืฉืฐื•ื™ื ื“ื˜ ืžืืžืขืฉ ื“ื™ 
ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืึธื ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธ- 
ื ืขืจ ,ืกืื ื“ื™ ื˜ืฒึทืžืก? ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืœืขืš ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜: ,ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืžืขื“ื™ื ืืก ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ 
ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ืฐืขืจืŸ ื ื‘ืื ืงืจืึธื˜. ืื™ื™ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ -- ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืขื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง, 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืื ืงื™ืจ --ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข -- ืฐืขื˜ ืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจ". 


ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐืฒื™ื˜ืขืงื˜ืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืื ื˜- 
ืฉืคึผืจืขื›ื™ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื™ืœื“ ื–ืึธืœ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื•ื•ืืงืกื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธ- 
ืจื™ึทืขืœืขืจ ืื ืขืงืกื™ืข, ืกืึธืฆื™ึธืืœืŸ ืื•ืžืจืขื›ื˜, ืื ื˜ื™ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ื–ื ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืืงืฆื™ืข. ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืข-ืฐืึธืฐื•ืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืœืื’ืขืจ, ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืฃ ืืœืฅ ืคืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื“ื ืก- 
ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงืขืžืคืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ืคืืจ ื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืื‘ื™ืœืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขื, ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืข ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื˜ืžืึธ- 
ืกืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืกืึธืฆื™ึทืืœืŸ ื™ื•ื™ืฉืขืจ. 


41 


ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ึทืขื ื™ื–ื ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืื–, ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจื™ืฉ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื•ื–ืฉื™ื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื˜ 
ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’, ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉืœืื‘ืขืจื™ืง, ืื– ืžืข 
ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ ืึธืŸ ืื•ืคื”ืขืจ โ€ ืึธื ืฆื™ึดืขืŸ". ื–ื™ ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ ืขืก ื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ืคืื ื™ื. 

ื”ืื’ืื ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืงืœืึธืจ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืกืงืื ื“ืืœื™ืขื–ืข ,ื•ื•ืขืœื˜"-ืงืึธื ืคืข- 
ืจืขื ืฆืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืืงืœื•ืืจืข ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื ืขืกืขื˜ ืืจื•ื ืคืจืื’ืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉืฒึทืขืš ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืึธื ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืžืึธื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืจืขื˜ืึธืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกืขืš ,ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ื’ื“ื ื•"--ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฐืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–, --ื”ืื’ืื ื–ื™ 
ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ, ืื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื›ืฆืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืืฃ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืืจื‘ืœ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, -- ื”ืขืจืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืฃ ืฆื• ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื. ืขืก ืžืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื–ืืš ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ, ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ึทื ืกื˜ืึธืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืฉื™ืœืก ื–ืึธื’ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืก, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื–ื ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืื™ื™ืกืขืง, ืื– ,ื‘ื ืื™ื ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืš ื“ืืจืฃ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืงืขืจ,, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืก, ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื“ืขืžืึธื ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืขืก , ืœืขื˜ื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืก" ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ 
ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ, ืื–ืขืœื›ืข, ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืืฃ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืœื™ื’ื ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื•ืœื™ืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ,ื•ื•ืขืœื˜"- 
ืงืึธื ืคืขืจืขื ืฅ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ืื•ื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ื“. ื™. ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืจื•- 
ืฉืึธืœืื™ึดื. 

ืึธืคึผื˜ ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื ืึธื ืฆื•ืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ,ืคึผืจื•ื–ืฉื™ื ืข" ืื“ืื ืง ืขืคึผืขืก ืืŸ ืื•ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืœื•ื ื’ 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื ืงืึธื ืคืœื™ืงื˜, ื ืคึผืกื™ื›ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืึธืง, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืื•ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืœื•ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ, ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš, ืคืืจื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜. ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืžื•ืคื”ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืฉืจืขืงื•ื ื’ืก-ืืœื™ืืจืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื ื™ื˜-ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืจืึธื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืฆืขื ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืข ืžื™ืฆืื“ ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉืข ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ. 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืขืฐืขื ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืืงืฆื™ืขืก, ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ-ืขืงืกืคึผืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืขืก, -- ื˜ืฒึทื ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืื’ืื ื“ืข, --- ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืฉื•ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื•ื™ืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืคืืจืŸ. ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืึธ- 
ื’ื™ืงืข ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืฒึทืข, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ืื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืŸ ืื’ืจืขืกื™ืข, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืฐื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข ืžืขืงื•ื™ืจืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืžืึธืœื“ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื– ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ 
ืืœืก ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืœื™ืงื•ื•ื™ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืฐืขืจื“ 
ืึธื ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ. ืื–ื ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืœืึธื’ื™ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฑื™ืกืขืจืŸ-ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืข ื’ื•ืคืข --ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฆื•ื’ ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’, ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืึธืจื™ึดืขื ื˜ืืœื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึทึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ึทืฉืขื•, ืฆื• ื“ื™ 
ืึธืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ึทืึทื ืขืœื™ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ, ืื•ืžืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืง ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืขืจ ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืŸ. 
ืขืก ืฉืืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ื“ืจื•ืง, ืื– ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื—ื–"ืœ! ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื˜ืงื•ืคืข ื‘ืืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืืœืก ,ืืจืฅ ืื•ื›ืœืช ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื”" --ื ืœืื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืคืจืขืกื˜ ืื•ืฃ ืื™ืจืข ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ. 

ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ ื‘ื ื“ืขื ืฉืึธื“ืŸ-ืžื™ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื‘ืื ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื 
ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืฉืืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืฆื•ืคึผืืกืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ืžื’ื™ื ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืืจ ื ืึธืจืžืืœืขืจ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ 
ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ, ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืกื ื•ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ื™. 

ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ,ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืึธืœืขื" ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืขื ืจืข- 
ื’ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื ืฆื• ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื ืžืืฆืขื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜. ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ ืžืืงืกื™ื ืจืึธื“ื™ื ืกืึธืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ,ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื- 
ื‘ืขืจ", ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ื ืฉืึธืœืขื ,ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคืืจ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜--ื ืกืึธืฃ ืฆื•ื ืฆื™ึทืขื ื™ื–ื". ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื’ืขื•ื•, ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื•ืฃ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžืืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื‘ืขืจืก ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืื ื“ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜. 

ื“ื™ ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืŸ, 
ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ืฆืขื‘ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึธืฐื•ื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืกื™ื›ืึธื– ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืจื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขื ืคื•ืŸ ,ื ืœืื ื“ ื ื’ืืจื ื™ื–ืึธืŸ", ,ื ื‘ืืœืื’ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคืขืกื˜ื•ื ื’". ืื™ื ืขื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ 
ืœืื ื“ ื’ื™ื˜ ื ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจื•ืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืคืŸ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข-ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืฆื• ืึธืคึผืœืฒื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™- 
ื›ื™ืฉืข ืงืืœืขื ื“ืขืก ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐืฒื™ื˜ืขืงื˜ืข ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ื“ืขื ืœืื ื“ ื‘ืืงื•ืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืืจื•ื™ืก ื ืฒึทืข ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืœืืจืŸ ืืœืก ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืืœื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ,ื‘ืื“ืจืึธืขื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ?. 


ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื˜ืึธื“ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉื ื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ึทืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™- 
ืฉืข ืงืืžืคึผืื ื™ืขืก ื“ื•ืจืš ืื•ืคื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืขืจืคึผืœืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืื‘ื™ืœืขืจ ืฉืจืขืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ,ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืงื™ื˜ืฒึทืžืก ืžืขื’ืขื–ื™ืŸ" (2 ืคืขื•ื•ืจืืœ 1974) ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืฃื™ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืึธืœื™ื“ืŸ 

1 ื›ืื›ืึธืžื™ื™ื ื• ื–ื™ื›ืจืฑื™ื ืึธื ืœื™ืฐื•ืจืึธื›ืึธ -- ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข, ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธื ื“ืขื ืง. 


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ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ,ืงืึธืžืขื ื˜ืขืจื™" ื ืึธืจืžืืŸ ืคึผืึธื“ื”ืึธืจืขืฅ. ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ 
,ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื ืงืขื”ืขืจืขืฃ-ืืœื™ื™ืŸ" (*15:0ื2:10 1508 0ืก14) ื ืขืžื˜ ืขืจ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืž- 
ืœืขื›ืข ืคืืจืŸ ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืื’ืื ื“ืข-ืืคึผืืจืื˜ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœ- 
ืฉืืคึผื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืืฃ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜-ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ: 

,ืฐืึธืกืขืจืข ืขืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฒึทื ืขืก ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืขื“ื™ื ืข, ืื™ื– 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืข ืื™ื– ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืืฉื™ื™ื“ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืื ื˜ื™ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืจืฒื“ื™ืงืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืข ื‘ืึธื˜ืœ ืžืื›ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ืคื™ืœ... ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื–ื•ื™, ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ื™ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืžืืกืงื™ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜-ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ื™ 
ืžื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืขื’ื ืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ืฆื•ื ืื ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื™ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืข 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš". 

ื ืึธืจืžืืŸ ืคึผืึธื“ื”ืึธืจืขืฅ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ื˜, ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื“ืขืžืื’ืึธื’ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขืฐื™ืจืงื˜ ืืคืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉื ื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ; 

,ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื– ืืคื™ืœืข ืืŸ , ืื ื˜ื™ื ืืฆ;ืึธื ืืœืขืจ ื™ื™ื“" ืื•ืŸ ื ื ื™ื˜ื™ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืขืจ 
ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, ืื– ืž'ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ.. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜, ืื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ืฐืขื˜ ืคืืจื˜ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืŸ ืžืขืจ-ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื•ื™ืœืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžืืกืงืึธื ืข, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืึถืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืคึผืจืฒื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืึธืœ, ืื™ื– ื ืฆื• ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืืฃ 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืฒื™ืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื•ื™ืจืขืก. ืคืืจืืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜: ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ืกืึธืคึผืงืึธืœืกืึธืฃ ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ.. ื ืกืืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ 
ื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ืฐื•ื•ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ. ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื ืึธื›ืืžืึธืœ ืคืืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืง, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคืืจื˜ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ืฐืขืจืŸ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืขื”ื™ืœืข, ืฐืขื˜ ืฉืฐืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• 
ื‘ืืคืจืœื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ื›ืฉืื“, ืื– ืขืก ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืœื™ืงื•ื•ื™ื“ื™ืจืŸ ืืœืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืขืจื“ืงืฒึทืœืขืš ,ื™ื•ื“ืขื ืจื™ื™ืŸ?.. 

ืคึผืึธื“ื”ืึธืจืขืฆืขืก ืึธืคื ื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืข ืจื™ื™ื“ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก ืฆื•ื ืฉื•ื™ืจืขืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆ;ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืœืึธื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ื–ื, ืžืขื“ื™ื ืืก ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืคืึธืœืง, ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืœ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื– -- ืžืื›ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืฉื•ื˜ืขืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจืฉื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ืงืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ื ื›ืฉืื“ ืืฃ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืืก ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ. ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ึทืขื ื™ื–ื, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ื•ื™ึทืื–ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืื ื˜ื™ืคืึธืœืงื™ืฉืข 
ืื™ื“ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ื˜ ืืฒึทื ืจืฒื“ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืœืขื, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืขื“ื™ื ืืก ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ: "ืึธื ืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื ืจืขื–ืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก 
ื˜ืื“ืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื, ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜ ืึธื ืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื”ืขื›ืฉืขืจ ืคืืจ 
ืื’ืจืขืกื™ืข ืงืขื’ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ? (ืื™ื’ืืœ ืืœืึธืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืŸ-ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ. ืจืขื“ืข ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœ-ืืกืืžื‘ืœื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ื ืืฆื™ืขืก. ,ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื ืฒึทืก" 
3 ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1975); ,ืืŸ ืื˜ืืงืข ืงืขื’ืŸ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื ืื™ื– ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ื–ืื›ืœืขืš ื’ืขืฆื™ืœื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™- 
ืงืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืืก ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ 
ื ื’ืขืคืืจ ืกืฒึท ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ืงื™ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืกืฒึท ืคืืจืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง" (ืคึผืจืึธืคึผ. ืืจื˜ื•ืจ 
ื”ืขืจืฆื‘ืขืจื’, ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก. ืจืขืคืขืจืื˜ ืืคืŸ ืกืขืžื™ื ืืจ ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื, ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืึธืจื“ื ื˜ ืžื™ืฆืื“ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืกืขืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜-ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก. 
,ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจื˜", 19 ื“ืขืงืื‘ืขืจ 1975); ,ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื ืฉืขืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื’ืข 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืืก ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื•ื•ืขื–ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืฆืขื 
ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง" (ืืฐื•ืจืึธื ืฉืขื ืงืขืจ, ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ืคืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ืก-ื“ืขืคึผืืจื˜ื- 
ืžืขื ื˜ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข. ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื• ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึทื ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
,ืืœ ื”ืืžื™ืฉืžืืจ". ,ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœื™ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข", 28 ื™ืื ื•ื•ืืจ 1976); ,ืื ื˜ื™ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืคืึธืœืง ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืกื•ึผื•ื•ืขืจืขื ื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ-ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข. ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืกืงืจื™ืžื™ื ืืฆื™ืข- 
ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ื›ื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื›ื™ื“ื™ื ืื™ืŸ 
ื˜ื›ื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ืฐื•ืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื˜ืขื˜" (ืื‘ื ืขื‘ืืŸ, ืงื ืขืกืขื˜-ื“ืขืคึผื•ื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื - 
ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืŸ-ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ. ,, ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื ืฒึทืก", 2 ื“ืขืงืื‘ืขืจ 1975); ,ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜-ื™ืฆื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผืžืขืงืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืžืืคึผืข ืื™ื ืขื ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš" (ืฉืึธืœืขื ืจืึธื–ืขื ืคืขืœื“, ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜. โ€ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจื˜", 27 
ื ืึธื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1975). 


43 


ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธ ื‘ืขืงื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืฆืึธืœ ืืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจื‘ืœื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›- 
ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืคืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ืงืœืึธืจ 
ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืฐื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืื ืงืจืึธื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื ื“ื™ , ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืข* ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืข. 

ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ื•ื™ึทืื–ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืื’ืื ื“ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืคึผืืจืื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ 
ืึทื ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื ื•ืฆืŸ, ืฐื™ ืืŸ , ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง-ืฆื•ืคืืœ", ืฐืึธืก ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฃ 
ื“ืขื ืฆืœืขื ื™ื–ื, ื“ื™ ืจืขื–ืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœ-ืืกืืžื‘ืœื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ื ืืฆื™ืขืก ืคืืจืŸ 10 ื ืึธื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1975, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืืจื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืื™ื“ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข 
ืืœืก ืจืืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข. ื“ื™ ืึธื ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืขืจ ,ืืœื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืจ- 
ื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’? ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืขืจ ื ืฐืขื ื“ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ,ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืžืืกืŸ" ื–ืึธืœืŸ 
,ืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธื ืกื˜ืจื™ืจืŸ ืฆื•ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืืฒื ื™ืงืฒึทื˜"---, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ ืขืก ืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข- 
ืฆืฒึทื˜". ,,ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืืื™ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“", --ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืŸ ืืœื™ืืจืขื ื“ื™ 
,ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’". ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจื™ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’. ื™ื•ื™ืกืขืฃ ืืœืžืึธื’ื™ (ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืข- 
ืคึผื•ื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงื ืขืกืขื˜): ,ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜-ืคึผืœืืŸ.. ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืื– ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ 
ืื™ื– ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ"? ื™ื™ึดืฆื›ืึธืง ืงืึธืจืŸ (ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœื™ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฐื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’): ,ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืคื•ืฆืขืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืคืจืฒึทืฐื™ืœื™ืงืข ืืœืก ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆ;ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืืžืฃ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืืจืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’": ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ืืจืžื™ (ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœื™ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ,ืืจ- 
ื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™?): , ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคืืจื˜ื™ืคืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฉืืคืขื ืขื ืžืืฆืขื•ื• ืืฃ ืฆื• ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜? (ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ,ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ-ืฉื˜ื™- 
ืžืข", 29 ื ืึธื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1975). ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ , ืคืึธืœืง ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืขืŸ" (ื“ืขืงืื‘ืขืจ 1975) ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื™ื™ืฆืขื˜: 
,ืืœื™ึดืข ืื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืจืขื ืขืกืื ืก-- ื ืฒึทืข ื™ื™ืฉื•ึผืฐื™ื: ืคืืจืฉื˜ืืจืงื˜ืข 
(ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข) ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื•ื ื’, ืคืืจื˜ื™ืคื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ื™ืขืกื•ื™ื“ืขืก,---ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ (ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื–ืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœ-ืืกืืžื‘ืœื™ื™)". 

ื’ืึธืœื“ืข ืžืขื™ึทืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื ืจืขื“ืข ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืคืขืจืขื ืฅ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ืก-ืคืึธื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืื“ืจื•ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืœ-ืื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ ,ื”ื™ืœื˜ืึธืŸ". ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืคึผืขืœื™ืจื˜ , ืฆื• ืืœืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜", ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืึธื ื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ื’ืึธื“ื™ื ื ื–ืฉืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ืคืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื 
ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜" (,ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจื˜", 13 ื ืึธื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1975). ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืจืึธืงืœืืžื™ืจืŸ ืื–ื ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืึธ- 
ื–ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืฆืขื ืืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ 
ื ืงืืžืคึผืื ื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืฆื™ืœ ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื ื”ืืœื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืฐื™ื ื™ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ืžืึธื’ื ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื•ืคืฉืจื™ืคื˜ , ืื ื™ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™"--, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜". ืก'ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐื™ืฐืขืœื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืคืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื 
ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืื ื“ื™ืฉืคึผืจืืš. ืื™ื’ืืœ ืืœืึธืŸ, ื–ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืืœืก ื’ืืกื˜, ืืคืŸ 
ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธืฆื™ึทืืœื™ื“ืขืžืึธืงืจืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ืฒ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืขื“ืขืจืืœืขืจ 
ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื™ืื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ื–ืฉืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ื›ืื™ึดื ื’ื•ืจื™ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ , ื“ืื•ื•ืืจ" ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ,ื ื‘ืœื•ื™- 
ืฐืฒึทืกืŸ ืžืืจืฉ? ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึธืœืื™ึดื ืคื•ืŸ ื ื”ืืœื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ,ื’ืึธืœืขืกื™ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ". ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ-ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืจืื‘ืึธื ื™ืฉืข ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืฉื ื”ืึธืจืื•ื• ืื–ืจื™ืขืœ ืžื™ืœืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ื ืžื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•ืฒื™ืึธืจืง ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคึผืจืืงื˜ื™ืฉืข ื–ืื›ืŸ: 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื–ื•ื™ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืข ,ืฐื•ื™ืœืฉื˜ืื ื“-ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ", ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืืจืงืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ , ืฉืคึผืขื ื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ืžืื’ื‘ื™ื˜". 

ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธื ื˜ืึธืŸ ,ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื–ืฉืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ" ืืฃ ืื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืŸ, ื’ืืกืŸ, 
ืคึผืœืขืฆืขืจ. ื“ื™ ,ื’ืืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ื ืืฆื™ืขืก" ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึธืœืื™ึดื ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ื’ืืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ื–ื", ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœ-ืื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜--,ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™- 
ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื" ืืื•ื•. .ืื“ื’ืœ. ืื™ืŸ ื ืฆื™ืจืงื•ืœื™ืืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ืก"ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืคืืจืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’, ืื– , ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื‘ืœื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื–ืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ื ืืฆื™ืขืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืฉื•ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืกื™ืื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืึธื ืฉืฑื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื".. 

ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ืกื ืื-ืžืึธืกืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืคืืจื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื–ืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœื™ืืกืืžื‘ืœื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืึธืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ื•ืฆืŸ ืขืก ืืฃ ืฆื• ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื˜-ืื™ื– ื“ืขื 
ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ื–ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ื˜ืฒึทืš. ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ ืฉืื‘ื˜ืฒึท ื˜ืขืฐืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
,ื”ืืืจืขืฅ" ืคืืจืŸ 26 ื ืึธื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1975: ,ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉืœื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœ-ืคืืจื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 


14 


ืจืืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืึธืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ึทืขื ื™ื–ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืžืื’ืึธื’ืŸ, ืจืขืงืœื- 
ืžืข-ื–ื•ื›ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ.. ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ืื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืืŸ ืึธืคึผืฆืฒื›ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืœื™ืืคึผืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืขื’ืขื“--,ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฆืœืขื ื™ืกื˜", ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืกื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ึทืึธื ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธืœืง. ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขืžื“ื™ืงืข ืฆืขืคืœืืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืœืฑ-ืฐืฒึทืกืŸ 
ืคืœืื ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืŸ-ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ื•ื, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื™ืžื ืื–ื™ืขืก, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืื’ื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื“ื’. ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ื ืงืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืคืืจืฉืืคืŸ ื–ืึธืจื’... ื ืึธืš ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกืœืฒึทืฐืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ 
ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ, ืืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ื ืงืฒึทื˜. ื“ื™ ืฐื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืขืจืŸ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืœืฉืขืจ 
ืฉืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜?... 

ื ืคืืจื ื™ื›ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืึธืคึผืฉืืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’ืก-ืืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆืœืขื ื™ื–ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ,ื–ื• ื”ืื“ืขืจืขืš": ,ื“ื™ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™- 
ื–ื™ืจื˜ืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืืงืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ื ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืื›- 
ืงืฒึทื˜ (ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ึทืขื ื™ื–ื). ื“ืึธืก ืžืึธื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจื™ื’ืขืจื˜ื ืขืจ ืคืืจ 
ืืŸ ืื•ืคื•ื•ืื›ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืขืš-ืฉื•ื•ืขื ืงื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื ื“ืขืจืก, ืฐื™ ื ืคืืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื•ื ื’ืก-ืืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืื™ื“ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืืฆ;ืึธื ืืœืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ืœืžื™ื–ืจืขื›ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืฐื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืืœืขืžืขื ืก ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜.. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืจืืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืื›ื•ื ื’ืก"-ืืงืฆื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ืืฃ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉืึธืœืขื ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืจืขืืœื™ื–ื, ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืฐืึธืคืŸ?. 


ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ,ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืื›ื•ื ื’ืก"-ืืงืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืขืจื™ื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืกื˜ืื“ื™ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืขืจ ,ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึธืœืื™ึทืžืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืœืก ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ ื ืžืืกืŸ-ื‘ืื–ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื–-ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ,ื‘ื- 
ื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’" ืคื•ืŸ ืืคึผืืจืื˜ืฉื™ืงืขืก. 

ื“ื™ ื‘ืื–ืขืœืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื, ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืืคืŸ 
ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ื”ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ืงื•ื•ื™ื“ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ืฉื•ึผื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืื•ืคืงื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืืก ื™ื™ืกืจืึธืขืœ, ืคืืจ ืคืืจืขืœื˜ืขืจื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืึธืจ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื 
ื ืฒึทื‘ึฟ ืกื˜ืจืื˜ืขื’ื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื™ืขืกืึธื“ ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืืœื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื ืืฆื™ืข?" ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืืก ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืืคืŸ /2-ื˜ืŸ 
ืฆืœืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก, ืื™ืŸ 1968, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืขื ื“ื’ื™ืœ- 
ื˜ื™ืง ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก ืื™ื– 
ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึธืœืื™ืžืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื?". ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื•ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทื›ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดืฉื•ึผื•ื•ื™ื 
ืื™ืŸ ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืข, ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืืคืจื™ืงืข, ืื•ื•ืกื˜ืจืืœื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื™ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ,ืกืขืคึผืืจืื˜ืข ืื™ื™ื’- 
ื”ืฒึทื˜ืŸ", ื ืึธืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ,ืืœื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง", ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธืœื™ื“ืืจื™ื˜ืขื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื™ืกื›ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืกืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืขืฆืขื ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึธืœืื™ึทืžืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื ืื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืก'ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืœืŸ (ืœืึธื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ) ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื: ืื›ื“ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœ- 
ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืืก ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ: ืืœื™ึทืข ืืœืก ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืฆื• ืื•ืคื–ืืžืœืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืง ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“; ืคืืจืคืขืกื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืืก ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขื•ืฐื•ื™ึดื™ึดื ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขื: ื“ืึธืก ืึธืคึผื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ื“ื•ืจืš ืฉื˜ืืจืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื–ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื›ื™ื ืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื ืืฆ;ืึธื ืืœ-ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืŸ; ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืื•ืžืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฆื•ื 28"ื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก (1972) ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึธ- 
ืœืื™ึดืžืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ืคื™ืจืŸ ื ืžื™ืŸ ,ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜". , ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ืื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืึธื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคื™ื ืฃ 
ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืกื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ืึธื ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืคืึธืœืง"... --ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ืŸ ,ื”ืืืจืขืฅ" ืฆื•ื’ืื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืืคึผืืจืื˜ืฉื™ืงืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื ื’ืขื”ืึธืคื˜ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื ืืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ--ืฐื•ื™ ืขืก 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึธื ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ื ื ื”ื™ื˜ืขืœืข. ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ (ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข) ืกื™ืžืคึผืื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ- 


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ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืขืก. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื–ื ืกื™ืžืคึผืื˜ื™ืงืขื“, ืึตืŸ ืืฒึทื ืฐืฑื ืขืจ, ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื›ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืขื“ืขืจืืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืืฒื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง 
ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืขืจ ื ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืœื•ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ื”ืขืจื™ืง ืฆื•ื ืจืขืคืึธืจืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื ื˜ื•ื, ืฐื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจืก ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ื ืก ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข, -- ื“ืืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ,ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข" ืืจืฒึทื ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืื™ื™ื’ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขื˜ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ึทืขื ื™ื–ื, ืื•ืŸ 
ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ืึธืš ื ืคืจื•ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื ืงืจืฒึทื–ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ื”ืื“ืืกื", ืื•ืŸ ืืฒื™ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง 
ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืจืฑื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ,ื‘ื ื™ื™ื™ื‘ืจื™ื˜" ืื•ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืœืื ื“ืกืžืื ืฉืืคื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื ืกืขืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜-ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก ืืื•ื•. ืื“ื’., -- ื“ืืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ืืฃ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืกื˜ืฒึทืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธื ืขืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข 
ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืขื ,,ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข"-ืฆืขื˜ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื. 

ื”ืื ื“ืœืขื ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ืื–ื ืื•ื™ืคืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 28-ื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก 
ื’ืขืžืึธืœื“ืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 24 ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื™ 
0 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขื ืข ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึธืœืื™ืžืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ: ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข 
0 ื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜! ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ื‘ืœืขืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ 
ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœ-ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืข ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืจื“ื›ืข ื“ืื™ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1976, ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืจืื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืืจื™ื–ืฉืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ ,ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ ืคื•ื ืขื 29-ื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืก" 
ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก?", ืื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืฆืœืขื ื™ื–ื ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืืคึผืืจืื˜ืฉื™- 
ืงืขืก. ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืœ ืื™ื–, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืžืึธืœื“ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื ื–ืึธืœ ,ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืกืŸ-ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืืŸ ืืคึผืืจืื˜"... (,ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจื˜", 10 ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1976). ื“ืขื 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืืฐืจืึธื ืฉืขื ืงืขืจ: ,ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื™ืจืข, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ื™ 
ืื™ื–, ืฆื™ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื ืงืืกื˜ืข, ืืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขื ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ืขืš, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืืœืข 
ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืฉืืคืŸ ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ื‘ืื–ืข..* (,ื“ื™ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืืฑืกืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜. 
ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฆื•ื 29-ื˜ืŸ ืฆ;ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก". ,ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื ืฒึทืก", 27 ืคืขื•ื•ืจืืœ 1976). 


ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืกืŸ -- ื“ืขื 28-ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 29-ื˜ืŸ -- ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ 
ืึธืคึผืฉื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ ื™ืึธืจ. ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืกืงื•ืกื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืกืงืื ื“ืืœืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ืื ื•ื•ืืจ 1972 ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืœื™ื ื’ืข- 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื ืฉืคึผืืœื˜ื•ื ื’, ืคืึธื“ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง, ืื– ืึทืœื™ึถืข ื–ืึธืœ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ื ืžื•ื– ืคืืจ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืืฒึทืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืื•ื™ืœืข ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ,ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• ื ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื›ื•ื™ื•ื• ืืฒึทื ืคึผืืงืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉืขืžืึธื“ืื ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฒื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ืœืื ื“". ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ,ื”ืื“ืืกื" ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™, 
ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืื– ืื•ื‘ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื, ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ,350.000/ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจืื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืข ืขืจื˜ืขืœืขืš 
ืื™ื ืขื ืฆืขืฆืฐืฒึทื’ื˜ืŸ ืกืึธื›ื ื•ื˜- ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืื’ืื ื“ืข-ืืคึผืืจืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืคื•ืฆืขืก, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ึทืง. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข 
ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื‘ืืฉืœื•ืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืกืื ืงืฆื™ืขืก ืคืืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืœืŸ ื“ืขื ื›ื•ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืืœื™ืข, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืžืขื”ื•ืžืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉืœื•ืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืœืก , ืื•ืžืงืึธื ืกื˜ื™- 
ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœืขืจ?. 

ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ-ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคืืจ 
ืื ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง. ื“ื™ ื“ืขืœืขื’ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ืข ืคึผืืจ- 
ื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจืืžืึธืœืข ืžื™ึทื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื‘ืกื™ื“ื™ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ื‘ืืงื•ืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืืกืข. ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื•ืžื“ืขืจื˜ืจืขื’ืœืขืš ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืข- 
ืฉื•ื•ื•ื™ืจืขื ืข ืฆ;ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืคึผื™ื–ืึธื“, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื“ืขืœืขื’ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืข- 
ืจื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขื ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ึทืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืืจื™ืข ืคึผื™ื ืงื•ืก 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉื ืจื•ืฃ: ,, ืื™ืจ ื”ืขืฆื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“!". ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืœืขื’ืื˜ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืœืฒึทื“ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืืœ. 

ืึธื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืขืคึผื™ื–ืึธื“ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืฆื™ืขื™ 
ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ: ,ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืฆื™ื“ืขื ื˜ ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืื™ื“ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืžืจื•, ื’ืฒึทืกื™ 
ื˜ื™ืงืข ืึธืจืขืžืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื’ืขืคื™ืœ, ืื– ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื ืคืขืœื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก: ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืึธืจื’ื- 
ื ื™ื–ืืฆ;ืึธื ืขืœืข ื’ืขื”ืึธืจื›ื–ืืžืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึธื ืขืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื ื“ื™ืกืฆื™ืคึผืœื™ื ืืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืืคึผืืจืื˜...* (,ื”ืืืจืขืฅ", 26 ื™ืื ื•ื•ืืจ 1972). 

ื”ืืงืœืืœ, ,ื ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืข-ืฆืœืขื ื™ื–ื", ืฐื™ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜-ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก ื ืึธื›ืขื ื’ืึธืœื“ืžืืŸ. 


35 46 


ื“ื™ ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ืื ืฆืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ ืึธื ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืจืืงืึธื ื™ืฉืข ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ 
ืื•ื™ืกืžืฒึทื“ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืคืจืฒึทืก ืืคืŸ 29-ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก. ื“ืึธืก, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึธืœืืœ- 
ืžืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืงื™ืฉืขืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืจืŸ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื -- ื“ื™ 
ืงืœื•ื™ืžืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืงืจืื˜ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืืœืŸ ืฆื•ื 28-ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก ืืœืก ืฉืœื•ืก-ืืงื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื™ืคืงืื“ (ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื‘ื™ืจ-ืงืืžืคึผืื ื™ืข), ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื ืฆืขืจืขืžืึธื ื™ืขืก ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ- 
ืึทืจื“ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืงืฆื™ืึธื ืก-ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ (14 ื™ื•ืœ 
6) ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื ื‘ืืฉืœื•ืก, ืื– ืื•ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืขื ืขื ืœืื ื“ ืฐืขืœืŸ 90 ืคึผืจืึธ- 
ืฆืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ึทืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขืœืขื’ืื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืคืจืœืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก, 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื ื”ืขืกืงืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ ืžืื ื“ืื˜ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืงืึธื - 
ื’ืจืขืก, -- ื“ืืŸ ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืื, ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ื™ ,ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ-ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข? ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืื ื•ื•ืืจ 
ื“. ื™. ืคืืจ ื ืฒึทืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื•ืขื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื 
0 ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื ืžืขืœื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ื™ื•ืื ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจื, -- ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืคืืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืืกืงื ื˜ ื“ื™ ,ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ-ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข", ื‘ืืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื™ื™ 
ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืกืŸ ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ืืœืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืืงืฆ;ืึธื ืกื™ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื ื•ืœื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืืฉืœื•ืก ืืœืก ืื–ื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžืขืกื•ื’ืœ ืฆื• ,ื“ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ืืŸ ืื ืืจื›ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’". ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœื™ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข" ื”ืึธื˜ ืื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜, ืื– ,ืึธืŸ ืกืึธืคึผืขืง ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ืืจื•ืฃ 
ืื–ื ืžืืฆืขื•ื• ื ืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื“ืขืžืึทืงืจืื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืœืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืงืœืึธืจ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืงื•ืขืš ืืฃ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืืคืŸ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก ื’ื•ืคืข".. 
(ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ืฉื˜ืึธืงืคื™ืฉ. , ืฆื™ืœืŸ, ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 29-ื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก? 
,ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœื™ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข", 1 ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1976). 

ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉืฒึทืขืš ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืขืง ืคืืจ ื ื ืฒึทืขื ,ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืข-ืฆ;ืขื ื™ื–ื", ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื˜ืืงืข ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืฐืขืจืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืจืืงืึธื ื™ืฉืข ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืงืคื™ืฉืก 
ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืขืœืขื’ืื˜ืŸ-ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 29-ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก. ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื“ื™ 525 ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ 200 ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœื“ื™ืงืข ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ 100-- ื‘ืืคื•ืœืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ 
ืืœื™ืื ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื (ื“ื™ ืคืืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืขืคืึธืจื- 
ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื, ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ,,ืžืืงืื‘ื™", ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืคืขื“ืขืจืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืคืืจื“ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ). 
ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข 225 ื“ืขืœืขื’ืื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจืฉืืคื˜ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจื”ืฑืคึผื˜, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข. 
ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืฐืขื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืงืœืึธืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืื– ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ 
ืื–ื ืฆืึธืœ -- 225 -- ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื–ืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก ืžื™ืฆืื“ ,,ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™- 
ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืืงืฆ;ืึธื ืก-ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜, ืฐื•ื™ืจื™ืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ (ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจืื ืขืŸ-ืืกืงืึธื ื™ื) ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธื ืขืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืข ืืžื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข, ืื–ืขืœื›ืข, 
ืฐื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืฃ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก-ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืึธืจ ืื“ื’.", ืฐื™ ืขืก ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก 
ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ืฉื˜ืึธืงืคื™ืฉ. 

ืฉืืจืคืข ืฆื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืืก ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื–ื , ืคืืจืื“ืึธืงืกืืœืข? ืืคืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ 
ืงื•ืง ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืื– ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 750 ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื–ืืžืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึธืœืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืคึผืึธืžืคึผืขื–ื ืขื ื–ืืœ ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืขืก, ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ,900:000/, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ 
ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืื’ืื ื“ืข ืืคื™ืฉื™ืจื˜ ืืœืก ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, -- ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืงืจืขื˜ืข ืคืืœืŸ 
ื–ืืžืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ืงืึธืœืขืจืœืฒื™ ื ืฒึทื’ืขืจื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ืข, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืœืขื›ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ื ืึธืš ื ื‘ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ืฉ. 

ืึนืฃ ื ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ื™ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจื™ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆ;ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ , ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’" 
(22 ื™ืื ื•ื•ืืจ 1976), ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฆื•ื 29-ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ ---ื™ืื ืงืขื•ื• ืฐื™ืกืžืึธื ืกืงื™ -- ื’ืขืžืึธืœื“ืŸ: ;ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื“ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืขืจ, 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆืœืึธื ืขืœืขืจ". ืก'ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขื‘ืื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืคืืจื›ืืคึผืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืžืฉืขืš-ื“ืึธืจ?, ,ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื˜ืข- 
ืœื™ื’ืขื ืฅ", ;ืœื™ืงื•ื•ื™ื“ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื˜ื™ืงืฒื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืืœื™ื–ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืื™ื“ืขืืœ", ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ -- ืื™ืŸ ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื™ืข: ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ -- ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืข ื’ืึธื˜ื”ืขืœืฃ -- ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื‘ืืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื˜ืŸ ืกืงืขืคึผืกื™ืก, ืฆื•ืฆื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืื•ืคืžืขืจืง- 
ื–ืืžืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืžืืฆืขื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืขืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืขืจืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ึทืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืื’ืื ื“ืข ืขืจืขื•ื• ื“ืขื ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก. ,ื“ื™ ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื™ื ืคืืจ ืืœื™ึทืข, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, - 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืœืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ื”ืขืœืฃ, -- ืคืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืœืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ืจืŸ 
ืขืก ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืœืื ื“, ื•ื™ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ 


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ื“ื™ ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื™ื ืคืึธืจ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ืคืืจืŸ ืžืื’ื‘ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ ื ืœืื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืขืœืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ ืžื™ืฆืื“ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืคื•ืฆืขืก. ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื™ืึธ ืื•ื™ืœืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื’ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื‘ืืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืจ 
ื“ืขื ืืฒึทื ื“ืจื•ืง, ืื– ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืข ืคืืจืงืจื™ืคึผืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื“ืึธืจื‘ืŸ. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืืจืฃ 
ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืงืข ื‘ืืœืื ืกื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืคืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’"... (,ืคืึธืœืงืก- 
ื‘ืœืื˜". ื™ืื ื•ื•ืืจ 1976). 

ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืฆื• ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืื’ืื ื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืคืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก 
ื“ืืจืฃ ื“ืึธ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœ;ืข-ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื. ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ 
ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืžืืฉ, ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ื•ื™ืกื™ืงืข ืกื˜ื™ืจืขืก ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืงืœืืžื™ืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื ืฉืคึผืืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืืคืŸ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื“ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ, ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ืึธืจื’ื- 
ื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœืŸ ืืกืคึผืขืงื˜. ืฐืฒึทืœ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ ื‘ื•ื ื™ื 
ืฉืืžื™ืจ: , ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืฉืขืคื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก, ืื™ื–-- ืฆื™ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉืข ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ืฆืœืขื ื™ื–ื? ืื™ืŸ ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžื˜ ืื•ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธื™ 
ืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ, ื“ื™ ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืื•ื™ืกื–ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทืกื™ 
ืจืึทืขืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜".. (ื‘. ืฉืืžื™ืจ. ,ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ?. 
,ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœื™ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข", 4 ืื•ื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1976). 

ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืกืึธืคืขืง, ืฆื™ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืื’ืื ื“ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืืคึผืืจืื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืœืฉืขืจ ืจืขื˜ืึธืจื™ืง. ื“ืขืจ 29-ื˜ืขืจ 
ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข, ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื ื˜ื•ื ืขืœ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืื ื’. 


ื‘ื™ 


5--00 


ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื•ื ื’ 


ืขืŸ 


ื™ื ืฐ 2 ื™ื™ : 7 
ืจ ื’ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื™ 18 


+ื• 


ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืื™. ืžืืกื˜ื‘ืื•ื. ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข 


3 
ื•ื™" 
22 
.ืช 

=; 
52 
ืื˜ / 
ืจ 
- 
-; 
ื”: 
- 
ื”ื™ 
=" 

ืช 

ื™ืŸ 
ืช'ึผ 
*. 
ืช 


1. ืืŸ ืึธื–ืขืจืข ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“ 
2. ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜ 


2 ื ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ 


,ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ืคึผืื•ื•ืข..." 


,ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืจืŸ..." 


ืžืึธื–ื™ ืงืึธื‘ืจื™ืื ืกืงื™ 


ื™ืงืจื™ืง, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ 


4 7 ื ื™ื™ืจื˜ 8'. = 65 


ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืฒืœ 


ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ 


ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื–ืฉืขื•ื•ืงืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจืŸ ื ื’ืจื™ืœืฆืขื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜-ื’ืขืฉืžื™ืจื˜ืข ืืงืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื 
ื“ื•ื ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืงืœืืคึผืขืจืœื™ึท ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฐืึธื’ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“, ื™ืึธื’ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื“ืœืก ื‘ืืจื’ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ. ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื•ืขืจื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืืก ื ืกื•ืžืื˜ืึธื›ืข, ื 
ืœื•ื™ืคืขืจืฒึท, ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืึธืกืฒ, ื›ืืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ื•ื™ืฃ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ืึธื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฐืึธื’ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืื•ืžื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจืŸ ื ืกื˜ืฑื™ืคึผ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืคึผืืจืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื–ื™ืงืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก. 

ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ืคื•ืจืžืื ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืจื–ืฉืข ืœืขื ื’ื•ื™ืก ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืฉืึธืกืฒ, ื›ืืคึผืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืฃ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืงืขืœื ื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ ืฆื•ื ืžืืจืง -- ืžืื›ืŸ ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืŸ ืคืจืฒึท ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’. 

ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคืŸ, ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทืฐืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืขืคึผืึธืœืึธื›ืขื˜ืข ืคืขืจื“ 
ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ. ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ืงื•ื ื“ื™ื™ืกื™ื ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืฑื˜ืŸ, ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืื ืขืงืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืฐืฒึทื‘ืœืขืš ืคืืจืฉืืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจื”ืขื ื’ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, 
ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืคึผืฒึทืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืกื•ืกื™ื ืคืืจืงืขืจืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœืขื ื‘ื™ืืœืกืงื™ืก ืžื•ื™ืขืจืœ ืืคืŸ ืฉืึธืกืฒ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ื™ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืฐืึธื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ, ื“ืึธื ื“ืข, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ืข ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืข ืคื™ืก, ืืฃ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืก'ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ื™ื•ื›ื˜ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืืœืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื›ืึธืœื™ืขืฐืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืข ืงื ื™. 

ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื ื™ื˜ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืก ื‘ืจืขื–ืขื - 
ื˜ืขื ืขื ืคึผื™ื“ื–ืฉืืง, ื ื–ื•ืŸืฉื˜ืจืืœื›ืœ ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืœืื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขืฉืขื ืขืจ ื‘ืœื™ืื›ืข ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืจื™ืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคึผื™ื“ื–ืฉืืง ืฉื˜ืœื™ืฃ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจืก ื‘ื•ื™ืš. 

ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืก ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืื™ื– ืคืืจืคืœืืžื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ืคืืจืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืืฃ ืืจื•ืฃ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจื™ื™ื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฉื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉืœืฒึทื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืฆื™ื’ืฒึทื ืขืจื™ืฉืข 
ืงื•ื˜ืฉืžืขืœืขืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื”ืขืคืงืขืจ-ืงืืจื˜ื•ื–ืœ. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ 


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ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืขืก, ืคืืจื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ื”ืขื ื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ืคึผืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืจืขืก ืฐืฒึทืกืข ืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืœื™ืืกืงืขื ื“ื™ืงืข, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื’ืึธืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจืฆืขืœืฒึท. 

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื“ ืงืฒื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื 
ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜. ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืื– ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื ืฆื™ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒ ื ืกื•ื•ื™ืฉื˜ืฉืข 
ื˜ืึธืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืกื•ืกื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืืกื˜ื™ืง ื ืจื™ืก ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื˜. 

ื“ืึทื ื“ืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœืขื’ืึธืœืข, ื ืึธืจ ื ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื“ืŸ ื‘ืืจื–ืฉืขืก 
ืงื•ื™ืœืŸ, ืงืึธืงืก ืคืืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืจืื“ื™ืื˜ืึธืจ-ื–ืืฐืึธื“ืŸ, ืฆืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืขื’ืžื™ืœ. ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืคืจืขื’ืŸ, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืื˜ืฉ ืฆื• ืคืขืจื“-ืื•ืŸ-ืฐืึธื’ืŸ? 

ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืึธืœืข ื“ืขื ื‘ืืœืขื’ืึธืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื™ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืžืขื›ื•ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื™ื“ืขืžืœืขืš ืืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ--ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืึธืœืข ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคืขืจื“ืœืขืš. ืขืจ, ื“ืึธื ื“ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื”ืึธื“ืขืฐืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืึธื™ืขื˜. ื–ื•ืžืขืจื™ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ 
ืงืื™ืึธืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื–ืขืฆืŸ ืจืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ื ืคืขืจื“, ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ืฆืฒึทืžืœ ืื•ืŸ ืืฐืขืงื™ืึธื’ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ื“ื ื™ืขืคึผืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑืกื‘ืึธื“ืŸ. ื‘ื™ื– ื˜ืึธืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืืฐื ื˜ ืฉืื›ืจื™ืก, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืคื•ืจืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื- 
ื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืจื–ืฉืข. 

ื˜ืึธืœืข ืื™ื– ืฉืžืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’. ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืจืขื–ืขื ื˜ืขื ืขื 
ื‘ืืœืื›ืึธืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœืขืก ืงื•ืงืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ืกืขื ืข ื ืขื–ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ื™ื™ืฐืขืจื˜ืข 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœ. 

ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืขืฐืจืข-ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ื˜ืึธืœืข ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืœืืžื“ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื 
ืฉืœื™ืžืขื–ืืœื ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืš. ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืฐืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธื ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืง ืคืืœื˜ ื‘ื ืื™ื ื ืคืขืจื“, ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทื™ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ืขืจ ืกื•ืก ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ"ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืขื. ืื– ื˜ืึธืœืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืจื–ืฉืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืฒึทืขื , ืื™ื™ื“ืขืžืœ", ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ืจืžืื ืขืก ื’ืข" 
ื”ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืœืื›ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืœืืžื“ืŸ ืคืืœื˜ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผ. ืขืจ ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืœื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืžืืžื–ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื•ืงื˜ ื˜ื™ืฃ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืึธืกืขืง: 

-- ืžื™ ื‘ืืžืื™ึดื, ืžื™ ื‘ืึธื™ื™ืฉ, ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื, ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืจืึธืคื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื’ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ื–ืจืื–ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื ืง ื‘ืจืื ืคืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื›ืึธื“ืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ื™ืœืŸ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ืžืื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืืฃ ืžืขื ื“ืœืก ื‘ืืจื’ ืฆื• ื“ื™ 
ืงื•ื–ื ื™ืขืก. ืื– ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืคืืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกืฉื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ืœืŸ, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“ ืึธืคึผืจื•ืขืŸ, 
ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืคื›ืืคึผืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฐืึธื’ืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืื ื™ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ืข ืคื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ืกื™ื 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ื’. 

ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืœืขืก ืื™ื™ื“ืขืžืœืขืš ืืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืš. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคึผืืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืจืื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจื•ืžืข ื’ืขื ื’. ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืื•ืคื”ืขืจืŸ ืคึผืจืืฐืขืŸ ืคื•ื™ืœืข ืฉื˜ื™ืง... ืื™ืฆื˜, 
ืื– ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ื ืขืžื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขืจ ื ืงื•ืง ื‘ืืจื’-ืืจืึธืคึผ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื, 
ืื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ื“ืจืขืžืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืžืขื ืขืจ ืฉื™ืกืœ. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืืœื˜ืข 
ืงื™ื™ืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืื ืฅ ืคืืจืžืขื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืœื™ืืงืขืฐืขื˜, ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืืจื•ื ื“ื™ 
ืจืื ื“ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืงื™ื™ืœืข ืคืืจื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืกืขื“ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืกืขื“ืขืจ. ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืข ืงืจื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื“ืขื›ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื›ืขืจ, ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงืจืึธื›ืขื ืข ืจื•ื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ืข. ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจื˜ ืฆืขืฐืึธืจืคืขื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœืขืš. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ื•ืœื™ืขื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืก ืฆื•ื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืื ื“ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืื ืขืงืขืก. 

ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืฆื•ืคื•ืกื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจืขื‘ืขื ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื›ื˜ 
ื ืงืึธืกื˜ื™ืึธืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืœื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ, ื‘ื ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื’ืœืึธืงืŸื™ื˜ื•ืจืขื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขื ืฆื™ื™ืœืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืฒึทืฐืขื“ื™ืง ื˜ืึธื’ 
ื•ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ืขืกื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื’ืจืฒึทื–ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืกื˜ืข 
ื•ื•ืขื ื˜--ื ืคึผืืจืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื’ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ-ืื•ืŸ-ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืงืจื™ื™ืฆื˜ื•ืจืขื ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืงืึธืกื˜ื™ืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืขื ืขื ืฆื™ื™ืœืขืžืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื”ื™ืžืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืกื™ืึธื ื“ื–ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื”ืึธื ืึธืจ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขื ืฆื™ื™ืœืขื ืคืืจ 
ื ืคื™ืจืขืจ. 

ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึท ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื–ืฉืขื•ื•ืงืข. ืื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื“ืœืก ื‘ืืจื’ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืืก, ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ -- ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจืขื‘ืขื ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื’ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข. ืคื•ืŸ ืงืื”ืื ื˜ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืืจื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื’ืจื™ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ืงืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื“ื•ื™ื . ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืืœืข 


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ื“ืจืฒึท ื“ืจืึธื›ื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึธืจื‘ืื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืžืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข 
ืœืื ื’ื–ืื ื–ื™ืš ืืจืึธืคึผืœืึธื–ืŸ ืืฃ ื ืคื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืงืึธืฐืขื˜ืข ืจืขื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืื ืคึผืืกืื–ืฉื™ืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ืขืจื™ื ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข. ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืžืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืžืขื ืขืจ ืฉื™ืกืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืงืื”ืื ื˜ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืืจื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงืŸ, ืฐื™ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื ืขื‘ืœื™ืืงืขืฐืขื˜ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืœืข ืื™ื– ืืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉ 
ืฉืขืจื‘ืœ, ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืœืึธืกืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืคืืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื– ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืœื“ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืกืœ ืคืืจืคืœื™ื™ืฆื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืขืฉืžืขืœืฆื˜ืŸ ื’ื™ื ื’ืึธืœื“-- 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ืคืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ--ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืื‘ืึธืฉืข, ื ืึธืจ ืฉื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืคืืจื‘ืฒึท ืจื™ื–ืฉืขื•ื•ืงืข ืคืœื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื ื™ืขืคึผืขืจ. ืื™ื ืขื ื˜ืึธืœ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืขืจื’ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืึธืกื™ื™ ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืœืื ื’ืข ื“ืืžื‘ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ืื–ื•ื™ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืขื 
ื”ืืคืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื–ืฉืขื•ื•ืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืืคืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ , ืคึผืจื™ืกื˜ืืŸ", ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื‘ืืจื–ืฉืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื ืขืก. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืึธืฐื ื˜ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื–ืฉืขื•ื•ืงืข ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื 
ืคึผืืกืื–ืฉื™ืจ-ื“ืืžืคืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ,ืกืœืื•ื•ื ื‘ืึธื’ื•". 

ืืœืข ืžืึธืœ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ, ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื“ืœืก ื‘ืืจื’, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื™ืฆื™ื-ื’ืขืกืœ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขืกืœ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื•ื ื’ืกื™ื‘ืจื™ืงืœ, 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ. ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื‘ืœื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืขืœืขืš, ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืก ืืฃ ืจืขื›ื˜ืก, ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืืฃ ืœื™ื ืงืก. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืงืึธืกืึธืงืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืงืŸ ืืฃ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ. ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ืžืข 
ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐืฒึทืกื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทื›ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ื–ื‘ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืžื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืžื•ืžื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืžืขื•ื‘ืขืจืขืก. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืฉืคึผืืจืŸ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืืจื‘ื˜ืข ื‘ืจืขื˜ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคึผืจื™ื–ื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืžืืคึผืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื“ืืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื ืข ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืœื™ืืงืขืฐืขื˜ืข ืฉื™ื ื“ืœืขืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ื•ืœื™ืขื˜ ืฆื•ื ื“ืขื›ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ืขืกื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื–ืงืข, ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ืคึผืึธืจืœ ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื ืœื™ื‘ืข. 

ืžืข ื–ืขื˜, ืื– ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืื˜ืข ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ื•ื™ ืืฃ ื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืง ืงื™ื ื“. ื“ืึธืš ื–ืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืก, 
ื•ื™ ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืข ืžื•ื™ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืžื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืคืืจื‘ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคึผืŸ, ืคื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื–ื™, ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข 
ืงืœืืคื˜ืข, ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ื ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืึธื ื“ืข-- 
ืึธืฉืขืจ ื“ืขื ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจืก ื–ื•ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืข ืœื™ื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื ืขื”ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ืึธื›ื™ื“ -- ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืึทื›ืŸ ืžืื ืก ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. 

ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื–ื•ืžืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ. ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืข- 
ื’ืขืจืก ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืจืื“ื™ืื˜ืึธืจ-ื–ืืฐืึธื“ืŸ. ืืจื•ื-ืื•ืŸ- 
ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืงืœ ืคืœื™ืกื˜ ื”ืืก- 
ื˜ื™ืง, ืจื™ื–ืœื˜, ื™ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืœื™ืคึฟืขื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขืš, ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืึธื’ื™ืงืŸ ืคื•ื™ื’ืœ-ื’ืขื–ืื ื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื‘ืจื™ืง. 

ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืื˜ืฉ ื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื, ื ื”ืืœื‘ื™ื ืืงืขื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจื ืขืจ ื‘ืขื˜. ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื™ื, ื“ืขื ืฉืœืึธืคื ื“ื™ืงืŸ, ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื– 
ื ืึธืจืฐืึธืก ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ. ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ--- ืคืืจ- 
ืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜. ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทืกืขืจ ืงื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆืขืฉืœืฒึทื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข 
ืคืืจืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ืงื•ื˜ืฉืขืจืŸ. 

ื ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉืœืึธืคื ื“ื™ืงืŸ, ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืงืขืจ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืึธืจืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืขื ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื”ืขืœืขืจ ื‘ืœื™ืง ืืจื•ืฃ ืืฃ ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืก ืื ื˜ื‘ืœืฑื–ื˜ืŸ ืืงืกืœ ืื•ืŸ ื 
ื‘ืœื™ืืกืงืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฉืœื™ืคืขื ืขืจ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ. 

ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืก ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜, ื ื‘ืื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืข ื”ืขืจืขืœืขืš, ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืคืืœื˜, 
ื•ื™ ืžืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื”ืึธืจืŸ. ืขืจ ืฉืœืึธืคื˜ ืจื•ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืืง, ื“ื™ ืคื•ืœื‘ืœืขื›ืข 
ืคืœื™ื™ืฉื™ืงืข ืœื™ืคึผืŸ ืกืืจืคืขืŸ. ืžืข ื–ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืข ื’ืจื™ื‘ืขืœืขืš ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืžื•ื™ืœ-ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœืขืŸ. 

ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ืขืกื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ืจื–ืฉืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืขืจื“, ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ืฉืžืขืง 
ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืขืŸ ื”ื ื™, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื˜ืึธืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืืœ ืื•ืคื’ืขืขืคื ื˜. 

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืœืึธื ืงืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืจืืคึผืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืืœืข ืคื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื˜ืฑืฐืœืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ื ื™ืขืคึผืขืจ. ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืึธืคึผืœ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืžืขืกืขืจ. ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืก ืจืขื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆืขืขืคื ื˜, ื ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืื’ื’ื–ืื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืžืื›ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœืึธืฃ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืก 
ืฉืœื™ืึธืคึผืงืขืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื’ืึธืจ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ื‘ืึธืจืฐืขืกืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜, ื’ื™ื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืกื˜ื™ืงืข. ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื 
ืคื•ื™ื’ืœ ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืืคืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ. 


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ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ, ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜. ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ืก, ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืงืืœื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžืื›ืฉื™ื™ืคืขืœืข. ื“ื™ 
ืžืืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืจื•ื–ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื, ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืŸ, ืื•ืคื•ื•ืขืงืŸ, ืึธื ืงืึธืจืžืขืฐืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกืžืขืฉืืœื™ื™ืขื›ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืงื•ื™ืฉืœ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืคื™ืฉ, ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื™ืŸ ืžืืจืง ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ืึธืš, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจืขืกืœืขืš ืฐืขืœืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืจืขืžืœืขืŸ, ืžืขื’ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ื˜. ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื™ึทืื–ื•ื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืื–ื ื‘ืจืขืงืœ ืื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืื™ืึธืจ. 
ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’, ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ 
ื“ื™ ืคื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ืื™ืจืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืฉื•ืžืขื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืคืื ื’ืขืŸ. 


ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื•ืขืงืŸ, ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ืจื•ื–ืขืก ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ืขืจ, ื“ืึธื ื“ืข, ื’ืข- 
ื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืขืจืŸ, ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืžืข ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืฃ ืฉื˜ื•ืžืœืึธืฉืŸ. 

ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ, ืฐื™ ืจื•ื–ืข ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืจื™ืฉื˜ื™ืง, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืื ื™ื™ 
ื“ืขืจืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ. ื‘ื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืกื™ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื ื™ื•ืจืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฉืŸ, ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ 
ืกืฒึทืฐื™ ื–ืขืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื ืฐืฒึทืก ื”ืื ื˜ืขื›ืœ ืืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ, ื’ืœืขื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื ืงืข 
ื”ืขื ื˜ืขืœืขืš ืื™ืจืข, ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื ื™ื“ืขืจ ื ื˜ืขืœืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ ืื ื™ื“ืขืจ ื ื’ืึธืคึผืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ืžืขืกืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ --ื ื˜ืขืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืœืขืคืœ. ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืขืจื™ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืฒืœื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื’ ืฆืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืคึผื•ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืื•ื’ืขืจืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ืข ืฆื™ื‘ืœืงืขืก, 
ืื– ื ืึธืจ ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฉืžืืงืŸ ืžืฒึทื›ืœ, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ. ืื™ื, ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืŸ, 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ, ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื™ื“ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืขืคึผืœ ืคื™ืฉ-ื™ืงืืจื˜ืึธืคืœื™ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกืฉื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืกืœ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื ื–ืขืฅ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ืคึผืืจืข. ื“ืึธืก ื ืขื–ืœ ื‘ืื ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข 
ืฐืขื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืœืื ืฆืŸ, ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื ืฉืขืžืขืจื™ืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผื™ืฆื™ื ืงืขืœืขืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื˜ืจืึธืคึผื ื“ืœืขืš, 
ื“ื™ ืžืืžื–ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืื™ื™ื’ืœืขืš ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืžืึธื’ืขืจืข ืงื•ืจืฆืข 
ืฆืขืคึผืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืงืขืœืขืš, ืคืืจื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืืฃ ืืจื•ืฃ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืจืข ื›ื™ื ืขืฐื“ื™ืงืข 
ืื•ื™ืขืจืœืขืš. ื“ื™ ืฆืขืคึผืœืขืš ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜, ื›ืืคึผืŸ ื ืงื•ืง ืื”ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ. 


ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึทื ื“ืข ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ืข ืจืขื“ื ืข, ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืข- 
ื“ืขืงื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื ื™ื•ืจืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฉืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืขื ืฆืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ- 
ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ืŸ ื ื›ืœื™ื•ืคึผืข ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ืงืืœื˜ืข ืงืฐืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ืืจืœึทืŸ. 

ื“ืึธืก ืžืื›ืฉื™ื™ืคืขืœืข ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืึธื“ืœืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืคื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืืฑืกืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืง ื ืขื“ืขืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืืจืฃ ืฉืคึผื™ืฆื™ืงืœ, ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืื ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื ืื–ื ืฉื˜ืึธืš ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ืคึผ, ืื– ืขืจ ื›ืืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืฃ, ื•ื™ ืืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื–ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ ื ืฆื™ื‘ืขืœืข, ืฉื™ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ ืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ ื‘ืจืึธืงืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžืืžื–ื™ื™ืจืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืคื ื“ื™ืงืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš. 

ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ื™ื™ื ืขืฐืฐื•ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืขืจืœืขืš ืื™ืจืข ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืžืึธื’ืขืจืข ืฆืขืคึผืœืขืš, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ืึธื ืงืฐืขื˜ืฉืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ืงื™ืจืคึผืข, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืจืื›ืžื™ื, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื˜ืฒืœืŸ ื ื›ื™ื™ืœืขืง, 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืืจื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขืš, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืกืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ 
ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืŸ, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ืžืื›ืฉื™ื™ืคืขืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืฉืœืึธืคื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜, ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคื™ืฉ. ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ ืึธืคึผืจื•ืขืŸ 
ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ. ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืฉื•ืžืขื“ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ื ืข. ื˜ืฒึทื ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข, ืื– ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื, ื“ืขื ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืŸ, ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. ืก'ืื™ื– 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื“ืจืฒึท ื™ืึธืจ, ืื– ืžืข ื”ืืจื’ืขื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืกื™ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืฉื•ืžืขื“ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœ- 
ื›ืึธืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืกืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ืืฑืกืœืึธื–ืŸ. ืขืก ืžื•ื– ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืขืจืขื ื™ืฉ. ื“ืขืžืœื˜ 
ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื“ื™ ื–ืืฐืึธื“ืŸ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื ืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. 

ื™ืึธืกื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื”ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืฐืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ื ,ื‘ืืงืขื ืฉื˜ืฉื™ืง"? ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ ืึธื ืฆื™ื ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืืžื˜ืขืจื ื“ืœืขืš ืืคืŸ ื“ื ื™ืขืคึผืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืื™ืึธืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืจืœืขืฉืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืฉื•ืžืขื“ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ื ื ืึธื•ื•ื™. ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื˜ืื˜ืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ื ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืŸ ืืฃ ื ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืŸ. 

ืคืืจื˜ื™ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžืื›ืฉืึธืฐืขืก, ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ื’ืขืฉืžืืง ืื ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืง 


52 


ื›ืจืึธืคึผืขืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘. ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข ืืจื•ื ืฆืขื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ืงื™ืš ื ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ืงืขืœืขื›ืœ: 

-- ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืขืจ ืงืึธื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืขืจ ืื•ืฃ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื ื™ืื•ื•ืงืขืŸ, ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืฃ! 

ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื’ื ื“ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืคึผื™ืœืคื™ื™ื’ืขืœืข ืžืื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืื›ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืŸ, ืขืก ืคืืœืŸ ืื™ื ืืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื˜ืŸ, 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ืคื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ, ื”ืืœืขืžืฒึท ื–ื™ ืฐืขืงื˜ ืื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืจื™. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืœืŸ 
ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขืœืึธื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจื–ืฉืข ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืฉื•ื”ื•ืŸื™ืฉืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš. 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืืœืฅ ืฐืขื˜ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื‘ืื˜ืึธื’. ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืœืื˜ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ, ืงื•ืงืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืกืึธืจืขืœืข, ืกืจืึธืœื™ืง ื“ืขื ืฉืขืจืขืจืก ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœ. ื–ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ, ื“ืึธื ื“ืข, 
ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื ืึธืš ืื™ืจืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜, ืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืจ, ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™, ืฐื™ ื ืฉืึธื˜ืŸ. ืื™ื ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืฃ. ืื– ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื ืคืจืฒึทืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜, ืืฒึทืœื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื ืขื ืฉืžืึธืœืŸ ื’ืขืกืœ, ืœืื ื’ื–ืื 
ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืฒึท ืกืจืึธืœื™ืง ื“ืขื ืฉืขืจืขืจืก ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืกืึธืจืขืœืขืก ืฉื™ื™ื ืข 
ืคื•ืœื‘ืœืขื›ืข ื”ืื ื˜ ืคืืจืฉืืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืจื”ืขื ื’ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืขืจ ืงืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, 
ืงืœื•ื™ืžืขืจืฉื˜ ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืฒึทื–ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืืก, ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข, ืฐื™ ืขืจ 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืืฃ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ, ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื–ืขื˜ ืขืจ, ื•ื™ ื–ื™ ืขืคื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคึผืึธื ืขื, 
ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื›ืืคึผื˜ ื ืงื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื–ืฉืžื•ืจืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 


ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืกืึธืจืขืœืข ื›ืืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ื ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ื˜ืึธื’ ื–ืขื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ืฉืขืจืขืจืก ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืงืœืืจืข ืงืœื™ื™ืžืืŸ. ื™ืขื ืข ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืึธื ื’ืขื‘ืœืึธื–ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืœืื ื’ืข ื ืึธื– 
ืื™ืจืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืงื•ืงื˜ ืงืึธืกืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจื“ื™ืงืข 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื™ื™ื ื’ืœืขืš, ื ืึธืจ ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื’ื•ื˜ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ 
ื–ื™ ืึธืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื ืข ืœื™ืคึผืŸ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฉื™ื˜ืขืจืข ืฆื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขืš. 
ืงืœืืจืข ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืกืจืึธืœื™ืง ื“ืขื ืฉืขืจืขืจ ืืคืŸ ื’ืื ืขืง ื ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ืืžืึธืœ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜. ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืขืจ ืฉืึธืœืงืึธืฐื™ืฆืข ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ืฆืŸ 
ืืคืŸ ื’ืื ืขืง. ืกืึธืจืขืœืข ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืืฒึทื ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜. ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืข, 
ืึธื˜ ืฉืคึผืจืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ ื˜ืจืึธื˜ ื‘ื ื˜ืจืึธื˜ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ืื™ืจืข ืฉื˜ืฒึทืคืข ื”ื™ืคื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืฒึทื›ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืจื™ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืง, ืื– ืžืข ืคื™ืœื˜ ืžืืžืขืฉ ื“ืขื ื˜ืื ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ืจืŸ. 

ืืคืŸ ื’ืื ืขืง ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ืง. ืžืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืฒึทืกืขืก. ืžืข ื‘ืืจืขื“ื˜ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ. ืžืข ืœืื›ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืก ื ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ืคืืจืฆื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš ื ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืง ืœื™ื“ืขืœืข: 


ืœืขื‘ึทืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืœืข, 
ืก'ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ 

ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 


ืื– ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš ืจืขื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืŸื™ื”ืืฉืžืึธืฉืขืก ื”ื™ืœื˜ ืืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ, ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืืก ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ืื•ืžื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคืืจืงืขืจืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ืง. ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ืื”ื™ื™ื. ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืฉื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื, ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื 
ืฆืขื”ื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืืฒึทืœื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืืคืŸ ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจ. 

ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš ืคื•ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ื, ืงืœื•ื™ืžืขืจืฉื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ, ืขืจ 
ืงื•ืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜-- ืขืจ ื”ืืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง 
ื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ืกืึธืจืขืœืขืŸ. ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืืคืขืœ: ,ืงื•ืงื˜, 
ืžืืžื–ื™ื™ืจื™ื!? ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืงืขืจืก ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ -- ื–ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืจืฒึทืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืงืœืึธืจ-ืฐืฒึทืกืŸ ื”ืืœื“ื–, 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฆืขืคึผืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืืคืŸ ื‘ืœืึธื ื“ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื™ืจืŸ. ื–ื™ื™, ื“ื™ ืžืืžื–ื™ื™ืจื™ื, ื–ืขืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ืขืœ-ืจืึธื–ืขืฐืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“, ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ืึธื˜ืขืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ. ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืฃ ืœืขื ื’ื•ื™ืก ืื™ืจ ืจื•ืงื ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืฆืึธืœื™ืงืข 
ืคึผืขืจืœืืžื•ื˜ืขืจื ืข ืงื ืขืคึผืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ ืคืืจืงื ืขืคึผืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื”ืืœื“ื–. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื•ื•ืขืจื’ืขืœืขืฅ ืงื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ืืฃ ืกืึธืจืขืœืขืŸ, ืคื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงื•ืงืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืืœื“ื–, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขืฅ ืื–ื ื˜ืขืœืข- 
ื‘ืขื ืฅ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืคื™ืก ืืจืฒึทื ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจ'ืขืจื“ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืš. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื– 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืืœืฅ ืงืขืฉื•ืจืข, ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื”ืืจืฆืŸ, ืฆื•ื™ืžื˜ ืืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฉืขืจื™ืงืŸ, 
ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืฒึทืขืจืŸ. ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฉืขืจืขืจืก 
ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ. ืกืข ื–ืึธืœ ืืฃ ืื™ื, ืืฃ ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืฉืื“ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืœืŸ, ืื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ืฉื˜ืฑืกืŸ 
ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืกืึธืจืขืœืขืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขืคึผืจืขืกื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืคืืจ 


3 


ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑืกืคึผืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื ืฒึทืข ืฉื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืขืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ืžืขืกื“ื™ืง. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื" 
ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืงื•ื˜ืฉืขืจืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืงืืจื˜ื•ื–ืœ, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืœืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ, 
ื•ื™ ื‘ื ื ื”ื™ืฆืขืœ, ืคืืจืงื ืขืคึผืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืงืขืœื ืขืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทืกืขืจ ืงืึธืกืึธืฐืึธืจืึธื˜ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืคึผื™ื“ื–ืฉืืงืœ ืคืืจืฉืคึผื™ืœื™ืขื˜ ืืฃ ืืœืข ืงื ืขืคึผืœืขืš. 

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืกื˜ืืจืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื‘ืืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ, ื’ืขืฉืคึผืื ื˜ ืžืืžืขืฉ ืืฃ 
ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืคื•ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทืœื˜, ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืฒืฆืข ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆืขื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจื˜, 
ืฐื™ ื‘ื ื ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ืžืข ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ื ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฅ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื’ืขื™ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“ ืืจืึธืคึผื™ 
ืื™ื‘ืืจื’, 

ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืืก, ืฐื•ึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืฉืึธืกืฒ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข-ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื’ืึธืœืขืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ื’ืขืฐื•ึผื ืงืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืœืึธืกืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทืœืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงื•ืงืขืจืก ืฆื•ื ื”ื™ืžืœ, ื ืึธืจ ืืฃ ืื™ื ื–ืึธืœ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืื’ืŸ ืงื•ืงืŸ. 

ืคืืจื˜ื™ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืจืื™ื•ื™ื ืขืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ืฐื•ื™ ืฆื•ืงืึธืคึผื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžืื›ืฉื™ื™ืคืขืœืข ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข, ื ืคืืจื›ืึธืœืขืžื˜ืข. 

ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ --ื–ื™, ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืคืขืจืงืข, ื–ืึธืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื 
ืกื˜ืื˜ืขืง, ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข, ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืœื™ืคึผืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ 
ืคืืจื‘ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฒึทื’ืขืจื™ืง ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืจ, ื“ืึธื ื“ืข, ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฉืฐืขืจ ืื•ืคืฆื•ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืจ, ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจืื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข. ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืืจืคืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ื˜, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืื™ื ืื•ืคื•ื•ืขืงืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืขืคืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ? 

ืจื•ื–ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืฉืคึผืืŸ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืขื ื™ืžืขืกื“ื™ืง ืงืขืœื›ืœ 
ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜: 

-- ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืฉืœืึธืคื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืคืขืจ? ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜? 

ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ื ื–ื™ืก ืงืขืœื›ืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ื ืข 
ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื”ืืœื“ื–, ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื–ื™ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื ืฒึท ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืœ ื“ืึธืก ืคื™ืงืกืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜. 

-- ืจื•ื–ืขืœืข, ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืœ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, --ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืื™ืš ืื•ืฃ, 
ื ืึธืจ ื˜ืฉืขืคึผืข ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. 

ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืขื ืขืžืœ ืื™ื– ื‘ืื ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ื–ื•ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืคืืจืงืจื™ืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ืื•ื™, ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื”ืืจืฆืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืœ! ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื’ื™ืคื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉืœืื ื’. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื ืขื–ืœ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคึผืขืœืขืš ืื™ืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืžืœืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืžืขื’ ืœื™ื’ืŸ, ื–ื™ ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก 
ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืงืœืืžืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื. ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื- 
ืกืขืจืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื’ืœืื ืฅ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื™ืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืข ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืขืœืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ืจื™ื ื’ืข- 
ืœืขืš ืืจื•ื ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœ-ื‘ืจื•ื™ื ืข ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืืคึผืœืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื ืงืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืขืคึผืขืก ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืขืคึผืœืขืš ืื™ืจืข ืคืืจื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื”ืืœื“ื– ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ืขืจ ืกื˜ืขื ื’ืข? ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืคืืจืคึผื•ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขืงื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืœื˜ ืงืึธืคึผื˜ืขืœืข ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ืฐืฒึทืก ืงืขืœื ืขืจืœ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ื“ื™ ืจืื ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืืจื‘ืขืœืขืš ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฐืฒึทืกืข ืฉืžืึทื™ 
ืœื™ื ืงืข ืจื™ื™ืคืขืœืขืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืืžืขืฉ ืืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื’ืข- 
ื˜ืึธืงื˜ืข, ืจืฒึทืคืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข, ืฐื™ ื‘ื ื ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืขืจ ืžื•ื™ื“. ืจื•ื–ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ 
ื–ื™, ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืงืœื•ื™ืžืขืจืฉื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืžืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง, ืคื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข 
ืงื•ืงืขืจืœืขืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜, ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ื–ื™ืคืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ืื•ื™, ื˜ืฉืžืขืœื ื™ืง, ื˜ืฉืžืขืœื ื™ืง, ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืืจืงื™ืœื˜. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ.. 

ืืœืข ืžืึธืœ ืงืจื•ื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืžืึธื“ื ืข ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• 
ืคืืจื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื• ื–ื™ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ื ื ืึธืจืฐืึธืก ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜. 

ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ื ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืืฒึทื ื“ืขืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื ืข: 

-- ื›ืืคึผ ื ื“ืจืขืžืœ. ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขืŸ. --ืจื•ื–ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ, 
ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืืจืึธืคึผืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืขืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜: -- ืฐืึธืกื™? 
ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื“ืขืŸ ื ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืืจื‘ืขื˜? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

--- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื’ืœืื˜ ืื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื˜ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ? 

-- ื ื™ื™ืŸ... 


54 


-- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื–ื•ื™, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืจื•ื–ืข ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜, ืฉืคึผืจืฒึทื–ื ื“ื™ืง ืœืื ื’ื–ืื 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื•ื ื‘ืขื˜,---ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื˜, ืงืขื ืกื˜ื• ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืขืคืขืœืกื˜ื• ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜.---ื–ื™ . 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื™ื“ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืืจื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขืงื˜ ื ื”ืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื ื™ื“ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืก ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื ืฉืžืขืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ื ื™ืขืคึผืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ 
ืคืจื™ืฉืŸ ืœื™ื•ื‘ื™ืกื˜ืขืง. ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืก ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืœืขืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื– ืื– ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืืคืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืง. ืฐืึธืก ื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ ื ืงืึธืคึผ! ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืžืื ืงืึธืœื™ืข ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ! ื‘ืืœื“ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื”ืขื ื˜ืขืœืข, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืก, ืืจืึธืคึผืคึผืฑื–ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธื– ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ืŸ ืคืœื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื˜ืฉืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, 

ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืจื•ื–ืข ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืœื™ืขืกืงืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืœืึธื ื™ืขืก: 

-- ืื•ื™, ืžืืžืขืœืข, ืžืืžืข ืžืฒึทื ืข! ืื ื•, ืฐืฒึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธืžื‘ืื˜ืฉ. 

ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฐื™ืœ ื–ื™ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื. ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืก, ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ืฉืœืขืคึผ ื“ืขื ืขืœื ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ ืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืื ื˜, 
ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืืœืข ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืœืึธื ื™ืข, ืคื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืคื™ื - 
ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงื ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืฉืขืคึผื˜ืฉืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื™ืจืข ืคื•ืœื‘ืœืขื›ืข ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืœื™ืคึผืขืœืขืš. ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืฐืฒึทืœืข ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืึธืคึผื ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื‘ืืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื–ืขืฆืŸ. 

ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคืึธืœื’ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก-ืฐืึธืก, ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื ืข ื“ื™ ื ืืงืขื˜ืข 
ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืžืื›ืฉื™ื™ืคืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืืคืงืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืžื˜. ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉืœืฒึทื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืจืขื“ื ืข ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืจืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื’ืข- 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืจืื›ืžื™ื:; 

-- ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื ื™ื˜, ืžืืœืคึผืขืœืข, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ืคืืจ ืงื™ืฆืœืขืŸ. 


-- ืฆืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืื˜ืฉืขืจ, ืœืึธื– ืืจืึธืคึผ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ืจ! 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑืกื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื”ืืกื˜ื™ืง ื ืจืฒึทื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜; ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื’. ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื ืขืจ 
ื”ื•ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืกืข ืกื™ืžืึธื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื ืขื’ืขืœืขืš, ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทืกืข 
ืคึผืืกื™ืงืœืขืš ืจื•ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืจื•ื–ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื“ื•ื™ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืฉืึธืงืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ; 

-- ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืคืืจืคืืœืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคึผืขืœืขืš ืื™ืจืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืงื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืžืœื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ื ื“ื™ืง 
ืืฃ ืื™ื ื ืคึผืึธืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจื˜ืฒึทืขื˜ืŸ ืงืืก ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜: -- ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ื˜?! 

-- ื•ืขืจ, ืื™ืš? ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก! 

-- ื”ืขืจ ืื•ืฃ! ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ ืฉืฒึทืŸ! 

ืก'ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืงืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืื•ืคื•ื•ืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืจื•ื–ืข ืคืึธืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜: 

-- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ืื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื˜ืจืขืคืขืจืŸ, ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืืฃ ืงืึธืจื˜ืŸ. ืื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื’ื ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ื ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง. ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื˜, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ. 

-- ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื ื™ื˜, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืืฃ ื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜, 
ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ, ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ืื™ื ืื™ื ืฐื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืจื•ื–ืข 
ืคืึธืœื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ื–ื™ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ื’ืœืื ืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื•ืฃ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืืœื“ื– ืื™ื– 
ื ืฉืฐืขืจืขืจ ื‘ื™ืกืŸ ืงื•ื™ื ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืึธื ื“ืข ื”ืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ืงืขืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืจื•ื ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื‘ืœื™ืืกืงืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืข ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ืคืขื“ืขื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจื•ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ืฐืฒึทืก ืกืืžืขื˜ืŸ 
ืฉื ื™ืจืขืœืข. ืืคืŸ ื‘ืœืืก-ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขื ืขื ืคึผืึธื ืขื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืฉืขืžืขืจื™ืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื˜ืขืจืœืขืš ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืึธื–, ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ ืคืฒึทื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขื ื™ืžืขืกื“ื™ืงืข ืžืฒึทืœื›ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ. 

ื–ื™ ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜, ื–ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืขืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข, ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ืืคืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืืจื•ืžื ืขืžืขืŸ. ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ืข- 
ื–ื™ื›ื˜, ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืจืข. ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืคื™ืœืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืขืŸ ืึธื˜ืขื ืื™ืจืŸ, ืื™ื ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืื– ื‘ื ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื˜ืขืจื ื“ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื‘ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ... 

-- ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืจื•ื–ืข, ืฐื™ ืคืืจื‘ืฒื™ื’ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื›ื•ืฉื˜ืขืจ ื“ืึธื ื“ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืคึผืœืฑื“ืขืจื˜: 

-- ืกืึธืจืงืขืœืข, ืกืจืึธืœื™ืง ื“ืขื ืฉืขืจืขืจืก ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœ! 


9 


ืจื•ื–ืขืก ืฉื˜ืฒึทืคื™ื ืงืข ืืงืกืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทืกื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืœื™ืคึผืขืœืข. 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืจื™ืงืœืขืš ืงืึธืœ ืคืึธืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜: 

-- ืื– ื“ื• ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืืก ื–ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ืงืขื ืกื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ 
ืกืฒึทืฐื™ ืคืืจ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ื“ื• ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื“ื• ื’ื™ืฒื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืืฃ ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ.. 

ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ื ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ, ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืืœืฅ, ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืคืŸ 
ื ืขืคืขืฉืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื 
ืคึผืื˜ืฉ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืืงืขื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืœืื›ื˜ ืืฃ ื ืงืึธืœ: 

-- ืฉื•ื•ืขืœื‘ืขืœืข, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ, --- ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ื• ื“ืึธืก? 

ืจื•ื–ืขืก ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผื’ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ, ื“ื™ ืืงืกืœืขืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืง 
ื ืฆื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ืคืืจืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืืฃ 
ืืจื•ืฃ, ืฐื•ื™ ื–ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืœืื›ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืงื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ: 

-- ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ืกืขืง!--- ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ,ืขืš, ื“ื• ืœืขืžืขืš", ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื”ืืกื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืขืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืงืขืจ. 


ื“ืึธื ื“ืข 


ืื– ืœื™ื™ืงืข ืงืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืžืืจืง, ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ื–ื™ ืืคื’ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœื›ืœ. ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ ืืจืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืคืืจื˜ืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉืคึผืจื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจื ืขืจ ืœื™ืก- 
ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจืขืžืœืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคื™ืฉ, ื ืขืžื˜ ืื™ื ื•ื•ืืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ืœื˜ืขืจ, 
ื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืขืš ืฐื•ึผ ื ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื ื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ืฃ ืืคืŸ ื“ืจืขื ื’ืœ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืจื™ืงืขื ืขืŸ. ืงืขื“ื™ื™ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื™ืฉ-ื’ืขืจื•ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ืœื™ื™ืข ืืจืึธืคึผ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผื™ื“ื–ืฉืืงืœ, ื“ืึธืก 
ืงืึธืคึผื˜ืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื”ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ,. ืฉืืจื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืืจืึธืคึผ ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื™ืงืขืœืขืš ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืขืžื“, 
ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื ื”ืืœื‘-ื ืืงืขื˜ืข ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืœื™ื•ืกืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืงืืœื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 


ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืก ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืึธื“ืขืจื“ื™ืง ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ืœ, ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ื‘ื™ืกืขืœืข ื ืคื•ืœื‘ืœืขื›ืข, ื ืึธืจ ื 
ื–ืฉื•ื•ืื•ื•ืข, ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืกืืš ืžื™ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื›ืฆืŸ. ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ืคืืจ ืื™ืจืข ื”ืขื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืจื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืฒึทืฃ. ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื™ื“ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืงื˜ืข, 
ื›ื™ื™ื ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืขื ื˜. ืœื™ื™ืงืขืก ืฐืึธื’ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืฒึทืฃ ืคืืจืงื ืึธื˜ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื™ื’ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ืจืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ื“ ืื™ื– ืืคืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฐื•ื™ืœ ื’ืขืคื•ืจืขืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜- 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธืฉืขื ืขื ืจื™ื™ืฅ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœื›ืœ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืงืขืก ื ืืงืขื˜ืข ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื™ืงืข ืืงืกืœ, 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืืœื“ื– ืื™ืจืŸ. ืขืก ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ื“ื™ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ืคืขื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืงื˜ 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืืจื•ื ืขืก, ืืฒึทืœืŸ ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ืงืขืก ืœืฒึทื‘ ื›ืืคึผืŸ ื ืฉืคึผื™ืœ. 

ืžืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื– ืžืฒื™ื“ืœืฐืฒึทื– ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืคืฒึทืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงืื•ื•ืขื ืขืก, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ืŸ ื ื˜ืืคึผ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฆืฒึทื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธืคึผื˜ืขืœืข, ืงืœื•ื™ืžืขืจืฉื˜ 
ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืฆื™ืฅ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธืคื˜ืขืœืข ืื•ืคื’ืขื ื™ื™ื˜, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื›ืืคึผืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืืคื™ืœืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื’ื™ืžืขืœืขืš-ื”ืื‘ืึธืฉืŸ. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืึธืฉืขืจืœ, ืึธืœืขื•ื•ื”ื- 
ืฉืึธืœืขื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ื’ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธื“ืื™ึดื. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืคืืจืงื™ืฉืขืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืข ืžื•ื™ื“. ื’ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ืžืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ืื ื˜ืŸ -- ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืื™ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง ื‘ืขืงื•ื™ืขืš 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ. ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคึผืืจืงื ื“ืœ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืืฃ ื ืฐื•ืฒึทืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ื•ื™ืœืขื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื’ืจื™ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ืงืœ, ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจื™ืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื“ื•ื ื’. 
ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืงืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื‘ืข. ืึธืคื˜ืœืขืš ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ. ืคื•ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื–ืขื˜ ื–ื™, ื•ื™ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืžืึธื’ืขืจืขืจ ืงืขืจ- 
ืคึผืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ืง-ืคึผืึธืจืขื ื˜ืฉืข, ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ื“ื–ืฉืืง ืื™ื–, ืฐื™ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 
ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืฐื•ืึธืจืคืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจื ืข ืืงืกืœ, ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื ืงืœื™ื‘ืœื•ื™ืข ืกืื˜ื™ื ืขื ืข ื‘ืœื•ื–ืงืข ืื™ื– ื•ื™ 
ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืขืœื ืขืจืœ--ืขื ื’ ืคืืจืฉืคึผื™- 
ืœื™ืขื˜. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ืฉื˜ืึธืœืŸ ื’ืœืื ืฆื™ืง ืจื™ื™ืคืขืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ ืืจื•ื ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืŸ 
ื”ืืœื“ื–. ืึธืฉืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืจื™ื–ืฉืขื•ื•ืงืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื‘ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– 
ืœื™ื™ืงืข ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ืฆื•ื›ื˜. ื“ื™ ืคื™ืฉ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ื ืื™ืจ ืคืจื™ืฉ. ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืœื™ื™ืงืขืก ืงืึธ- 


6 


ืฉืขืจืข ื“ืึธื’ื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“ ืคึผื™ื™ืกืขื›ื“ื™ืง, ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืื– ื–ื™ ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืก ืืคืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœื›ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื- 
ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืกืขืœืข ืคืจื™ืฉ ื’ืจืึธื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืฉ ื’ืจื™ื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื›ืจื™ื™ืŸ- 
ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื ืžืขื›ืฒึทืข ืฆื• ืงื•ืงืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ื ืขืคืขืฉืœืขืš. 

ืœื™ื™ืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจืข ืงื•ื™ื ื™ื, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืกื›ื•ื™ืจืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ, ื•ื™ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคื™ืฉื™ื”ืขื ื“ืœืขืจื ืก. ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ืจืขื‘ืขืฆืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ืžืื˜ืจื™ืขืš ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืš ืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืืจืง ื ืึธืš ืฉืœืฒึทืขืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืฐ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ืคื™ืฉ-ื™ื•ื™ืš. 

ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™, ื“ื™ ื ืขื’ื™- 
ื“ืขืกื˜ืข, ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืจื•ืคืŸ ืœื™ื™ืงืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื‘ืืงืืœื™ื™-ืงืœื™ื™ื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ื- 
ื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืœืขืก, ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืขืงืึธืฐืขื“ื™ื’ืึธื“ืœ. 

ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื™ืงืข ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ ---ืื– ืžืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื ื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื™ืงืืฉื˜ืฉื™ืงืขืก. ื ืฆืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืขื ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืืจืงืขืจืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฃ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ื ืึธืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื ืžืขืฉืึธืจืขืกืœ, ืืŸ ืขืคืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ื•ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžืึธื“ื ืขื ื ื™ื’ื ื“ืœ: ,ืึธื˜ ืื”ื™ืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ืฉืข ืžื•ื™ื›ืœ". 

ืœื™ื™ืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ื’ืจืฑืกืขืจ ืงืจืึธื ื–ืึธืœ ื ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืขืจ 
ืฆื™ืžืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืืžืข ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืขื ืงืœืขืš, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ 
ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข. ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืขื˜ ืงืืจื˜ืึธื ืขื ืข 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืจื˜ืข ืคึผืขืงืœืขืš, ื‘ืœืขื›ืขื ืข ืฐืฒึทืกืข ืงืขืกื˜ืœืขืš, ื’ืขืคืืจื‘ื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธืœืขืจืœืฒ ืงื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืœืขืš, 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคึผื•ืฉืงืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืข ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœืขืŸ. ื‘ื ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืœืื ื’ืขืจ ืฆืึธืคึผ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืฒืฆืข, ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืžืึธืœื‘ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข. 
ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืคืืจืคึผื•ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ื’ืขืงื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืœื˜ืข ื›ืืœืื˜ืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฉืžืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื™ืž- 
ืจื™ื ื’, ืคืขืคืขืจ, ืงืื•ื•ืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™, ืื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจ ื˜ืฒึทื ืขื’, 

ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ืฉ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืกืข-ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืข 
ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืขื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืœ. 

-- ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืืจืคืกื˜ื•! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ื ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืงื•ืžืขืŸ.. 

ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ื–ื™, ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข, 
ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืคืืจืฉืžืึธืœืฆืขื•ื•ืขื˜ืข ืžืืจืง-ื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืืจืœื™ื - 
ื’ืขื’ืืŸ ื ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืฐืฒึทื‘ืœ, ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืจื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืกื™ื™ื›ืœ. ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ืืคื™ืœืข ืึธื ื˜ืึธืŸ ื 
ืžืืœื‘ืขืฉ, ืื•ืคื’ืขื ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื–ืืง, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ืกืฒึทืฐื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ. 

-- ืื™ื– ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ืš ืœื™ื™ืข! --ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื‘ื™ื™ืœืขืก ื‘ืืงืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืŸื™ื’ืจื™ื‘ืœืขืš. -- ื–ืึธื’ 
ื–ืฉืข ืžื™ืจ, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจื™ื ืงืข, ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืงืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ืš ื‘ืืœื™ืฒื™ื“ื™ืงื˜? 

-- ื›ืึทืœื™ืœืข, ืฐืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜!?--ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข ืžืขืฐื•ึผืœืฐื•ืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 

-- ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื˜ื• ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืฉ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืืจืฒึทืŸ? ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฆืึธืœืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืฒึทื–?! 

-- ื’ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื”ื™ื˜, ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข-ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ! -- ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืœื™ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, 
ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจื“ืข ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜.--ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืคื•ื ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืฃ ืคื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืืจืง, ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ื ืึธืš ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืŸ ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ 
ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ... 

-- ืื–ื•ื™, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœื˜, -- ื“ื• ื’ืขืคืขืœืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืฉื ืึธืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ. ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื˜ืืงืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ืื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™, ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข, 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืคื™ืฉ, ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืืจืง ื–ื™ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ. ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืก ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืื™ืจืก ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื•ื•ืืฉืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืกืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
ื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ ืืคืŸ ืฉืฐืึธืจื™ืง, ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืฉืืœื›ืœ, ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ื™ื™ืคืœ ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืขืคืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ืš-ื˜ื™ืจ, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื ืคืืจืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข, 
ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ. ื•ื™ 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืก, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืขืจืขื ื™ืฉ?! ื–ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ืื– ื‘ื™ื– 
ืจื•ื–ืข ืžืขืฉืืœื™ื™ืขื›ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ืคืจืืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ, ืคืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื˜, ื•ื•ืืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืœืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืกืœ ื ืึธืš ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืฒึทืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื. ืœื™ื™ืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืคื’ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจื˜ืขื›ืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ, ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื›ืงื™ืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ; ืก'ืื™ื– 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื˜ืืงืข ืฉืึธืœืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื–ืขืŸ. ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื™ืขื ืข ื ื™ื˜ 


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ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืจ. ืฐื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืก? ื“ืขืจ ืžืื–ื™ืง ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ 
ื“ืึธืš ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืžืึธืœ ื ืžื™ื˜ืœ. ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ืคืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธืœื™ื•ื. ื‘ืฒื™ืกืžืฒึทืกืข ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื 
ื’ื•ื˜ืžื•ื˜ื™ืง ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืขืœืข ืืฃ ืœื™ื™ืงืขืก ืคึผืึธื ืขื--ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืคืืจืื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื 
ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืจื•ื–ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืงื˜, ืื™ื ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื›ืฉื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืื– ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืœื“ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืจ 
ืื•ืฃ, ืืคื™ืœืข ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืื– ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืงืขืจ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืงืึทื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื˜ืึธืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ืข ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื ื™ื“ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ 
ืงืึธืคึผ. ื“ืขืจ ืžืื–ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืคืืจืคืจื™ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืข- 
ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ -- ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืขื›ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืžืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื- 
ืกืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืœื“ืจืข. ื ื•, ื ื•! ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœืึธืคื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืขื ืขืจ ืืจืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜, ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื’ื•ื•ืืœื“ืขื•ื•ืขื˜, ืฐื•ื™ ืžืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ 
ื ืฉืขืคืขืœืข ืึธืงืจืขืคึผ. ื–ื™, ื“ื™ ื›ื•ืฆืคึผืขื ื™ืฆืข, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ ื–ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืคึผืื˜ืฉื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืก'ืื™ื– 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืืจืฒึทืŸ. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ืคึผืก ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืึธืŸ. 

ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ื’ื•ื˜ ืฆื•ืงืขืจ-ืœืขืงืขื›ืœ, ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ. 

ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืžืึธืœ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ืงืข ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ืฉื˜ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ืืจืฆืŸ. ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ืžืืจืง-ื˜ืึธื’ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืคืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื–ืฉืขื•ื•ืงืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืข- 
ื–ืขื ืข ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ืžื™ืœื™ืฆืขืก. ื‘ื ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื™ืงืข ืงืืจื˜ื•ื–ืœ ืึธื ืขื ื“ืืฉืขืง 
ืืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ื ื”ืื ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืคื•ืก, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื”ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืืœื˜ 
ืืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ. ื‘ืื ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืจื™ืจืŸ. ืœื™ื™ืงืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืžืข ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜. ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžืึธืœ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขืก ื–ื™ ื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืขื˜.. ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ื›ืืœื•ื™ืžืขืก ื•ืขืงืŸ ื–ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ. ื™ืขื ืข ื ืื›ื˜ ื”ืึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื›ืึธืœืขืžื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ 
ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ,ื ืึธืฐืึธื‘ืจืื ืฆืขืก", ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจืขื’. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื“ืืžืคืขืจ. 
ืžืข ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืืจืฒึทื ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ื˜ืฉืขืจืขื“ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงืคื™ืจืŸ ืืจื•ืฃ-ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ืฉืคึผืื ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืืœืข ืฉืืจืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืฉืึธืกืฒ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืฐืฒึทื˜ 
ื”ื™ืœื›ืŸ ืึธืคึผ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข. ืืœืข ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ืึธืจื‘ืขืก ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืฒื™ืฆืขืก. 

ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื“ืขืจื–ืขื˜ ื–ื™, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธืจื‘ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ื ืขืคืืฉืขืก. ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธืจื‘ืขืก ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืœืขื›ืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืงื•ืงืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืกืขื›ืขืจืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงืขืคึผืขืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื’ืขืœืขืš, ื“ื™ ื ืขืคืขืฉืœืขืš ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธืจื‘ืขืก, ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืกืขืœืขืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืฒ- 
ืฆืขืก ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ื“ื™ ืกืขื›ืขืจืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทื–. ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืึธืฐืึธื‘ืจืื ืฆืขืก, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืขืœืึธืœืข. ื–ื™, ืœื™ื™ืงืข, ื”ืึทื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ. ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื•ื ืขืœืข ืขืกืŸ? ื–ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ื•ืืœื“ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ ืฆืขื›ืœื™ืคึผืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืก ืงืึธืœ: 

-- ืžืืžืข, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜. ืฐืึธืก ื›ืึธืœืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ, ืžืืžืข! 

ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ืคื’ืขื•ื•ืขืงื˜. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืœืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜, 
ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื›ืึธืœืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื ื”ื•ื™ืœืข ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืืคืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืจ, ืืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืฆื•ื ืืœืงืขืจ, ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืกืขืœืข 
ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืฆืขื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจื˜ ืืคืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืืคืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ. 


..ืœื™ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืœืขืจ, ืจืืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ, ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ืจ ืคืœื™ื ืงืข, ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืจื™ื ื’. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžืื›ืฉืึธืฐืขืก ื™ืึธื’ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคืœื™ื ืงืขืจ. ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื™ืืงืจืขืก. 
ืžืขืœ ืื™ื– ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ ืกืืงืึธื ืขืก-ื ืขืคืึธืฉืขืก. ื“ืขืจ ,ืกืœืื•ื•ื ื‘ืึธื’ื•" ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืืคืŸ ืžืืจืง ืึธืŸ 
ื ืฉื™ืจ ,ืžืขืฉืึธื˜ืฉื ื™ืงืขืก", ืžืข ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืฐื•ึผ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื”ื™ืจื–ืฉ, ืืคื™ืœืข ืงืืจื˜ืึธืคืœื™ืขืก ืจืืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืก, ืžืข ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืื ืฆืขื ืข ื–ืขืง. ืžืข ืจืขื“ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ. 


ืœื™ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืœืขืจืŸ. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืืœืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืจื™- 
ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืื‘ื™ ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. ืื™ืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืืคืŸ 
ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื›ืืคึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ, 
ื ืึธืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืกืงืœืื“ืŸ. ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืขืงืึธื•ื•ืขื“- 
ื’ืึธื“ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืืฑืกืœืึธื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ืจืœืขืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื–ืขืงืœืขืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ืจืฒึทื–. 


8 


ืฐื™ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืื– ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืžืขืจืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืข- 
ืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืึธืŸ. ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธืจืฐืขืกืข ืคื™ืก ืงืจื™ื›ื˜ ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืข ืงืืœืึธืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื‘ืืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื™ื ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ. ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืงืจืื ืง ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืฒึทื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ-ื™ื•ื ื’ ื˜ื•ืคึผืงืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืืจืงืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืืœืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื•ืงื™ืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ 
ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืข ืงืืœืึธืฉืŸ, ื‘ื™ืคืจืื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืข, ืžื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื‘ืขืงืึธืฐืขื“-ื’ืึธื“ืœืก ืคึผืœืฑื ืขืกื˜ืข, ืงืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ืžืข ื˜ื•ืžืœื˜ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ. 
ื‘ื ืื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืžื™ื’ืจืขืŸ. 

ืฐืฒึทืœ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’, ื ื“ื•ืฉื ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืืฃ ื ืจืขื’ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ- 
ื™ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืš ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจืขื–ืขื ื˜ืขื ืขื ืคึผื™ื“ื–ืฉืืง, ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื“ืขื ื–ืืง, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, ืฐื™ ื ื™ืึธืœืขื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืื ื“ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืืงืกืœ, ื’ืข- 
ืคึผืฑื–ืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืฒืฆืข ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืจื™ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืœืขืš, ื ืžืขื’ื•ืฉืขืžื“ื™ืง 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ-ื™ื•ื ื’ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืขืžืขืจืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข 
ื˜ื•ื˜ ื‘ืฒื™ืกืžืฒึทืกืข ื ืงื•ืง ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ืฐื™ ื ืคืึธืจื”ืื ื’ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ, 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ ื ืฉื˜ืึธืจืข ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืคืืœื“ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืฐื•ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื ืฒึทื’ืขืจื™ืง ื›ืืคึผืŸ ื 
ืงื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืืจืฒึทืŸ: ืฆื™ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืขืก ื ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ, ืฆื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืข ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. 

ืก'ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ืฉื™ืงืื•ื•ืข ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืฒืฆืข ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืงืœ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื’ืึธืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ-ื™ื•ื ื’, ืคืืจื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื”ืขื ื˜ ืืฃ ืืจื•ืฃ, ืืฒึทื ื‘ื™ื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืงื ื™, ืฐื•ื™ ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืŸ, ื ืขืžื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืืง ืจืฒึทื–, ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก, ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืฑื’ืขื ืขืจ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ, ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ืึธืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ 
ื˜ืจื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ืคึผืก ื ื™ื˜, ืขืก ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ื”ื•ื™ืœืขื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ 
ื”ืึธืจื‘ืื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืข ืฐืึธืœืงื ืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ื™ืžืœ. 

ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืคื•ืจืœืขืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื“ืŸ. ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ-ื™ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกืงืœืื“ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืงืœืขืš ืจืฒึทื–, ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ื ืฉืœืืงืกืจืขื’ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืคืœื™ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืืœื™ื•ื–ืฉืขืก. ืืคืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืจื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื’. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื ืคึผืืจืข. ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืึธืคึผืขืฐืข, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืคึผืืจืงื ืก, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืœืื ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข ื‘ืœื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ื˜ืจืึธืคึผื ื“ืœืขืš. 

ืืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื•ื•ืืฉืขื ืขืจ, ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืืœืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ืจืขื–ืขื ื˜ืขื ืขื ืคึผื™ื“ื–ืฉืืงืœ, 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืืœื™ื˜ืงืข ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืฆื•ื ืฉืžืึธืœืŸ ื’ืขืกืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, 
ืื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืขืจืขืจืก ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ. 

ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื›ืืคึผืŸ ื ืงื•ืง ืฆื•ื ืฆื™ืจื•ืœื ื™ืงืก ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ืฐื™ ืกืึธืจืขืœืข 
ื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืงืืœื™ื•ื–ืฉืข, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจื˜ืจื™ื ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘. ืื– ืขืก 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ื˜ืขื’, ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ื™ืขื ืข ื–ื•ืžืคึผ-ื’ืจื•ื‘ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜, ืžืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ 
ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืจืืคึผืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืœื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคึผืืจืงื ืก, ื‘ื™ืคืจืื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ืจืขื’ืŸ. ืกืึธืจืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ืจืข ---ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืคึผืœืฑื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืขืงืึธืฐืขื“-ื’ืึธื“ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืืœื™ื˜ืงืข ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืžืึธืœืŸ ื’ืขืกืœ, ืืฑื™ืกืžืฒึทื“ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืงืืœื™ื•ื–ืฉืข, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉืœื™ืึธืคึผืงืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืคื™ืกืขืœืขืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 

ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขื‘ืจืฒึทืขื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ืŸ. ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืกืึธืจืข- 
ืœืขืŸ, ืžืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื ื˜ืึธืจืงืข ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงืืจื˜ื•ื–ืœ, ืึธื ื˜ืืคึผืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืืฉืขืงืœ, 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืœื™ื•ื–ืฉืข. ืื•ืŸ ืกืึธืจืขืœืข ืื™ื– ื ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืขื ืข 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืงืืœื™ื•ื–ืฉืข-ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืขืก ื™ืึธื’ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืก ืคื™ืก. ื“ืึธืก 
ืคึผืขื ืขืžืœ ืื™ื– ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืึธื˜ ืฐืฒึทืก ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืื ื˜. ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืื”ื™ื ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ื–ืึธื’ืŸ 
ืื™ืจ, ืื– ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื, ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืกื˜ืฒึทืขื˜. 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ื˜ ื ืฐื•ึผื ืง ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ื’, ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืฆื•ืง 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืงืกืขืœืขืš ืื™ืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผื’ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื ืื›ืœืขืกื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื‘ื- 
ื˜ืฒึทื˜ ืขืก, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜. ื–ื™ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื’ื•ื•ืืœื“ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฆื™ ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืกืขืœืข ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ? ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื–ื™ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜, ืื– ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืœื“ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื ืžื•ื™ืœ, ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ื ืฉืœืึธืคื ื“ื™ืง ืงื™ื ื“. ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื ื”ืื ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืืœื“ื–, ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ื•ืœื™ืขื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื’ื•ืคืขืœืข. ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื– ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืœื“ ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข ืืจื•ื™ืกืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืคืœื™ืืกืงืข ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืœื™ื•ื–ืฉืข. 


59 


ื›ึธ; 2 2 
:ื• 2 
:2 4 ; 
- ื‚'ึน 2 5 : 27 
5 ื˜ื™ ื™ืข ื™ืข 
- 2 ื™ืขืฉื™ ื™ื™ 
++ื™ += = /", 
+ 2 2 
= ( 0606642 
= 2 07 
- * 4226 /. 0 /5 
ืื™ 4 4 ืœื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ = 
9 ื˜ืืจ = .6 4/66 02 
"ึต 4 ; 2 = 2246 
ืืœ 2 ืจ 2 
ืืœ + 2 : , 
0 = 62 2 5 ; , 
-- 2 22 6 
ื™ืข 2 2 2 
+: 5 2 5: 
2 ืฉืฉ ืจื’ : 
= ; . 2 
+ 2 ืฉื™ ื™.ื™ 
=== 1 5 , ืืข 6 ื•ื˜ 22 
= -- /' 0 ื™ืฉ , . *6 . 
4 - : . ? ื–ื™ 2 7 4 
== ื•ื™ = 5 : : 
=: : : : 2 
ื 6 2 
== ืฉื™ ืŸ 22 5 * 
ื‘ื™ ; = : 2 / 
ืจ == ืจ ื•ืืจ = , 
ืฆืขืฉื˜ ื : 
= || 66 = ืฉืฉ 
= -- 
7 ืจ ื™ืฆ 4 
== 0 ื™ื˜ -ืื’ืžื™ื, 7 5 , 
ื™ืข ื˜ืขืจ-- 8- 7 2 ืฆื™ื™ื‘ ืืฆืŸ ืขื‘ืฉ 
ื™ื™ : ืื› = ื 5 ืื™ - 
ืื™ ื˜ื™ ื‘ืฉ = = 7 
:ืขื‘ 27 ื- = 
ื“ื™ืขืจื˜ ื•ื™ ื”ื‘ื” 
=== = ื™ื˜ 
ื™ืข ืขืจ 
ืฉื™ = 
ื‘ื‘ืœ ืขื• 7 
ื™ื™ == 
- ื™ืข 
= ืžืึธื’,.: := 
: 3 
2 2 
: : 6 2 
0 5 7 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฉ 
= 6 2 ื•ื™ ' 2 . : 
= 4 ืฉื™" ื™ื˜ 4 ืฉื‚ 2 
02 1 ืช * 
4 : 


ืจ ื™ื– ื™ื™ 7 ื’ ืจ 
= = : : = ื˜ื™ 
2 ืื™ : *+ ื‚ 142 
ื˜"ื™ 
ื•ื• ? {-- 

2 


ื 


ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึท. 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืฒึทื–ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืœื™ื•ื–ืฉืข, ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืข- 
ื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขืกืœ, ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ื›ืึธืœืขื. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื›ืึธืœืขื ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ. ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื•ื•ืจื™ืžืœืขืš ืกืึธืจืขืœืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ, ื ืฆืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืขื ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืจื•ืžืงื•ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜. ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื ืคึผืœื™ืขืกืงืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืœืึธื ื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ 
ืืฃ ื ืงืึธืœ: 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ? ืฐืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ?--ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื ืฉื˜ื•ืค ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื ื˜. -- ื’ื™ื™, ื’ื™ื™! -- ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืขืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฆื•ื ื’ืื ืขืงืœ, 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืœื™ื™ืงืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืจืžืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื‘ืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืื˜ืฉืขืœืงืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืงืื˜ืฉืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืฉ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ืข ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืืจืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง, ืื™ื– ืžื™ื ื“ืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืืจืง ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื. ื“ืึธืก 
ื˜ื™ื›ืœ ืืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ-- ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคืืจื›ื•ืจื›ืœื˜. ืืœืข ืฐืฒึทืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืื ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืœ, ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืขืก ืืฃ ืืจื•ืฃ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ื”ื™ืคื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ื ื“ืขืœืข ื“ืึธืก ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืœืื ื’ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ. ื‘ืฒื™ืกืžืฒึทืกืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืืจื‘ืœ ื ืฉืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ื›ื™ื™ื ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื ืขื–ืœ. 
ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืžื™ื ื“ืขืœืข ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืฆื•ื ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืืจืงื ื“ืœ, ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ 
ืคืืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ืื›ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ืงืขืœื›ืœ: 

-- ืœื™ื™ืงืขื ื™ื•, ื–ื™ืฆืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜? 


60 


-- ืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืžื™ื ื“ืขืœืข-ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ? 

-- ืื•ื™, ื ืคึผืึธื˜ื™ืขื›ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ!-- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื ืžื•ื™ืœ, ื‘ื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก-ื™ืฐืึธืก ื ืœืขืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืคื•ืœื‘ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืฒึทื›ื˜ืข ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืœื™ืคึผืŸ, ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื›ืœื™ืคึผืขื˜ ื ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ 
ื ื‘ื™ืกืขืœืข ืกืœื™ื ืข. ืงื•ื•ื™ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืืคื’ื™ืš ืคืืจืฉื˜ื•ืคึผื˜ ื”ื™ื - 
ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื˜ื™ื›ืœ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ืงื•ื˜ืฉืขืจืŸ; 

-- ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืžืขื’ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ื ืขืœืข, ื ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื•ืจืข- 
ืžืขืœืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืื˜ื•ื˜ื ื™ืง, ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืจื•ืœื ื™ืง ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, ืืจื•ืคื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืฃ ื ื“ืขื›ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืจื•ื ื“ื•ืง. 
ื›ื™, ื›ื™, ื›ื™ืข, ืื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืงืœืืคึผื™ืจืŸ ืืคืŸ ืึธืจื˜! ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืžืืจืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื›ืึธื“ืึธืจืึธื, 
ื›ื, ื›ื, ื›ื™, ื›ื™ืข, -- ืžื™ื ื“ืขืœืขืก ืคื•ืœืขืจ ื‘ื•ื–ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื 
ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ; 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜? ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ื‘ืื“ืืจืคื˜ ืืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืืจื•ืคื–ืขืฆืŸ ืืฃ ื 
ื“ืืš?-- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืขื ืข ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ื“ื• ืฐื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฐืึธืก? ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื’ืขื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืฒึทืงืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืขืกืขืจ 
ืฐืึธื‘ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืขืงืึธืฐืขื“-ื’ืึธื“ืœืก ืงืขืœืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ืขื‘ืขืš, ื‘ืื’ืึธืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืก. 
ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืฃ ื ื“ื™ื™ื–ืฉืงืขืœืข ื”ืขืจื™ื ื’ ืึธืคึผืจื•ืขืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ, ืื™ื– ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืื˜ื•ื˜ื ื™ืง, ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืจืขืจ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, ืคืืจืงื ืืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืืžื–ื•ื™ืœ, ืฆื™ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจื•ืขืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฐื™ ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขื’ืขื“ืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืก, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื•ืจืขืžืขืœืข, ื“ืึธืก ืฉืžืึธืœืข ืงื•ืจืฆืข ื ืขืคืขืฉืœ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืงืขืœืข ื ืฉื˜ื•ืจื›ืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืืจืฉืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื›ืื–ืึธื ื™ืฉ ืงืขืœื›ืœ: ,ื“ื•, ื’ืจืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืขืคืขืฉ, ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื”ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœ, 
ื ืจื•ืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืŸ". ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ืกืคึผืึธืขืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืŸ ืคืืจ ืื–ื ืฆื™ื’ืขื ืข 
ื‘ื™ื‘ืงืข, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื ืฉืขืจืขืจ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ืžืœืขืŸ. ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื•ื™ืœ. 
ืื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืขื’ื•ื•ืืœื“ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืืœืข ืงื•ื™ืœืขืก: , ืฉืžืืจืึธืฐืึธื–ื ื™ืง, ื’ืฒื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผ ืคืืจ ืืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื“ืขื, ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคึผืืกื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ืžืขื›ื•ื˜ืึธื ื™ื ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื•ื ืงืขื ืข ืคื™ืฉ, 
ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ืžืื›ืŸ ื˜ื™ืœ-ื˜ืขืœ!? ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฆื™ื’ืขื ืข ื‘ื™ื‘ืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ 
ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืงืขืœืข. ื ื•, ื ื•, -- ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทืกื ื“ื™ืง ื ืœื™ืคึผ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื ื“ืขืœืข ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ืงืื˜ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธืคึผื˜ืขืœืข, ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ื ื“ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื ืงืื˜ื•ื˜ื ื™ืง ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขืงืขืœืข, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื ืงื ื™, ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขืงืขืœืข ืฆืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืคืืจ- 
ืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืฆื• ืืœื“ื™ ืจื•ื›ืขืก. ื‘ืฒืกืžืฒึทืกืข ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืžื™ื ื“ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื‘ืœื™ืง ืืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืคืืจืงืจืึธื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื–ืฒึทื˜, ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ. ื“ืขืจื–ืขืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืฐื•ื™ ื‘ื ื‘ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืจื™ื ืขืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื ื“ืขืœืข ืขืจืฉื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงืขืœื›ืœ: 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืกื˜ื•? ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื˜ื™ื ืขืฃ ืฐืขื˜ ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ึน ืฐื™ืœืกื˜, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ 
ืื™ื ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ? ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื ืžื™ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึทื›ืขืก? ืื•ื•ืจืขืžืขืœืข ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจื™ืงืžืื›ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืœืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ. ื ืคึผืึธื˜ืขืคืืœื ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืื˜ื•ื˜ื ื™ืง -- ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•- 
ืœืขืงืขืก. ืื™ื– ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื–ื ื’ื•ื•ืืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืื“ืืจืคื˜ ื˜ืึธืŸ? ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉ ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจ- 
ื–ืขืขื ื™ืฉ, ืื– ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ืืก-ื”ืืžื™ื™ืกื™ื. ื ื™ื™ืŸ! ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ื›ืึธื›ืขื, 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื“ืœ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืขืจืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืืจื•ืคื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืคืŸ ื“ืขื›ืœ, ื›ื-ื›ื, 
ื›ื™ืข. ืื•ื™, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืจื•ืœื ื™ืง ื’ืขืงืจื™ื™ืขื˜, ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืกืœืขืš ื–ืฒึทื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ืืคืŸ 
ืžืืจืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืฒึทื›ืขืจ. ื›ื-ื›ื, ื›ื™ืข-ื›ื™ืข, ื›ื™... -- ืžื™ื ื“ืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึธืก ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืœ, ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื. 

ืœื™ื™ืงืข ืื™ื– ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืคืืจื’ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืข, ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื›ืœ. ืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜. ืื– ื–ื™ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื–ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง, ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืžื•ืกืขืจื˜, ื”ืืœืขืžืฒึท ื–ื™ ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืืจืง ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธื ื“ืข, 

ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ื ืฉืœืฒึทื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจืขื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธืคืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืึธืŸ. ื“ืขืจื‘ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืžืื›ืฉืึธืฐืขืก ื’ืขืขื’ื‘ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื•ื™ืขืš. ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื ืข- 
ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืืคืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืก ื ืฒึทืขื ืึธื ืฆื•ื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ 
ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื ื™ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืคึผื™ื™ืกืขืš. ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืคึผื™ื“ื–ืฉืืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจื ืข ืงื ืขืคึผ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ืคืœื™ื™ืฅ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื. ืœื™ื™ืงืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืขืคึผืขืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืืคืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืืคืŸ ืžืืจืง, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ืขืจื’ืขืจืก. 

ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืขืงืึธืฐืขื“-ื’ืึธื“ืœ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืข- 
ืจืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืคื•ื™ืœืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขื ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ-ื™ื•ื ื’ ืืจืœื™ื - 
ืจื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ื ืขืžื˜ ืื•ืฃ ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืงื•ื™ื ื™ื, ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข ื–ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ื˜, 


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ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ืกื›ื•ื™ืจืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืึธืœ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข. ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืขืงืึธืฐื•ืขื“-ื’ืึธื“ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจื˜ 
ื‘ืื ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืฆืŸ. ืฐืขื“ืœื™ืง ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื˜ ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืŸ, ืฉืคึผืจืฒึทื–ื ื“ื™ืง ืืจื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื“ืœื™ืง ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกืฆ;ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืŸ ืฐื•ึผืงืก, ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืœืืžื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืืง ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื– ืืจื•ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ื ืงื ืฒึทืœื›ืœ, ืฐื™ ื ืžืฒึทื–ืขืœืข, ืื™ื– ืงืขื ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืœืืกืขื ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ-ื–ื™ืš. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื›ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ืฉืฐื•ืขืจืข ืคืœื™ื™ืฉื™ืงืข 
ืืงืกืœืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจื˜ืข ืงืึธืžืขืฅ-ื‘ืขืจื“ืœ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื˜. ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ื ื“ื™ืง 
ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผื™ืœื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื ืขืคึผืœืขืš 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ื•ื ืงืœ-ื‘ืจื•ื™ื ืขื ืคึผื™ื“ื–ืฉืืง ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’, ื ืึธืจ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื“ืื‘ืขืจืŸ: 


-- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ื“ื• ืฐืขืจืกื˜ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื“ื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ืื– ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, ืคืืจ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืคื™ืœืข ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ืš ืื ื™- 
ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ื ืคึผืจื™ืงืืฉื˜ืฉื™ืง, ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื“ืึธืš ื‘ืื“ืืจืคื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฉืขืฆืŸ, ื“ื• ืฐืึธืœืกื˜ 
ื‘ืื“ืืจืคื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ืฆื• ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื–ืข, ืื– ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื 
ื”ื•ืœื˜ืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื”ื•ืœื˜ืฒึท, -- ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืข ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ื‘ืจืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื– ืืจืึธืคึผ. --- ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื˜ืฒึทืขืก ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืขื›ืขืจื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธืœ, ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืœืฒึทื›ื˜. ืก'ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื 
ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, -- ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืžืขื’ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ื’ืขืกืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ ืึนื”ืขืจ, ื’ื™ื™!-- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืฐืึธืจืฃ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื”ืื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ. -- ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ื•ืื ื™ืข 
ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜?! 

ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฉืึธืงืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ. ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืคึผืœืฒืฆืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื– ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืืฒึทื - 
ื’ืขืฉืจื•ืžืคึผืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื ื˜ืจืึธื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงืขืจืŸ, 
ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืžืขื’ืœืขืš. ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืก 
ืคื™ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืข- 
ื’ืขืจ-ื™ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืขืคึผืขืก ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ืื›ืœืขืกื™ืง ื ืึธื›ืืžืึธืœ ื 
ืฉืึธืงืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื˜. 

ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื™ืงืืฉื˜ืฉื™ืงืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจืก ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ืงื™ื™- 
ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜. ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืฉืคึผืืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ. ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื›ื˜, ืื– ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืœื“ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื“ื•ืจื›ืœืขื›ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ื’ ื“ื™ ืคื•ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืคึผืจืขืกื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ ืžืื›ืŸ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืœ. ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืฉืฐื•ืขืจ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ, ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ื 
ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ื ื˜ืึธืจืงืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงืืจื˜ื•ื–ืœ, ื ืื›ืœืขืกื™ืง 
ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ,ืื“ื™ื•", ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื”ืึธืคึผืขืจื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ; 

-- ื ืฉืขืคึผืฉืฒ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจืขืคื˜ืžืขืš. 

ื“ืขื ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜. 


ืžืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืื“ืืจืคื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืืœืข ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ. ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ-ื™ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืคึผื™ื™ืฉืขืก ืฉืขื ืงืœ. 
ื“ืฒึทืงืข ืœืื ื’ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืœ, ื ืึธืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื ืคืืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื ืœืขื‘ืœืขื›ืขืจ. ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืึธืงืœื˜, 
ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš, ืฐื™ ืืฃ ื ื‘ืจืขื˜, ื‘ืœืฑื– ื“ืึธืก ื“ืืฉืขืงืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืขืคืงืขืจื™ืงืืจื˜ื•ื–ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื 
ื‘ื™ืกืขืœืข ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจืขื–ืขื ื˜ืขื ืข ืคึผื™ื“ื–ืฉืืงืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืืจื‘ืœ, ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืึธืžื‘ืœื˜ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื›ืึธืœื™ืขืฐืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœ. 


ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขื˜, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฐืฒึทืกืขืจ 
ื‘ืึธืจื“, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธืงืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจืŸ, ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ื ืคืืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืืฉืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ. 
ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: ืฆื™ ื ืฉืžืืจืึธืฐืึธื–ื ื™ืง, ื ื”ื•ืœื˜ืฒึท ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ื ืคืืจืคืืœืขื ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ! ืžื™ื™ืœืข, 
ื ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ! ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ื ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ ืฉืืฆื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฐืึธืœืฐืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ื ืœืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ื™ื’ืœ ื‘ืื˜ืจืขืคื˜. ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขื ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจืก ื’ืฐื•ึผืจืข ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืืจ ื 
ื“ืขื ืขืฉืงืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืืฉืข: ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข ื‘ืื ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ืฐื™ ื‘ื ืืœืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ? ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืฉืคึผืฒึทืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื? 

ืื– ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขื ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 


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ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืื– ืื•ื•ืจืขืžืขืœืข ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืจืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื, ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืŸ, ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข ื’ืœืฒึทืš 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืขืงืึธืฐืขื“-ื’ืึธื“ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ื”ื•ื ื˜. 

ืžืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื˜, ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืงืขืœืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืขืกืขืจ ืฐืึธื‘ืœืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืฆื•ื ืžืึธืจื’ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ื™ืืจื™ื“. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื“ื™ ืคืขืกืขืจ, ื’ืขืฉืืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงืœืขืคึผื™ 
ืงืขืก, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ืคืŸ, ื’ืขื’ืœืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืฆื™ ืก'ืื™ื– 
ืคืืจืืŸ ื™ื•ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 

ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ-ื™ื•ื ื’ ื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืจื•ื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืกืขืจ. 

ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื‘ืื ืงืขืœืขืจ, ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ื’ืขื˜ื•ืคึผืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคื•ืก. 
ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืงืืœื˜ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืง, ืžืืžืขืฉ 
ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืฐืึธืจื˜. ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก, ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืฐืขื˜ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืขืงืึธืฐืขื“-ื’ืึธื“ืœ, 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืคึผืœืืฆืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ. ืกืข ืžืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืš, 
ืื– ื ืึธืš ื ืกืจื™ื™ืคืข ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื–. ืฐืขื˜ ืื–ื ืื•ื™ืฉืขืจ, ืื–ื ื ืึธื’ื™ื“ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืงืื˜ืฉืขืŸ ืคืขืกืขืจ, ืฆื™ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ? 

ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ื•ื•ืืœื“ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, 
ื’ืขื“ืจืึธืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื•ื™ืกื˜ืŸ. ืืคืŸ ื‘ืขืจื“ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ื-ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืขืœืขืš, ืฐื™ ืคืœื™ื˜ืขืจืœืขืš ืฉื ื™ื™. 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื™ืงืืฉื˜ืฉื™ืงืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื˜, ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ื˜ื•ืžืœ, ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืืคืŸ 
ื›ื•ืฆืคึผืขื ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ื ื“ื•ื ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืžื‘ืข: 

-- ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ -- ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผื™ื“ื–ืฉืืงืœ, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืคืืจื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืงืืจื˜ื•ื–ืœ, ื“ืึธืก ื“ืืฉืขืงืœ ื–ืึธืœ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืื•ื™ืœืขื: 

-- ื‘ืืœื“ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ, ืฆื™ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื›ื’ืขืฉืขืฆื˜ืขืจ, -- ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฐืึธืจืฃ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื‘ืœื™ืง 
ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก! ื–ืฒึทื˜, -- ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืขืกืขืจ ืฆื•ืงืฒึทืงืœืขืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืึธืจื˜, -- ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ-ื™ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื™ืงืืฉื˜ืฉื™ืงืขืก, ื ื“ืจืึธืข 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคื•ื™ืกื˜, --ื”ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ืคึผืกืœืขืš ืืฒึทืขืจืข, ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ืืคึผืงืขืœืขืš, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ 
ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื ืึธืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืื ื˜ ืฆื• ื ืคืืก, ื‘ื ื“ืขื 
ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืจืฑื™ืกืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื ืคื•ืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื›ื™ื™ืœืขืงื™ื”ืื˜ืื›ื˜ืŸ. -- ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ-ื™ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืคึผืื˜ืฉ ื’ืข- 
ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืœืึธื ื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื ื’ืจื™ืœืฆื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคืฒึทืฃ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืœืขื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 

-- ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืขืงืึธืฐื•ืขื“-ื’ืึธื“ืœ! -- ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืืคืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืš ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืืก, ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืกืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืงืฒึทืงืœืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืžืืจืง-ืคึผืœืืฅ. ืฐืึธืก ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคืขืกืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ืงืฒึทืงืœื˜, ืืœืฅ ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก. 
ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ืงื•ื ื“ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื’ืขื”ื•ืงืขื˜, ื’ืขืคึผื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜, ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงืฐืึธ- 
ืœื™ืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ, ื“ืึธื ื“ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜. ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืžืืฉืงืข ืื™ื ืฆืขื•ื•ืืจืขืžื˜. ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ืคึผืœืขืฆืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืงืขืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ืคืืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืคึผืืจื‘ืขืจ"ื’ืขืกืœ. ื“ื™ ืคืืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืงืฒึทืงืœืขืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืขืจื’ืœ, ืžืืžืขืฉ 
ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฆื•ื ืื•ืจื™ืื“ื ื™ืงืก ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื‘ืื ื•ื•ืขื’. ื“ื™ ืคืืก ืื™ื– ืืจื•ืฃ 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืื ื“ืข, ืขืคึผืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื˜ืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ืข ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืื ื“ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื‘ืขื”ืึธืœืข. ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืขื’ืึธืœืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืื›ื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ, ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™ ืžืขืฉื•ื’ืข ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, 
ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืืจื•ืžืงื•ืงืŸ, ืื™ื– ืฐื•ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืฉื•ืžืขื“. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืจื•ื™ึทืง ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืงื•ื“ืœืื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื•ื™ืœืขื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธืจื“ ื–ืฒึทื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืฐื™ ื‘ื ืžื•ื™ืฉืข 
ืจืื‘ื™ื™ื ื•. ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขื ืžืขืฉื•ืžืขื“ืก ืงื•ื™ืขืš ืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืœื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื”ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธืจื“. ื ืฆืขืฐื•ื™ืœื“ืขืฐื•ืขื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืžืขืฉื•- 
ืžืขื“, ื ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ื•ื™ึทืื–ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ-ื™ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื’ืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื•ืฉืงืขื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธืจื“ ื“ืขื ืฉื™ืงืขืจืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืœื˜, 
ืื™ื ืคึผืจื™ื˜ืฉืžืขืœื™ืขื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืฉื•ืžืขื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืคื•ื™ืœืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจื™ืžืขื ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ื˜ืึธืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื™ื“ืขืžืœืขืš ืืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืข- 
ื‘ื•ื ื“ืขื ืขื ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธื’ืŸ. ื˜ืึธืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืขืจ, ืืฒึทื ื”ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธืจื“ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึธืŸ. 


03 


ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืฉืžืึธืœ. ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืจื™ืื“ื ื™ืง ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžืงื•ืงืŸ, ื“ืืจืฃ ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ื ื™ื˜ 
ืกื˜ืฒึทืขืŸ. ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ ืฆื•ื ืื•ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขืฉื•ืžืขื“ืก ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ: ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืžืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜. ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื ื’ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ืžืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื™ ื–ืืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืคืขืกืขืจ ืฆื•ืงืฒึทืงืœืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื ื™ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ 
ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜. 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืจื–ืฉืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคืึธืจืŸ ื ืคืืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคื•ืจืœ. ื“ืขืจ ืคืืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคืืจืงืขืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืืฃ ืžืขื ื“ืœืก ื‘ืืจื’, ื“ืึธืก ืคื•ืจืœ -- ืฆื•ื ื’ืจื™ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ืงืœ. ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธืœืข ืื™ื– ืื”ื™ื ื’ืข- 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืฉื•ืžืขื“. 

ื“ืขืจ ืžืืจืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืง. ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขื”ืึธืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืžืข. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืึธืคึผืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ ืคืืจืŸ ืื•ืจื™ืื“ื ื™ืงืก ื’ืขืฉืขื“ื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืื ื“ืข, 
ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ื ื ืขืก. 


ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืฉื•ืžืขืจ 


ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ื™ืกืขืกืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ื’ืืก 
ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืื ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœืขืŸ ---ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ืฐื•ึผืงืกื™ืงืขืจ, ื ืฐืึธื’ื™ืงืขืจ, ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืจืึธื™ 
ืกื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึธืฐื•ืงืข, ื“ื™ ืฉืžืึธืœื‘ืœืขื›ืข ืงืืœืึธืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืข ื›ืึธืœื™ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœ. ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ -- ืขืœืขื’ืื ื˜ ื’ืขืงืœื™ื™ื“ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื ืงืœ-ื‘ืจื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืึธื ืฆื•ื’ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืืฑืกื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืคื•ืœื‘ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜, ืืœืข ืฐืฒึทืœืข ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก ื“ืขื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื. ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืœืขื’ืื ื˜ ื’ืขืงืœื™ื™ื“ื˜, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜, ื”ื™ืฆื™ืง ื’ืขื˜ืฒึทื ืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ึผืงืกื™ืงืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธืจื“ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืงืฒึทืงืœื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืœื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฆื™ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜. 

ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืฒึทื–ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืขืงืึธืฐื•ืขื“-ื’ืึธื“ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืฉื•ืžืขื“ --ื™ืึธืกืœ ืื™ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. 
ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธืจื“, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ื•ื™ืคื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืฉื•ืžืขื“. 

ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจ- 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืืจืง. ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ-ื–ื™ืš, ื”ืืœืขืžืœื™ ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ืืจื•ืคื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืคืŸ ื“ืืš, ืื•ืŸ. ื™ืขื ืขืจ, ื™ืึธืกืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ, ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ื‘ื ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ื ,ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืœ", ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืืœืข ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ. ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืŸ ืขืจ, ืžื™ื™ืขืจ, ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื™ื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ? 


ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜, ืื– ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ืื›ื˜ืขื˜ ื™ืึธืกืœืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึธื“, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ 
ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ืข ื’ืขืกื˜ ื‘ืื ื ืึธื’ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™, ืžื™ื™ืขืจืก ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืกื™ื‘ืข ืื™ื– ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ -- ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ, ืฐื™ 
ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื™ืึธืกืœืขืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ, ื’ืขืจืื˜ืขืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ื™ืขืจืก ื ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืกื›ื•ื™ืจืข, ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืืคืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’. ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืข- 
ืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึธื“ืจื™ืื“ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจืก, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืืฑืกืœืึธื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื›ื•ื™ืจืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื’ืึธืก ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื ืฉืœืืงืกืจืขื’ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืœืึธืคืŸ. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 
ื™ืึธืกื™ืข, ืžื™ื™ืขืจืก ืงืœืขื ืขืจืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผื™ื ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืกื™ืจืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ 
ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืš-ืฐืึธืงื–ืืœ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืฆืขื“ื•ืœื˜ืข, ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ 
ื”ืขืœืคืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืขืคึผืขืก ื˜ืึธืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืžืข ืื™ื– ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื™ืึธืกืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ืืจืฒึทื ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืึธืจื“ืขืฐืขืŸ, 
ืึธืคึผื˜ืจืึธื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืจืขื’. 

ืื™ืŸ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืืจื•ื, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืื– 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื ืข ืื™ื– ืคืืจืงื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืžืข ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืžื•ืœื˜ืขืจืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกื›ื•ื™ืจืข 
ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื“ืœื™ืง ืจื™ื–ืฉืขื•ื•ืงืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื›ืขื–ืฉื‘ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืกืื›ืืงืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ื‘ืึธื ื™ื 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืขื–ืขืง ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืขื“ื™ืœ-ื”ืื“ืืœ. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืืคืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื ืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืข- 
ืจืขื™ืืกืœืขื•ื•. 


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ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ื™ืึธืกืœ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ื’ืืก ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืฒึทื ืขื˜, 
ืื– ืขืจ, ืžื™ื™ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืจื™ืื“ื ื™ืง, ื–ืึธืœ ืคึผืฑืขืœืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืืจื•ื™ืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ื˜ืึธืœืข 
ื“ืขื ื‘ืืœืขื’ืึธืœืข, ืื•ืคื”ืขืจืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืจื™ืื“ื ื™ืง ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืจืืฐืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืื–ืœืึธื ื™ืฉืข 
ืฉื˜ื™ืง. ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืื ื“ืข ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. 

ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜. ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืึธืกืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ 
ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึธื ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืŸ, ืื– ืื•ื•ืจืขืžืœ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื•ื™ื›ืขื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืŸ. ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืจื™ื™ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข, ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืึธืกืœืขืŸ, 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื•ื™ ืกืึธื ื™ื, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื™ืึธืกืœ ืื™ื–, ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข 
ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ื’ืขืกื˜ืืจืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืขื›ืขืจืขืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืžื•ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ืŸ 
ืืคื™ืœืข ื’ืึธื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืคื˜ ื™ืขื ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืึธืคึผื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ื“ื™ ื•ื™ืจื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ, ื™ืึธืกืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืงืืก 
ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื ื”ืขืจืฉืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืงืขื“ืฒึท ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึธื ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืจื™ืื“ื ื™ืง, ืื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ืื–ื 
ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืžืขืงื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืžื™ื˜ ืกืžืืœืขื ืข. ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข 
ืคึผืœืขืฆืœ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจื™ืกื˜ืื•ื• ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืึธืคึผ, 

ืื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ื‘ืื ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืึธืกืœ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืขืจืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ 
ื”ื™ื’ืข ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฒื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึธืฉืขืจืŸ, ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืก ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืจืืฐืขื˜ ื 
ืงื ืืกืžืึธืœ, ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืืžืขื“ืฐืึธืฐื ื™ืงืขืก ืึธืคึผืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืื–ื ื›ืืกืขื ืข, ืกืข ื–ืึธืœ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ. ืœืขืžืฒึท ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ? 

ื‘ื ื™ืึธืกืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืข ืฉืฐืขืจืข ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜. ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜. 
ืจื•ื–ืข ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืืคืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืจ --- ืžืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืœืึธืคื ื“ื™ืง. ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ืจืขื“ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜, 
ืื™ื– ื ืกื™ืžืขืŸ -- ืขืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืžืื‘ืœ. ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: ,ืกืข 
ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืื›ืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืกื˜. ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืŸ. 

ืจื•ื–ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืœื™ื ืงืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืื™ื ืขื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ืฐืขืœื“ืœ, 
ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืึธื“ืึธื•ื•ื ืข ืื™ื– ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืคื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ืข ืคื™ืฉ. 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืืŸ ืขืจื“ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ. ืื– ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื™ืขื’-ืกืขื–ืึธืŸ, ื–ืืžืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื”ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื™ืขื’ืขืจืก, ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื ื”ืจื•ื‘ืงืขืœืข, ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืจื™ื ืก, ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจืฆืข ื‘ื™ื™ืžืœืขืš, ื“ื™ ืงื•ืกื˜ืขืก ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืจืขืžื“ ืืฑื’. ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ืงื™ืœื‘ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื•ืขืœื“ืœ, ืขืก ืฉืžืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืฒึทื›ื˜ืŸ, ื’ืจื™ื ืขื ืžืึธืš. ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืš. ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืฆืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ, ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก, ื•ื™ ื“ื™ 
ืฉื•ื™ืžืจื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงืœื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืืจื’, ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจืฆืข ื‘ื™ื™ืžืœืขืš. ืื– ืžืข ืฐื•ื™ืœ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก 
ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื-ืื•ืŸ-ืืจื•ื, ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืืจื•ืคืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืืฃ ื ื‘ื•ื™ื. 

ืจื•ื–ืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืงื•ึนืจืฆืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืœ, ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืืฃ ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืฆืขืฆืฐืฒึทื’ื˜ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื‘ืข, ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ืข ืœืึธื ืงืขืก, ื“ื™ ืึธื–ืขืจืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืคืœืืš ื’ืœืื ืฆื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื–ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืืจื’ืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืœืึธื–. ืžืข ื–ืขื˜, ืฐื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื”ื™ืžืœ, ืฐืึธืœืงื ืก ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืจื•ื–ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ 
ื ืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉืคึผืืจื‘ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ืŸ, ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืš, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื ื‘ืืœืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœืขืŸ, ื ืงื•ืง ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐื™ ื–ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก. ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืžืข ื˜ื•ื˜ 
ื ืงื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขื ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขื ืฆื™ื™ืœืขื ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืงืœื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ, 

ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื–ืขืŸ ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืฉืคึผืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ื ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ึนื™ื‘ ืคึผืึธืœืงืืŸ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื˜, ื‘ื™ืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืื™ื– ื ืกื™ืžืขืŸ, ืื– 
ืื™ืจ, ืจื•ื–ืขืŸ, ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืืงืข ืื•ื™ืก. ื“ืึธืก ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ื–ืขืก ืืœืงืขืจ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืฆื•ื ื“ื ื™ืข- 
ืคึผืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื›ืืคึผื˜ ื ื“ืจืขืžืขืœืข. ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืœืืžื˜ืขืจืŸ. ืืœืข ืึธืฐื ื˜ืŸ ืงืจื™ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ ืืจื•ืฃ ืืคืŸ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื ื“ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขืžืคึผืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื™ืจืขืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจื’ืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืœืึธื–. ืงืื™ืึธืจ ืœืขืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืœืืžื˜ืขืจืŸ, 

ืืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจื•ื–ืข ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืจื™ืก, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจื’, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜, ืืจืึธืคึผืงืฒึทืงืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืš ืืจืฒึทืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืžืื›ื˜ ื ืกื˜ืขื–ืฉืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคึผืขืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืœืขื ื’ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ, ืกืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืกืœืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืฉืœ ืคื™ืฉ. ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœ ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื‘ืื˜ืึธื’, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืœ ื˜ื•ื ืงืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ ืงื•ืงืŸ 
ืืจื•ืฃ ืฆื•ื ื”ื™ืžืœ. ื–ื™ ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜. ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ? ืฆื™ ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงืืœื˜ ืฆื• ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ! ืฐืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื“ืจืขืžืœืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, 
ื•ื™ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื“ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ. ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื ืืจืข. ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ 


05 


ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑืกื’ืขื’ืœืฒึทื›ื˜, ื ืงื ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืงืกืœืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืœืขืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืขืœืข. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื ืงื•ืง ืืคืŸ 
ืงื•ื™ืฉืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜. ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข, ืคืจืขื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฆืขื˜ื•ืžืœื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื‘ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜: 

-- ื ื˜ืจื•ื ืง ืฐื™ืœืกื˜ื•? 

-- ื’ื™ื‘, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. 

ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื ื™ื“ืขืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืงื•ื™ืฉืœ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื ืืจืข, ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื 
ืงืจื™ื’ืœ ืงื•ื•ืืก, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืจืขืจ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืื ืึธืข ื ืึธืš ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืžืืฉืงืข. ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขืงื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืœืืคึผืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืข, ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืจื™ื’ืœ, ืึธื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืฉืขื“ื ืข ื–ืฉืœื™ืึธืงืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืงื•ื˜ืฉืขืจืŸ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆืขื˜ืื ืฆื˜. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงืจื™ื’ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ, ื“ืึธื ื“ืข, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผื™ืกืง 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขื ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื”ืขื ื˜. ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ืคึผืŸ, ืื™ื– ื ืคืจืขืกื˜ืขืœืข ื“ื•ืจื›- 
ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืœืฒึทื‘. ื ืึธืš ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ื˜ืจืึธืคึผื ื“ืœืขืš. 
ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ: 

-- ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื–? 

-- ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื ื›ืืคึผ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืคืœืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื ืžืฒึทืกืข, ืื– ื“ื™ 
ืžื•ืžืข ืœื™ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ืื™ืจืขืจ ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขืš, ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื ืึธื›ืฉืคึผื™ืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ืžืข ืœื™ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืงืึธืŸ, ื›ืึธืœื™ืœืข, ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ. ืฐื™ ื–ืฉืข ื“ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื•ืจืขืžืœ ื“ืขื ืฉืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืขืงืึธืฐืขื“-ื’ืึธื“ืœ-- ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื ืžืฒึทืกืข, ืขืก 
ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ื– ืขื ื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืฉืžืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ืฉืŸ ืœื™ื•ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ืง, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื ื™ืขืคึผืขืจ-ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜, ื•ื™ ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ืœื™ื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืœืกื˜ื• ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืก? --ื’ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืœืขื, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜. ืืœืข ืžืึธืœ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ื“ืขืจื–ืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืจืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืื™ื -- ื”ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืจืขื“ื˜ ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืฒื™ื ืฆื™ืงืฐืฒึทื– ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกืฉืืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘. 

ืจื•ื–ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืฉืžื•ืขืก ืกืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื‘ืฒื™ืกืžืฒึทืกืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืœืขื ื–ื™ืš ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ. 

ืจื•ื–ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืŸ, ืื– ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฆื• ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ื–ื™ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ื™ื˜, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื ืฒึทื’ืขืจื™ืง ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืืฑื’ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš 
ืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผื™ื ื˜ืœื˜, ื“ื™ ืฆื•ืจืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืกืžืฒึทืกืข ื’ืขืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœื˜. ื“ืึธื ื“ืข 
ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืžืึธืจืขืฉื›ื•ื™ืจืขื˜. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆืึธืจื ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื, 
ื“ืขื ื”ืขืคืงืขืจ-ื™ื•ื ื’, ืืจื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืขืจ ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื”ืืจืฆืŸ. ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืคืืจ- 
ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืืคืŸ ืื•ืจื™ืื“ื ื™ืง ื ืงืœืืคื˜ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขืš. 

ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ, ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืฑืกืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ืคึผ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐื™ื ืงืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืึธืก ื›ื™ื™ืŸ-ื’ืจื™ื‘ืขืœืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคึผ 
ื ื‘ื™ืกืขืœืข ื’ืขืฉืฐืึธืœืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืจืขืงืŸ ื ื”ืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ 
ืคื™ืจืŸ ืืจื•ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืงืœ, ื“ืขืจืฆื• ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื ืžืื ืงืึธืœื™ืข ืคืจืขื’ืŸ, ืฆื™ ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื™ื ืฐื•ื™ื™. 
ืื– ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื ืžื•ื™ืœ, ื ืจื™ื˜ืฉืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ,ื”ืื!? ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื ืงืœืืคึผ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืข ืฆื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื 
ืฉื˜ืืจืงืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืŸ, ื–ื™ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื™ืึธื“ืื™ึดื, ื–ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืขื’ืœืขื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืืงืกืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืขื˜ืฉืขืŸ: , ืื•ื™ 
ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ืขืœืข, ืื•ื™, ืคึผืื›ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœืข, ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื ืžื™ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜?? ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืืจืงืœืขืžื˜ ื‘ืื ื”ืืจืฆืŸ, ืื– ื ืึธืš ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฆืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืžืื›ืžืขืก ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืคื˜, ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืงืื˜ืึธืฐื•ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืœ. ืœื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืคืืจื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืจืื™ื•ื™ื ืขืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื ืึธื›ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜, ื•ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ื”ืขื ื˜ ืฉืืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืจืข ืืงืกืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ ื”ื™ืœื›ื˜, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื“ืืžืคืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื•ื›ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืฐื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืืžืคืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืฐืฒึทื˜ื™ืฐืฒึทื˜. 

ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ืจื•ื–ืขืก ืื•ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ืกืขื•ื•ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืงืื˜ืขืจื™- 
ื ืึธืกืœืืฐ, ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืขืจืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืืžืคืขืจ ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ,ืกืœืื•ื•ื ื‘ืึธื’ื•". 
ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื™ืงืข ื‘ืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœืขืš ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 


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ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืฉื•ื•ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขื’ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฆืขืฉืžืึธืœืฆืขื ืข ื’ืึธืœื“ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืขืก. ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืš ื‘ืœื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื ื’ืจื™ืŸ ืœืขืžืคึผืœ, ืฐื™ ื ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฃ. ื“ืึธืก ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืœืขืž- 
ืคึผืขืœืข ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทืกืข ื˜ืจื•ื™ื‘, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ื–ืขืฆื˜ ื ืจื•ื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืฆื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฐืึธื ืข. 

ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ื ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธืŸ ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ ืืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืข ื›ืืœืึธืงื™ื. ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืงืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืืžืคืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืงืื˜ืขืจื™ื ืึธืกืœืื•ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืื– 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜. 


ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื’ืข ื˜ื•ื™ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื–ืฉืขื•ื•ืงืข ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืžืืจืงื™ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื ืžืึธื“ื ืขืจ ืคึผืืจืฉื•ื™ืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืจื•ื™ึดืง, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจื“ืข, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืžืืจืง-ืื•ื™ืœืขื, ื ืึธืจ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐื•ึผืงืกื™ืงืŸ ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ื ืขื ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขื. ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืขืœื ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื’ืจื•ื™-ื‘ืœืึธืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืžื•ื˜ื™ืง ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืขื ืขื, ื–ื™ืš ื ื ื™ื™ื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืžื•ื™ื›ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืืคื™ืœืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ื‘ื ืืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ืžื˜, ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืกืึธื•ื•ืข ืกื˜ืจื•ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืื‘ืืก, ืืฒื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ 
ืกืืžืขื˜. 


ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืœืขืš, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืงืœื™ื™ื“ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ืจื™ื–ืฉืขื•ื•ืงืขืจ ืืฒึทื ืฐืฑื ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื•ื ืงืœ-ื‘ืจื•ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื•ื•ืขื˜ืขื ืข ืงืืจ- 
ื˜ื•ื–ืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ืืฉืขืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื›ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื, ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื›ื™ื™ื ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืงืข ื”ื™ื˜ืขืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื’ืข 
ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืœืฒึทื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ. ื“ืขืจืฆื• ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื‘ืขืจื“ืœ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืก-- 
ื“ื™ ื’ืœืื ืฆื™ืงืข ื”ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงื ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืœื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœื™ืคืขื ืขื ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืคึผืืกื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜. 


ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืึทื›ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ืข- 
ื’ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข. ื ืึธืจ ืžืขื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืฐืขื“ืœื™ืง ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื ืงืœ-ื’ืจื•ื™ืข ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืึธืœื™ืขืฐืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืœืื ืฆื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผืฆืืกืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืึธื˜ืŸ, ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขื–ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืœืขืš 
ืฆืขืงื ื™ื™ื˜ืฉื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืื“ืืจืคื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ื’ืฒื™ืขืจืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื’. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœ ืกื˜ืฒึทืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ 
ืžืขื”ืืœืขืš ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื–ื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ. 

ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ื™ืจืขืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืขื’ืึธืœืขืก. 


ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ืฐื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืจืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ืจืžืื ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคืืขื˜ืึธื ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธื’ื ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืจื–ืฉืข ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ื , ืกืœืื•ื•ื ื‘ืึธื’ื•", ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืคืŸ ืฉืึธืกืฒ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืืก ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจืžืืŸ. ื“ื™ ืคื•ืจืžืื ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขื 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืืจืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ืœื™ืฅ-ืœืขืžืคึผืขืœืขืš --ืื™ื ื’ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืŸ, ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ, ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ. 

ืืคื™ืœืข ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืจ-ืฐืึธืœืฃ, ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ืคืข ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื›ืขืฐื•ืจืข ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืข 
ื‘ืื ืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืงืœืขืคึผืŸ ื ืคึผืœืืกื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื ืฆืึธืจืข, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ื™ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืขืœื ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฒึทืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืคื™ืก, ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืคึผืื ืขืŸ ื ืึธื›ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืจืขืš. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืฒึท ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื’ืึธืœืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืœืขื ื’ื•ื™ืก 
ืฉืึธืกืฒ, 

ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ืคืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ืข ื›ืกื™ื“ื™ื, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื ืึธื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜, ืฐื™ ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืจ-ืฐืึธืœืฃ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ 
ื–ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืึธื“ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ -- ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืคื™ื™ืจืขืฉ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜: ื–ื™ื™, ื“ื™ ืคื•ืจืžืื ืขืก, ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื“ืึธืš 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืขื’ืึธืœืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืจืขื’. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื›ืึธืกื™ื“ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื™ื›ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืืคึผืŸ ื‘ื ื ืคึผืืกืื–ืฉื™ืจ, ืฐื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื–ืŸ ืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื–ืฉืขื•ื•ืงืข. 
ืžืข ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืื•ื™ืจืขืš, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืงืœื™ืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืจืฒึทื ื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืจ-ืฐืึธืœืคืก ื˜ื™ื™ื•ื•ืข. 

ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ืคืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ื”ืื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข, ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืœืื ืฆื™ืงืŸ 
ื“ืืฉืขืง, ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืงืืจื˜ื•ื– ื–ืึธืœ, ื›ืึธืœื™ืœืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผืคืืœืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึธืœ- 
ื“ืขื ืข ืฉืขืœืขื›ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืœื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืืคืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืงืึธืคึผ. ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืื™ื– ืื ื˜ื‘ืœื•ื™ื–ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืฐื•ึผืงืก ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืคืขืจื™ืฉืžืขืงืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืขื ืขื ื ืึธื–ื™ืจื•ืงืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืก, 
ืื– ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืงืขืœืขืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ืขืœืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื ืขื˜ื™ืข ืึธืคึผืœืึธื–ืฅ ื ื’ื•ื˜ ืคึผืขืงืœ ืคึผืขื˜ืฉ. 


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ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืจ-ืฐื•ืึธืœืฃ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืคื™ืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื• 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืื– ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœืฒื™ื ืฐืฒึทื– ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ืคืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืจืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ื 
ืกื•ืก, ื ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผื•ื–ืฉืขืœืข ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืœืขืŸ, ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงื•ืงืขืจืก ืืคืŸ ืœืืžื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ืืจืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืฉืฐืขืจืข ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ. ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืคืฒึทืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื˜ืึธืœืขืก 
ืฉืžืึธืœืข ืืงืกืœืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืจื˜ืฉืขืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืฉื™ืง ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืงืึธืœื ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก 
ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉื˜ืขืงืœ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืฒืฆืข. 

-- ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืฃ-ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืฆื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผื™ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืจ-ืฐืึธืœืฃ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืขื›ื™ื™ืจืขื, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืึธืœืข ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืœืขื ื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ืงืึธืœ, -- ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ. ---ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื˜ืคื™ืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ 
ืœืืžื“ืŸ, ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืื‘ืขืจืŸ: --ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ื“ืขืจ ืขืžืขืกืขืจ ืžืึธืฉื™ึดืขืš, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคืืจ ื ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื–ืฉืขื•ื•ืงืข ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืืฃ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื–ืœ. 

ื“ื™ ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืงืฒึทืงืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, 
ื•ื™ ื ื“ื•ื ืขืจ. ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ืคืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืฉืžื•ืš ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืคืขืจื™ืฉืžืขืงืขืจ. 

ื˜ืึธืœืข ืื™ื– ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง. ื“ื™ ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืœืืžื“ืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืกืขืง, ืงืึธืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืขืœืขื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ืจืžืื ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืœืขื’ื ื”ืฒึทื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืึธืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื’ืข- 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ: 


ืฐืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, 
ืื– ืคืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 
ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ืคืขืจื“. 


ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืฉืื‘ื™ื™ืกืขื ืื›ื˜ืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจืžืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืžื•ื™ื“ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื–ืฉืขื•ื•ืงืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืฐื ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ืŸ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืืก ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ืง. ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจืžืืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืœืขืš ื•ื•ืขืœื•ื•ืขื˜-ื˜ื•ื–ืฉื•ืจืงืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ืงืœ-ื‘ืœื•ื™ืข ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ. ื–ื™, ื“ื™ ืฉืฒื™ื ื”ืฒึทื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ- 
ืคึผื•ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทืกืขืจ ื‘ืื˜ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื–ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื–ืฒึทื“ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืืฃ ืื™ืจืข 
ืืงืกืœืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื ืงืจืขืžืขื•ื•ืข ืฆื™ื’ืฒึทื ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืฉืืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื•ื ื˜ืข ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืืคื˜ื™ืง ื’ืจื™ื ืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื‘ื’ืึธื“ื™ื ืื™ื– ื‘ื- 
ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื ืžืึธืœืขื˜ืืžืขื“ื™ืง ื’ื•ืคืขืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื™ื™ื•ื•ืจื™ืžืœืขืš. ืื™ืจืข ืœืื ื’ืข ื’ืขืœืึธืงื˜ืข ืฉื•ื•ืืจ- 
ืฆืข ื”ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืฒืฆืข, ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืึธื˜ืขืžื˜, ืฉืขืžืขืจื™ืจื˜. ื“ื™ ืžื•ื™ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื ื’ื ืžืืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืึธืจืขื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขื ืงื˜ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ื ืงื™ืฉืขืคื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ. 

ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื’ืข ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืคึผืึธืจืœ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืคืืจืคื™ืจืŸ ื 
ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืึธืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืžืข ืื™ื– ื ืฒึทื’ืขืจื™ืง ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™. ืฆื™ ืžืข ืื™ื– ืืฃ ืœืื ื’, ืฆื™ ืืฃ ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื–ืฉืขื•ื•ืงืข. ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ื™ืึธ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึธ ื˜ืึธืŸ. ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฒื™ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืžืขืงืื ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืืœื˜ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืึธืจืขื ืื–ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ื ืขื ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ. ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื•ืฉืงืขื˜. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื 
ื‘ืึทื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคึผืึธืจืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืึธื ื™ืง- 
ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื–ืฉืขื•ื•ืงืข ืืฃ ื“ืื˜ืฉืข, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืจืึธื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ืก ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœืขืš. ืื•ืŸ ื ืงืœื•ื’ื™ื˜ืฉืงืขืจ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืœื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื– ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ: ืฐืขื“ืœื™ืง ืื™ื ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข --ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™--ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื•ื•ืขื’ ืžื™ืŸ 
ื”ืืฉืึธืžืื™ึดื. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืคึผืฒึทื ืขืจ, ื ื‘ืขื ื™ืžืขืกื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ืืคื™ืœืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื›ืขืก, ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืกื•ืงืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™.. 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจื™ืฉืžืึธื‘ืขืจ!-- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื“ ื ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ื ื ื™ื˜-ืคืืจื’ื™ื ืขืจืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžืคึผืื ื™ืข, ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืจืขื“ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืฑื™ื’ืŸ, ืื™ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืงืกืœืขืŸ ืื™ืจืข. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆืขืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื˜ืขืœืขืจืœืขืš: 

-- ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื‘ื ืื™ืจ ืคืจืขื›ืข, ื›ื•ืฆืคึผืขื“ื™ืงืข. ื–ื™ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ 
ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืึธืคึผืฉืคึผืึธืจืŸ ื ืฉืขื ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ืื ื˜, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš? ืฐื•ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืก ืืฃ ื 
ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืฉืืœ?--ื ืฆื™ื’ืฒึทื ืขืจืŸ, ืžืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจืœ 
ืื™ืจืก, ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื’ืฒึทื ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืœืึธืงื ืก. ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื ืคึผืฒึทืงืœ, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืจืข 
ืฉืœืื ืงืข ืคื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื˜ืขื ืฆืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืึธืžืฆื™ืง-ืฆืืง. 


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ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืงื•ืขืš ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ --ื ื™ื˜ ืืคืŸ ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ืง. 
ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื˜ืืงืข ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฆื™ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื–ืฉืขื•ื•ืงืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ื ืงืœืื ื’, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืฒื™ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืคื™ืจืŸ. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ ื›ืืกืขื ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืฒื˜ืข. ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืื ื˜ืœืึธืคืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื ื™ื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ืงืœืึธืจ, ืื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, 
ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืžืขืฉื•ืžืขื“. ืฐื•ึผ ื ืฉืœืืง ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ื 
ืฆืึธืจืข ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืฆื•ื ืจื™ื–ืฉืขื•ื•ืงืขืจ ื‘ืจืขื’. 

ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ื˜ืขื’ ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžื–ืขืจืœ 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ืžืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ื™ื˜, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืœืข, ืฆื™ ื ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข. ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืื™ื– 
ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืฉื•ืžืขื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืฆื™ืžืขืจืœ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืขื›ื•ืฆืข-ื’ืืก. ื ื’ืขื˜ื•ื™ืคื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฉืžืขืงื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืฐื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืคึผื™ืงืึธืจืกื™ื. 

ืก'ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื“ืขืฉ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืจืึธื“ ื“ืึธืก ืžืขื›ื•ืฆืข-ื’ืขืกืœ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’. ืขืก ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื 
ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ. ืื•ื‘ ืก'ืื™ื– ืขืžืขืก, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึธืš ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ื‘ืืจื–ืฉืขืก ืžื™ื˜ 
ืงื•ื™ืœืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืฉื•ื”ื•ืŸ-ืฉืฒื™ื˜ืœืขืš, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืœืืกื˜-ื“ืืžืคืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืกื›ื•ื™ืจืข, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ื›ืืคึผืŸ ื ืคืืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืœ. ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื’ืขื™ื™ืฆืขื˜, ืื– ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ื•ื™ืคื˜ืขืจ, ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืŸ 
ืฆื• ืคึผื™ื ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืกื™ืจืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืกืข, ื ืขืžื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ืื’ืื–ืฉ 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืืกืื–ืฉื™ืจืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืืกื™ืจืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ ืžืื›ืŸ ืงื™ื“ืขืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ืึธื ืฆื™ื ื“ืŸ ื ืœืืžื˜ืขืจื ื“ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ื’. 
ื‘ื ืคื™ื ื™ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจืก ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ -- ืฆืื“ื™ืงื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืจืคื™ืฉืข -- ืืคึผืึธืกื˜ืึธืœืŸ, 

ืคึผื™ื ื™ืข ืื™ื– ืืคืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืœื™ืฐืขืœืึธืš, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืคื–ืขืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืฒึทืš-ืฐืึธืงื–ืืœ 
ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืื›ืŸ ื ืฆืขื’ืึธืก. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ืืคืŸ ืงืืกื™ืจืขืจ ืžืขื’ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ, ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผื™ื ื™ืข ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืกื™ืจืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืงืึธืฐืขื“, ื’ืขืฉืขืฆื˜ ืื™ื. ื“ื™ ืืคึผืึธืกื˜ืึธืœืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืงืึธ. ื“ื™ ืฆืื“ื™ืงื™ื -- ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ื’ืขื‘ืขืจ. ืคึผื™ื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ื- 
ืื•ื•ืœื˜ -- ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื ืืจื˜ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธื’, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืขื–ืฉื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ. 
ืžืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื ืงืึธืคึผืขืงืข, ื›ื•ืฅ ื“ืขื, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ื’ืขื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืฆื•ืคืืœืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืคืขืกื˜ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจ- 
ื–ืฉืขืก, ืฐืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืึธื ืœืึธื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืืกื˜-ื“ืืžืคืขืจืก ื“ืขื ืฆื•ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื•ืžื™ืงืข ืฆื•ืงืขืจ-ื–ืืฐืึธื“ืŸ, ืžืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ืคึผื™ื ื™ืข ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ื‘ืืจื–ืฉืข ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืืœืฅ. ืฐื™ ืฉื˜ืขื - 
ื“ื™ืง, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืคืจื™ืฉืขืจ, ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื’ืึธืœื˜, ื“ื™ ืฉืžืึธืœื™ื - 
ืงืข, ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข, ื–ืฒึทื“ืขื ืข ื‘ืืงืขื ื‘ืืจื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืจืึทื–ืขืฐืข ื‘ืืงืŸ --ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืขืจืขืœืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื˜ ืืคืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ืžืืžืขืฉ ืก'ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืขืจ ืคึผื™ื“ื–ืฉืืง ืคืืจืฉืคึผื™ืœื™ืขื˜ ืืฃ ืืœืข ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจื ืข ืงื ืขืคึผ, ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ืืกืงืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืื ืงืขืจืœืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืื ื˜ืจื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืžืคึผื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืจื™ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื‘ืื ืงืืกื™ืจืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉื™ืงืข ื”ืืžืขื˜ืขื ืข ืืงืกืœืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ืคื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื“ืขื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ืงืืจื˜ื•ื– ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœื- 
ืงื™ืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืืกืงืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืืฉืขืง, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืขื ืœืขืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ื ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ืŸ ืงืืกื™ืจืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืืฃ 
ื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืื-ืฉื™ืฃ. ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืœืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืจื˜ื•ื– 
ื‘ืื ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืœืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื’ื–ืข ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“-- 
ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงืืกื™ืจืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืืฉืขืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืก--- ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืกืฒึทืฐื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืืจืฒึทื ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืก, 
ืงืึธืŸ ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ ื ืึธืš ืจื•ื™ืฉื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ-ื™ืจืขื˜ืขื›ืœืขืš. 

ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ืืคืŸ ื–ืืžื“-ืึธื ืฉื™ื˜ ืœืขื ื‘ืจืขื’, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจื–ืฉืข ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ. ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืจืขื“ืœ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, ื’ืขืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜, ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผื™ืคึผืงืขื˜ ืžืื›ืึธืจืงืข-ืฆื™ื’ืืจืŸ. ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ื‘ื™ื™- 
ื ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข, ืคื™ืจืขืงื™ืงืข ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื‘ืึธื ื™ื, ืคึผืืจืฉื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืืจืคืข ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืืงืกืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™- 
ื’ืขื ืข ืคึผืœืฒื™ืฆืขืก, ื’ืขื’ืืจื˜ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง. ืคื•ืŸ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื ื’ืขืจื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜,. ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื™ืŸ ืงืœื•ื ื™ืข ื’ืขื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื˜. ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื ื™ืœืข, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ืžืข ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœืขืš, ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืืœื‘ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ื•ื ืงืขื ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, 

ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืคืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ื’ืขื‘ืขืจ. ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืืžื‘ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืœื™ืง ื’ืขื™ืึธื’ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืข- 
ื ืขืจ, ืงื ืืงื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืงืึธืฐืขื˜ืข ืจืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ืฉื ื™ืง. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ืจืžืื ืขืก 


69 


ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจืขื’ ืืฃ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจื–ืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜. 
ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืคืŸ ื–ืืžื“-ืึธื ืฉื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜: 

-- ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื˜ืงืึธ ื’ืฒื˜! 

ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื™ืขื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจื˜ืึธื˜ืฉืงืขืก, 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ืฒึทื›ืขืจ, ื’ืขื˜ืึธืคึผื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึนืฃ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜. ื‘ืฒื™ืกืžืฒึทืกืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืกื™ืจืขืจ, ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืกืข ื’ืึธื˜ืก 
ืฉืึธืœื™ึดืขืš, ื”ืืœื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืคืจืื›ื˜ื™ืฆืขื˜ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืœืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืจื˜ื•ื–. ื ืฉืคึผืืกืžืื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืœ: 

-- ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืฉื™ืงืœ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ื’ืึธืœื“ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจืœ. 

ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ืœื™ื™ืฆื™ื ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ื•ื™ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืคึผืืจืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื™ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ื’ืขื‘ืขืจ, ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืœืฒืฆืข ืคื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜, ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืขื˜ืฒึทื ืขื˜, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, 
ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืคึผื™ื ื™ืข ืื™ื– ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ื’ืขื•ืฐื•ืขืŸ, ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง. 
ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืจื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืœื’- 
ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก, ื ืฒึทื’ืขืจื™ืง ื ืึธื›ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜, ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืงืืกื™ืจืขืจ ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืจื™ืงืขืก: 

-- ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืฉื•ืžืขื“! ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ื’ืขื‘ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื ื‘ืืœื“ ืึธืคึผืฐืขื’ืŸ ื 
ืฉืงืืจืžื™ืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจืึธื›ืขืก. 

-- ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื ืงื•ืง, ืคึผื™ื ื™ืขืก ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืฆืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ. 

-- ื‘ืืœื“ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื ืขืจืŸ... 

-- ืฉื, ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ! 

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ื’ืขื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืขืจืขืฐื•ืขื˜ ืฆื•ื ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ื ืกืคึผืึธื“ืขืง, ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื’ื•ื•ืืœื“ืขื•ื•ืขื˜, ื•ื•ืืจืคื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜. ืก'ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื›ื˜- 
ืฆืขื˜ืœืขืŸ ืคืœืื˜ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขืฆื™ื›ืข, ืฐืฒึทื–ื ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืืžื‘ืข, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืคื•ืจืœืขืš ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืจื™ื™, 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื–ืืžื“-ืึธื ืฉื™ื˜. ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืกื™ืจืขืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืขืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืœื™ืึธื ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉืžื™ืกืขื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ ืืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืจืึธื‘ืขื ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืฆื- 
ื“ื™ืงื™ื ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืคึผืึธืกื˜ืึธืœืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืืจืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื’ืขื ื•" 
ืžืขืŸ ื”ื•ืงืขืŸ, ื˜ื™ื•ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกื•ื•ื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขืŸ. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•-ื–ื™ืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืืฃ ืืจื•ืฃ ืื•ืŸ, 
ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืึธืกืŸ ื ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืงื•ื™ืขืš, 
ืื– ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื˜ืข ืื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืฒึทืงืœื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื“ื ื™ืขืคึผืขืจ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืœืึธื ืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื–ื™ืคืฆื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืึธืคึผื”ื™ืœืš, ื•ื™ 
ืขืก ืคึผืืกื˜ ืคืืจ ื ื‘ืืกืงืึธืœ. 

ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜, ืžืืžืขืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข ืืจื•ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืืžื“- 
ืึธื ืฉื™ื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืฉืขืจ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื ืฒึทื“ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’, 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื™ืขื–ืึธื’ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืื ื’ืข 
ืคื™ืก ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ื–ืื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจืงืื˜ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืœ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืคืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืข 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืืคื™ืœืข ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงืŸ, ืฐื™ ื‘ื ื“ืขื 
ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ืคืืจืกืžืืœื™ืขื˜ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืกื˜ืืจื˜ืฉืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฆืขื›ืจืืกื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ื”ืขืžื“ืœ ื ืคึผืึธืจ 
ืฉืœืึธืกื‘ืฒื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืขื ืœืขืš ืืฃ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจื ืข ืคึผืจืขื ื˜ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ืื ื˜ื‘ืœื•ื™ื–ื˜ืข ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ 
ืขืœื ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคืœืึธื›ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืฐืึธืœืขื ืข ืึธื“ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจ- 
ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืื ื™ืœืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง. ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืื ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ ืื“ื•ืจืš ื ื’ืขื“ืื ืง --ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธ- 
ื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืึธืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจื ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืข. 


ืึธืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคึผื™ืคึผืงืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆื™ื’ืืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืงืœืขืคึผื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฉืขืจืฉืื•ื•ืขืจ ืœื™ืคึผ. ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ื’ืืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื ืจื•ื™ื›ืœ ืฆื•ื ืœื™ื ืงืŸ ื–ืฉืžื•ืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ืื•ื™ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื›ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’, ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ืฆืขืขืคื ื˜ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ, ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ืืฉืขืง, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขื ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ืงืจืขืคื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืึธื–. 

ืึธืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื–ื™ืคืฆืขืœืข ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉื ืึธืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื™ื’ืืจื™ืฉื ื™ืฆืœ, ื ืจื™ืจ 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐื•ืขืจืข ืืงืกืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืืจืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืจื™ืง ืงืึธืœ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืืœื˜ื‘ืœื•- 
ื˜ื™ืง ื“ืื‘ืขืจืŸ: 

-- ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจืžืืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืืฒึทื ืงื™ืคืŸ ืืœื˜ืข ื–ืึธืงืฑื›ืึธ- 
ืœื™ืขื•ื•ืขืก? 


70 


-- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ---ืื™ืš ื™ืœ ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื‘ืืœ- 
ืžืขืœืึธื›ืขืก, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜. 

-- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื–ื•ื™, ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• ื“ืึธืš ื ื ืืฉื‘ืจืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืกืข ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขื. 

ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜. ืึธืฉืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื ืงื•ื•ืขืฆื˜ืฉ 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื™ืื“ ื“ืขื ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคืืœืŸ ืงื•ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžืขื›ื™ืœืข ื‘ื ืึธืฉืขืจืŸ 
ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืขืงืืœื™ืขื˜ืฉืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืœืžืขืœืึธื›ืข, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืืฒึทื ืงืœืืžืขืจืŸ ืึธืฉืขืจืก ื”ืื ื˜, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ 
ืฆื•ื ืคึผืืกืขืง ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœ. 

ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ --ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ืงื•ืง ื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื‘ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื™ 
ืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื™ืงืขืจ. 

ืฐืขื“ืœื™ืง ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึทืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜, ืื™ื– ืงืขื ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื™ืึธื“ืื™ึดื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขืงืœืืžืขืจื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืฉืขืจ ื ืฐื•ึผื ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื•ื 
ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืœื•ื›ืฆื˜ ื ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืจื™ืง ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœ: 

-- ื”ืข, ื”ืข, ื”ืข? 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜: 

-- ื”ืึธ, ื”ืึธ, ื”ืึธ! 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืขื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ. 

ื“ื™ ืฆืื“ื™ืงื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงืึธืกืข ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืคืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ืฑืคึผื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ. ื 
ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผื™ื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ืืœืขืกืงืึธื˜ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืฆืขืก ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจื“, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืžืืกืข ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืฒืฆืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืฑื’ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืจืฒึทืขืŸ. ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜, 
ืื– ื‘ื ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ ืจื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ืคื™ืฉื™ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ื–ืฒึทื ืก ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืืจื•ืฃ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืœืฒืฆืข ืืŸ ืื•ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ืขื’ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ 
ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ืข ืคื™ืฉ, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืฉืึธืœื ื˜, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื• ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืคึผืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื’ืื ืขื•ื• (ืื–ื•ื™ ืจื•ืคืŸ 
ืื™ื ื“ื™ ืฆืื“ื™ืงื™ื) ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ื•ื™ืคื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื˜. 

ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ืคื™ืœื™ืคึผ ื“ื•ื–ืฉืข, ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืขืจ ืืคึผืึธืกื˜ืึธืœ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืจืคื™ืฉืข ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ, 
ื–ืึธืœ ืึธืคึผืžืขืกื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื™ืงืข ื’ืจื™ืŸ-ื‘ืœื•ื™ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฑืกืฉื ืฒึทืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜- 
ืฆืขืคืึธืจืขื ืข ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ื ืึธื–, ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื ื‘ื•ืจื˜ืฉืข ื˜ืึธืŸ ,ื˜ืฉืึธืจื˜ ื–ื ื ืฉื˜ืึธ", ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืืคึผืึธืกื˜ืึธืœืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืงืขืจืขืฐืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืึธืจ ืืจื•ื, ืฐืขืŸ ื™ืึธืกืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคืืจ ื ,ื‘ืืงืขื ืฉื˜ืฉื™ืง" ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื™ืคืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืฆื™ืจืง, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืึธื ืฆื™ื ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืืžื˜ืขืจื ื“ืœืขืš ืืคืŸ 
ื“ื ื™ืขืคึผืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ ื“ื™ ื“ืืžืคืขืจืก, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืงืื™ืึธืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืขืฉืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืœืืžื˜ืขืจื ืก, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืงืจืึธื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืžืื›ืฉืึธืฐื•ืขืก. ืึธืคื˜- 
ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืœืื ื’ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื™ืคึผ ื“ื•ื–ืฉืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจืขื’ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผึผืึธืจ ื™ื•ื›ื˜ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœ, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืžื™ืจื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื–ืขื’ืขื›ืฅ. ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื•ื•ื™ื“ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ, ืคื™ืœื™ืคึผ, ืงื•ื™ื“ืขืžืงืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืขืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฆื•ื ืงืœื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ- 
ื˜ื•ืจืขื, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฆื™ื™ืœืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ืงืข, ื–ื™ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜, 
ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืืง ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืฐื•ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคื™ืก ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื™ื•ื™ืœืขืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืขื ืง. ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึธื ื˜ืึธืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืงืฐืึธืจื˜ ื‘ืจืื ืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืึธืจืฐืขืกืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฉื™ืงืึธืœื™ืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืื ื’ืŸ ื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ื”ืขืžื“ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขืœื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขืžื“, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืงืขืœื ืขืจืœ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืื ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื•ื™ืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืžืขืฉืขื ืขื ืฆื™ื™ืœืขื ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜: ื“ืึธืก ืงื•ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืฉื˜ืจื™ืงืœ, ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ืœืขื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืคืขื˜ืŸ 
ื”ืืœื“ื–. ืคื™ืœื™ืคึผืก ื˜ืจืขืœื‘ื•ื™ืš ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืฐื•ื™ืงืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืฒึทืฃ ืืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืืจื˜ืœ, 

ืกืฒึท ื“ื™ ืืคึผืึธืกื˜ืึธืœืŸ, ืกืฒึท ื“ื™ ืฆืื“ื™ืงื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ืขืจืขื›ืขืจืขืฅ ืคืืจ ืคื™ืœื™ืคึผ ื“ื•ื–ืฉืขืก ื’ืฐื•ึผืจืข. 
ื™ืึธืกืœ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื•ื•ื™ื“ืข. ืื™ื, ื“ืขื 
ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืœื™ืงื˜. ืึธืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืคืืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืึธื“ืจื™ืื“, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื“ืืจืคื˜ 
ืึธื ื’ืจื•ื–ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ืคึผื ื™ืงืก ื“ืืžืฃ-ืžื™ืœ. ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื˜ืขืœื ืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ื™ืขื“ืขืจืขืจ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš, ืžืข ื‘ืืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ ื–ืขืงืœืขืš, 
ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื ืข. 


11 


ืคึผื™ื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืฉืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืฆืื“ื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื™ืคึผืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืืคึผืึธืกื˜ืึธืœืŸ. ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืฐืขืœืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื˜ืฐื•ึผืข ืืฃ ื ืœืืกื˜-ื“ืืžืคืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ืฃ-ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 

ืคื™ืœื™ืค ื“ื•ื–ืฉืข ื ืขืžื˜ ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“ ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื–ืขืงืœ, ื ืึธืš ืื™ื ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข 
ื ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ. ื™ืึธืกืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™. ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืืจื•ืคื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืœืขืžืก, ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืข ื–ืขืง, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืคืืจืคึผืืคึผื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขืœ- 
ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘. ืฐื•ืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืคืืจื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืขืง-ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ืืง 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง, 

ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื ื“ื–. ื“ื™ ื–ืขืงืœืขืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืฒืฆืขืก, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืคึผ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ. ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื›ื˜, 
ืื– ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทืกืข ื–ืขืงืœืขืš ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืคื™ืก. ื’ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืœืขืš: 

-- ื ืขื ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ื• ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืืจืงืขืŸ. 

-- ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืงืจืขื›ืฆืŸ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืคืฆืŸ. 

ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื™ื™ืฆืขื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ื™ืขืก ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื™ืึธืœืขื, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืฐืฒึทืก. 

--- ืคื™ืœื™ืคึผ ื™ืึธื’ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืจืื•ื•ื™ืฆื™! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ. 

ืคื™ืœื™ืค ื“ื•ื–ืฉืข ืคึผืื˜ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธืจืฐืขืกืข ืคื™ืก, ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืœื™ืขืกืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืจืขื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื ืข. ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืœื™ืขืกืงืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ืืžืึธืœ ืืฒึทืœื™ืงืขืจ. ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคื™ืœื™ืคึผืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืข ื–ืื›ืŸ. ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื ืืก. ื“ื™ ื–ืขืงืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืžืึธืจื“ืขืฐืขื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ื™ืฆืขืก. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืฑืŸ 
ื’ืขืงืจืขื›ืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ืคืฆื˜ ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื. ืฆื• ื‘ื™ืกืœืขืš ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืขืจืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืฒืŸ. 

ื™ืึธืกืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืืคึผืึธืกื˜ืึธืœ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืืจื•ื™ืกื–ืขืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืขืจืข, 
ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืึธืคึผืจื•ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืื™ื, ื“ืขื ื’ื•ื•ืืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืžื™ื“, ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื–ืขืงืœืขืš ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืœืขืง. 

ืคื™ืœื™ืคึผ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื™ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ืงื•ื™ืœืขืก: 

-- ื”ืืœื˜ ืืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืงืก! 

-- ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื ืงื™ืฆืœ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืœื‘ื•ื™ืš, ื ืคืฒึทืขืจ ืืฃ ืื™ื. 

ื“ืขืจ ืืคึผืึธืกื˜ืึธืœ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทื ืก--ืขืก ืฉื˜ืขื›ื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ. ืขืจ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืึธื ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ืื˜ืขืก ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ, ืœืขื›ืฆื˜ ืžืืžืขืฉ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ื™ืคึผืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™, ืฐื™ืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืึธื’ืŸ ื™ืึธืกืœืขืŸ 
ื ืึธืจ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื‘ืืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก ื ืงืขืจืขื•ื•ืข ื“ืขื ื–ืืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขื ืืงื•ืจืื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื™ืคึผืก ื ืึธื– ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื•ืขื’. ืื– ืžืข ืื™ื– ืืจื•ืคื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจืขื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืจืขื’ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืึธืกืœ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืื ื˜ ืœืื ื’ื–ืื, ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜, ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ื-ื™ 
ื ืขื ืข ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืึธื ื™ืึธื’ืŸ. ื‘ืื ืืคึผืึธืกื˜ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื•ื•ืขื’ืก ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื•ื™ืœืขื›ื˜, ื•ื™ ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆืฑื’ืขื ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืื™ื ื•ื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืืคื™ืœืข ื‘ืื ืืคึผืึธืกื˜ืึธืœ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืฒืฆืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื ื ืืกืข ืœืื˜ืข. ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืคึผืืคึผื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขืœื™ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘, ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžื™ื™ืกื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืื›ืจื™ื›ื™ื, 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงื•ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ, ื‘ื ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืึธืœืขื ืื™ื– ื‘ืื 
ื”ืืœื“ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืื ื˜ืขื›ืœ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืคึผืึธืจืึธืฉืขื˜, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืจืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืฐื™ึดืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืคืืจืคืจืึธืกื˜ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 

ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื›ืืคึผืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื˜ืขื. ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื“ืืจืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืœืึธื“ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืคื•ืจืœ ืžืขืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธ ืงืœื•ื ื™ื, ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืขืงืœ: 

-- ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืคื•ืŸื™ืืฒึทืขืจื˜ืฐืขื’ืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืฒึทื ืขื˜, -- ืื™ืš ื“ืืจืฃ ืื•ื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืคืืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ! 

ื“ื™ ืืคึผืึธืกื˜ืึธืœืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคื•ืจืœ, ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฐื•ึผืงืกื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ, ืืฃ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืขืžื“ ืื™ื– ื ืืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš, ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื–ืืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขืœ-ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืข- 
ืงืœืขืคึผื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืฉืืจืคืข ืืงืกืœืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึทืก ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืœืขืง ื–ืขืงืœืขืš. 

ื“ืขืจ ืืคึผืึทืกื˜ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื ื”ื•ืงืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจ, 
ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœื™ืคึผ ื“ื•ื–ืฉืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืจืขืฆื™ื›ืข. 

ื“ืขืจ ืืคึผืึทืกื˜ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆื˜ืŸ ืžืึธื’ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ, ืื™ื 
ืึธืคึผื ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื‘ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืข 


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ื˜ืจืึธืคึผื ื“ืœืขืš. ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ืฐื™ ื‘ืื ืืคึผืึธืกื˜ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืข 
ืงื ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืขืœืขืš ืืคืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื, ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื“ื™ ืืงืกืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื“ืœ ืืจื•ื 
ืคื•ืจืœ ืขื ื’ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 

ื“ืึธ ืืคืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืœ-ืื•ืŸ-ืืฒึทื–ืŸ -- ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืžื™ืฉื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ. ืžืข ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ึผืงืกื™ืงื™ืžืึธื’ืขืจืขืจ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืืคึผืึธืกื˜ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืจืึธื‘ืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธื’ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึธืคึผื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื™ืœื™ืคึผ ืึธื ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทืœื˜ ื ืคื•ื™ืกื˜, ืฐื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ 
ืื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธืก ื ืึธื– ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืืจื˜ืฒึทืขื˜ืขืจ ืจืขืฆื™ื›ืข ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜: 

-- ืกืงืื–ืฉื™, ืงื•ืžืข, ื˜ืฉื™ื ืคึผืื›ื ืข?: 

ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืงืฒึทืงืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืœื“ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 

ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธ ืงืœื•ื ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืืคืŸ ืคื•ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜, ื’ืขืขื’ื‘ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืืœืขื ืข ืืฑื™ื’ืŸ 
ืคื™ืœื™ืคึผืก ืคืขื˜ืข ื‘ืืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ, ื•ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืึธืœื™ืขืฐืข 
ื ืžืขืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืืคึผืึธืกื˜ืึธืœืก ื˜ืจืขืœื‘ื•ื™ืš. ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื“ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ื•ืืงืœ 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืก'ืื™ื– ืื“ื•ืจืš ื ื‘ืจื•ืžืขื ื™ืฉ. ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ืฆื• ืืœื“ื™ ืจื•ื›ืขืก. 

ืคื™ืœื™ืคึผืก ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืงืฒึทืงืœื˜ ืืฃ ืืจื•ืฃ. ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืืคึผืึธืกื˜ืึธืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืื ื’ื–ืื ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ 
ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืฉืคึผืืŸ ืืฃ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืจืขืงื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฐื™ ื ื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืžืึธืกื˜ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื“ืขืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธื’ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืืคึผืขืก, ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืžืขืกืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื‘ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, 
ืื™ื– ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฆืขืฐื•ื™ืœื“ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ืข ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืคื™ืœื™ืคึผ ืื™ื– ืื•ืคื’ืขื–ืึธื˜ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ืงืขืกืœ ื‘ื•ื™ืžืœ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืึธืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืืจืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื, ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœื™ืคึผืŸ, ื’ืขืจื™ื™ืฆื˜, ืืœืข 
ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืฒื™ืฆืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ืขืงืœ ืžืขืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื–, ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืืคึผืึธืกื˜ืึธืœ, 
ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื. 

-- ื˜ื™ืงืฒึท, ืœื™ืื›ื•ื•ื! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื™ืœื™ืคึผ ื“ื•ื–ืฉืข ื ืจืขื•ื•ืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก, ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืึธืงืก ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจื ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข 
ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ื–ื™ืš ื ืœืึธื– ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืžื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื™ืึธืกืœ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก ืงืืœื˜ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืง 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜. ืฐืฒึทืœ ืคื™ืœื™ืคึผ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืฑืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืขืจ, ืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ืงืขืจ 
ืœื•ืคื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ื•ืืงืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืจืืœ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. 

ื™ืึธืกืœ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืคืืœืขื ืขื, ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ืื™ื ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืงืœืืžืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื™ื“ืขืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก, ืื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ. 

ืคื™ืœื™ืค ื“ื•ื–ืฉืข ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืืคืŸ ืจืขื“ืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืจืฒื™ืก- 
ืœืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืขืžื“, ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืœื˜ ืœืื ื’, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืืฐืึธืœื™ืข, ื”ื™ื ืงืขื ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ 
ื ืคื•ืก, ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’, ืืคืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 

ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืฒึทื ืขื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธ ืงืœื•ื ื™ืขืŸ. ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืงืœืขืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืคื•ืจืœ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื ืข. ื“ืึธืก ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื– ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืขื ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜, ื ืึธืจ 
ื’ืขืฉืคึผืื ื˜ ืืฒึทืœื ื“ื™ืง, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคื•ืจืœ. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื–ืืžืœื˜ ื‘ืื ืงืืกื™ืจืขืจืก ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœ ืืฃ ืฆื• ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื ืฅ, ืื™ื– 
ืคื™ืœื™ืค ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืฆื•ื ืžืึธื’ืขืจ-ื™ืฐื•ึผืงืกื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ: 

-- ื ื•, ื’ื ื™ื“ืข, ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืงืœืขืš? 

ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธ ืงืœื•ื ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืœืื›ื˜. ื“ื™ ืืคึผืึธืกื˜ืึธืœืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื”ื•ืงืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ืคื™ืœื™ืคึผืŸ, ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื“ื™ ื–ืขืงืœืขืš ืคืืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืืฃ 
ืงืœื•ื ื™ืขืŸ. 

ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืžืขืฐื•ึผืœื•ื•ืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื ืคื™ืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืฉืขืจืก ื–ืฒึทื˜: 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ืกื˜ื• ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื›ื™ื™ื ื“ืขืœืข?--- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื’ืื ืขื•ื• ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืฐื•ืขื˜ืฉื˜.--ื 
ืคึผืึธื˜ืขืคืืœื ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืขืฉื•ืžืขื“. 

ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ื™ืงืขื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื˜ื•ื™ืคื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ื˜ืขื’ ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืื“ืืจืคื˜ ืึธื ืœืึธื“ืŸ ื ืœืืกื˜-ื“ืืžืคืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืื“ื™ืื˜ืึธืจืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ 
ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืจื˜ืก ื–ืืฐืึธื“. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืกื›ื•ื™ืจืข ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื- 
ื‘ืขืœืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืืคืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 


1 ื–ืึธื’, ืคืขื˜ืขืจืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฉืžืขืงื˜ ืขืก! 


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ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ ื˜ืืกืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืื“ื™ืื˜ืึธืจืก ืืฃ ื ื˜ืจืึธื’ื‘ืจืขื˜. ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืืœืŸ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ื™ืขืก, ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืฆื• ืึธืฉืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื 
ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืžื˜ ื ืกืึธื“, ืืœืข ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื”ืขืจืŸ: 

-- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื“ืึธืžืข! ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืขืฉื•ืžืขื“ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ืžืึธื ื˜ื™ืง!--ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืืกื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืขืจืขืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. 

ื™ืึธืกืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœืฅ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืืฑื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืขืงื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืืจื˜ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืจืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืืžืขืฉ ื’ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืืžื‘ืข. ื“ื™ ื’ืขืงืึทืฐืขื˜ืข 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื’ื–ืข ื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ. 

ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืข ืจืื“ื™ืื˜ืึธืจืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืฒึทืขืš, ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืืคืŸ 
ืกื™ื™ื›ืœ -- ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ื˜ืื˜ืฉืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื“ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืื“;ืื˜ืึธืจืก, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ, 
ืื‘ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฃ. ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืžืื›ืŸ ื ื•ื•ืขื’ 
ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืฉืงืข. ืœืื ื’ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืึธืกืœ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืจืขื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจื–ืฉืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืฆื•, ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื˜-ืื™ื– ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉื˜ืื‘ืขืœืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืงืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข, ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืœืืกื˜-ื“ืืžืคืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื ืคืื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื– ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืฐื•ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืึธื’ื™ืงืข ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืข ืจืื“ื™ืื˜ืึธืจืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืืจืคืข ืจื•ืงื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืจืื ื“ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืึธื ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื™ื’ืขืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื–ืขื. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืคึผื™ื“ื–ืฉืืงืขืœืข, ืื•ืŸ ืกืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขืจื•ื ืขืŸ ืคึผืึทื˜ื™ืึธืงืขืก ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืœืึธื–ื ื“ื™ืง ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ืš ืฐืฒึทืกืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืืกื™ืงืœืขืš. ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆืขืงืืจื‘ื˜, ืฐื™ ืžืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืก 
ืฆืขืฉืžื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืฉ. 

ื™ืขื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืฐืขื˜ ื™ืึธืกืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื™ื•ื•. ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ -- ื”ื™ื™ืฉืขืจื™ืงืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืžืื›ืŸ ืงื™ื“ืขืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืขื ืงืœ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืคึผืจื™ืฉืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื™ืขื ืขื ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’ 
ื‘ืื“ืืจืคื˜ ืืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑื™ืกื‘ืึธื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื•ื•ืืฉืŸ, ื‘ื™ืคืจืื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืื“ืŸ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ืืฉืคึผืจื™ืฆืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธื“ืจื™ืื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ 
ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืืกืงืขื˜ ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจืก ืืฃ ื ื˜ืจืึธื’ื‘ืจืขื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ืฉืขื ืง ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืœื“ื™ืง. ื“ื™ ืฐืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆื˜, ืขืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืžืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืืฉืงืข, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืฐืฒึทืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจื™ื™ืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืœื˜ืข ื’ืข- 
ื–ืฒึทืขืจื˜ืข ืื•ื’ืขืจืงืขืก. ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื’ืขืจื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืจืขื’ืœื˜ืข ืฆื™ื‘ืขืœืขืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉืžืืœืฅ, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื ื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉืขืจืข ืคืืจ ื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขื ืขื ื’ืืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขืžืขื‘ืœื˜ ืืœืงืขืจืœ. 

ืืจื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื•ื‘ืœืขื•ื•ืขื˜ืข ื“ื™ืงืข ื“ืขืžื‘ืขื ืข ื‘ืจืขื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืื“ื™ืงื™ื. ื–ื™ื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขืจืึธืกื™ืŸ-ืœืึธืžืคึผ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข. ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ืคึผืœืขืฆืœ 
ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืœืขืš. ื‘ื ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืืฉืขืง ืคืืจื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜, ื‘ื ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ 
ืคืืจื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ืืจื•ืฃ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆื˜, ืฐื™ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. 

ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื ืœื™ื“; 


ืื•ื™, ืžืื–ืœ, ืžืื–ืœ, 

ืฐื•ึผ ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื ื˜ืจื™ื ืขืŸ, 

ืื™ืš ื˜ื• ื“ื™ืš ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืขืœืขืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื“ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 


ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืคืœื™ืืกืงืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื”ืื ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ. ืึธืฉืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืึธืกืœืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื–ืขืกืŸ ืืฑื‘ื ืึธืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจืฉืคึผื™ืœื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื ืขืคึผ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผื™ื“ื–ืฉืืง. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืกื™ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ, 
ืึธืฉืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืขืคึผืขืก ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. ื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืืจืฑื™ืกืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ ื 
ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ, ื ืึธืจ ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขื’ื™ืœื•ืคืŸ, ืงืึธืŸ ืขืจ ืคืืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืึธืฉืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ, ืฉืึธืงืœื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜. ื”ื•ื™ืœืขื›ื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฉืคึผืื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื ื‘ืจืขื˜, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืžืฒึทืกืข, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื™ื™ึทื›ืขืก, ืžื•ื– ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ. ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื“ื™ืงืข ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ืข ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ, ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจื‘ืจื•ื™ื ื˜ืข ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’, 
ื’ืœืื ืฆื˜, ืฉืขืžืขืจื™ืจื˜ ืžืืžืขืฉ, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืœืึธื ื“ื–ืฉืขืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืคืŸ. ืขืจ 
ืฆืขื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืงืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื›ืฑื–ืขืงื™ืคึผืฒึทืขืจืœืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ. ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข ืœืืž- 
ื“ืึธื ื™ื, ื ืึธืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืจ-ืื•ืจื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืจืขืกื™ืจืขื˜ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื˜ืจืข- 


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ื’ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืขืœื™ึทื™ืึธื”ื• ื”ืื ืึธื•ื•ื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคืืจ ื ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ืŸ ื–ืึธืงืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืขื’ื ืก ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข, ืฐื™ ืกืข ืคึผืืกื˜ 
ืคืืจ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฆื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื™ืจืขืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืืžื“ืึธื ื™ื. ื“ืจืฒึทืฆืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ 
ื‘ืื ื ืึธืฐื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืื™ื, ื ืขื‘ืขืš, ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืžืื ื˜ืœ, ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ, ืึธืฉืขืจ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืืžื“ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืžืึธื ืขืฉืขืš, ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืขืŸ 
ืคืืจ ืื™ื ืืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืžืขื“ืจืขืฉ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืคึผืืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื ืง, 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืœืขื™ื‘ืขื“ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืœืข, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื™ืงืข! ื–ื™ 
ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื’ืžื™ืœืขืกื›ืขืกืขื“ ืฆื•ื ืฉืึธื›ืŸ, ืฆื™ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ, ืึธืฉืขืจ, ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืžืขืฉืึธืจืขืก ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืœื“ืจืข? 

ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืงืฒึทืงืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืขืจืก ืžื•ื™ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืฒึทื›ืขืจ. ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื ืง, ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื›- 
ื˜ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืึธืงืœืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืึธืžืคึผ. 

ื™ืึธืกืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜, ืื– ืึธืฉืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทืกืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื’ืึธื“ืข 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืจืขื‘ ืขืœื™ึดืขื–ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ึทื™ืึธื”ื• ื”ืื ืึธื•ื•ื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคืืจ ื ื–ืึธืงืŸ. 

ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื’ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืฉืขื ืงืœ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืืœ- 
ืžืขืŸ. ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ืฆืื“ื™ืงื™ื, ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืืงืกืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื ืžื•ื™ืœ: 

-- ืฐืึธืก ืงืฐืึธืœื™ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ! ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืขืฉื•ืžืขื“ ื“ืขืจืฐืึธืจื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงื ื™ืฉ? ืืฒึทืš ื˜ื•ื˜ 
ื”ืื ืึธืข, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ืžืขืจ ืืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืื‘ืข? 

ืึทืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื›ืŸ ื ืคึผืขื˜ืฉืื˜ืขืง ื“ืขื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืขื, 
ื ืึธืจ ื™ืึธืกืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ื’ืขื™ื™ืฆืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ืžืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืืกื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉ. 

ืฉืึทืงืœืขื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืื™ื– ืึธืฉืขืจ ืคึผืืฐืึธืœื™ืข ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ื ืคื™ืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืฉืžื•ืจืขื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื’ื–ืข ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ืจืื‘ื•ื™ืกืฒื™, ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืฃ ืึธืฉืขืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ื’ืขืฆื™, ื˜ื•ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื˜ืœ, ืฐืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืขืก ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜ ื“ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ?--ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืจืขืงื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืขื, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืึธืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ; 

-- ืจืขื‘ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืืฃ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื’ื•ื˜, ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ืืŸ ืึธืจื˜. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืœืขืง ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื 
ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ืึธ, ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ, -- ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืขืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืขื ืง ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื ืงืึธืœ 
ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜: 

-- ื™ื•ื™ืœืขืง, ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืฆืึธืœื˜? 

-- ื‘ืืฆืึธืœื˜, ื‘ืืฆืึธืœื˜, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ืืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ. 

ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืึธืฉืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืกืœืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืœืขื›ืื™ึดื, ื’ืขืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืขืก. ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืงื•ื™ืกืข, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืึธื ื™ืึธื’ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจืคืขืœื˜ืข. ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ืžืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ ืงืึธืŸ ืืฒึทื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืคื™ืœื™ืคึผ ื“ื•ื–ืฉืข ื’ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ. ืืฃ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื’ืื ืขื•ื• ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜. ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืึธืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข. 
ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืื– ืจืขื‘ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืึธืคึผื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื ื›ืื–ืึธื ื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืœืข. 

-- ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื˜ื• ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜? ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ื, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืึธื–, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื’ืœืขื–ืœ. 

ื™ืึธืกืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ: ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ืขืจ ื˜ืืงืข ื ื™ื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืž- 
ื“ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืกืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ืžืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, 
ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื ื˜ืืœืขืกืงืึธื˜ืŸ. 

ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ื ืคืืจืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, 
ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื™ืึธืกืœืก ืคึผืึธื ืขื. ืงืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉื™ืงืข ืœื™ืคึผืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ืคื™ืฉ. 

ื“ื™ ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ืขื‘ืขืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื ืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืงืœืืคึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืกืœืขืš. ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜: 

-- ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš, ื’ื™ื‘ ืœืึธืกืŸ, ืจื™ื™ื“. ื“ืึธ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืกืขื˜ืข ืกืงืึธืจื ื™ื- 


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ืงืขืก. -- ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ื•ื•ืืง ืฉื™ื™ืœืขืง ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ. ืฉื™ื™ืœืขืง ืื™ื– ื ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ ื ืคืืจื–ืขืข- 
ื ื™ืฉ. ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ. ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ --ื”ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื 
ืžืืกืข ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืืฃ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ืคืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ, ื˜ืืกืงืขื˜ ืขืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื–ืขืงืก-ืื•ืŸ-ื–ืขื›ืฆื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืคึผืึธืจื˜. 

ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐื•ืขืจืข ืืงืกืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื•" 
ืžืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ื‘ืขืจ: 

-- ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉืฒึทืขืš ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ.. ืืœืข ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ, ืื– ื ื™ื™ื“ ื“ืืจืฃ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื ื˜ืืœืขืกืงืึธื˜ืŸ. ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืฆืขืก, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืš. ื ืžืึธืฉืœ, ื ื•! 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, --ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืœืขืง ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืืจืคืขืจ 
ืงื ืึธืคึผ ืืคืŸ ื”ืืœื“ื– ืื™ื– ืื•ืคื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืืจื•ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผ, -- ืกื˜ืฒึทืฅ, ื 
ืคืจื•ืžืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืืฃ ืื–ื ืคึผืึธืกืขื˜ืขืจ ืงืืกืข? 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ืฐื™ ื ื ืืกืข ืฉืžืื˜ืข ืฆื•ื ื›ืฒื™ืœืขืง? ื•ื™ืœืกื˜, 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื˜ืืœืขืกืงืึธื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขืš ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืึธืŸ ืžื™ืจ, --ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทืœื˜ืข 
ืคื•ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื ืงืœืืคึผ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ. 

ืึธืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืจื•ืžืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืืจืคืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข: 

-- ืจืขื‘ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœืขืงืขืก ืงืœืืคึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœืขืžืขืจ, ื“ืึธ ืžืขื’ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืงืœืืคึผืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืื ื˜. -- ืฐืขื“ืœื™ืง ืึธืฉืขืจืก ืงืึธืœ ืื™ื– ืฐืึธืก ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื”ื™ืœื›ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜, ืื™ื– ื ืกื™ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืก ื”ืืœื˜ 
ืฉืžืึธืœ. 

ื™ืึธืกืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธืฉืขืจืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืืงืกืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ื•ืœื™ืขื˜ 
ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš. ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืงืขืœืขืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฐื•ึผื ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’, ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฐื•ึผื ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉืขื ืง ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ึดืง. ืึธืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื ื™ื“ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืกืœ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืžื•ื˜, ืื– ืื–ื ืคืจื•ืžืขืจ ื™ื™ึธื“, ืฐื™ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืื“ืืจืคื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ืงื•ืงืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืžืขืฉ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ื ืฒื™-ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžืื›ืŸ ืฆื™ืฆืขืก ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืจืื ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื 
ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืฆืขืก, ืฐืขื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืœืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื’ืขื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืคืืจืคื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขื˜ื™ึทืข ืฆื• ื–ื ื•ืก. 

ื‘ืฒื™ืกืžืฒึทืกืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื›ืขืฐื•ืจืข-ืคึผืœืฒืฆืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืœื ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืจื›ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก ื“ืึธืก ืื - 
ื“ืขืจืข, ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ ืฆื•ื ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ืึธืกืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึธืกืขืง ืืฃ ืœืึธืฉื ืงืฑ- 
ื“ืขืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜: ;ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืœืŸ ืืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ 
ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืง ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜", ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจืก ื ื™ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืžืขื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืคืืจื’ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึธืคืขื ืข ืžืฒึทืœืขืจ, ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืคืŸ ืžืขืฉื•ืžืขื“, ืฐื™ ืžืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืœืขืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืืฐืึธืœื™ืข ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืง ืงืึธืœ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ: 

-- ืจืื‘ื•ืฑื™ืกืฒึท, ื”ืขืจื˜ ื ืžืฒึทืกืข, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืจื•ืžืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกืขื ืงืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื˜ืืœืขืกืงืึธื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืกืžืึธืฆืงืขื˜ ื‘ืจืื ืคืŸ, ื•ื™ ื ื›ืื–ืขืจื™ื ืข, ืžืข ืžืขื’ ื“ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™? 

ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืืฉืข ืื™ื– ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืœืื ืขืจ, ื ืฉืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทืกื™ื’ืขืœื‘ืœืขืš ื‘ืขืจื“ืœ, ืึธื ื’ืขื›ืžื•ืจืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ืจืขืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื™ืึธืกืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ, ืฉืึธืงืœืขื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืขืœื‘ืœืขื›ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืื‘ืขืจืŸ: 

-- ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืกืžืึธื˜ืฉืงืขืŸ ื‘ืจืื ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืขื ืงืœ! ืื– ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึธืš 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืืœืขืกืงืึธื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื›ืืคึผืŸ ืฆื• ืึธื“ืืจืงืขืŸ. 

ืฉื™ื™ืœืขืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืคืืจืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื™ื ืข, ืฐืึธืก 
ื ืฐืฒึทื‘ืœ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืคืืจ ื™ืึธืžืงื™ืคึผืขืจ, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืืจืฉืขื ืขืŸ: 

-- ืื•ื™, ื ืกืœืืง, ื ื‘ืจืึธืš ืฆื• ืื™ื. ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื’ืื ืขื•ื• ืงื•ืกืŸ, ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืฆืขืก ืฆึดื™ 
ืึธื“ืืจืงืขืŸ? ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืืœืฅ ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ืืœืข ืฐืขืจืŸ ื’ืขืกื˜ืจืึธืคื˜. -- 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื™ื™ืœืขืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ:--ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ืกื•ื™ืŸ ืืฑื™ืกื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืืœืขืกืงืึธื˜ืŸ! 

-- ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืฉืŸ. 

-- ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฆื™ืฆืขืก ืงืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื“ึดื™ ืขืจื“, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื–ืขืžืœืขืš. 

ื“ื™ ื›ืขืฐื•ื•ืจืข-ืคึผืœืฒืฆืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื ืง. ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ 
ืžืขื’ื•ืฉืขืžื“ื™ืงืข ืฉืึธื˜ื ืก, ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฐื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื“ ืื™ื™ื ืก ืืคืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ื’ืขืงืจืึธื›ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข, ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉืึธื˜ื ืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืืจืึทืคึผื˜ืจืึทื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฉืขื ืงืœ. 


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ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืก ื”ืืœื˜ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืคึผื™ืœื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื ืขืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืคึผื™ื“ื–ืฉืืง, ืฆืขื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง, ืงืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉื™ืงืข ืœื™ืคึผ ื–ืฒึทื ืข. 

ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืฒึทืกืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ื™ืขืก ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืจื•ืคืŸ ื™ืึธืกืœืขืŸ ืžืขืฉื•ืžืขื“, 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืืœืขืกืงืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจืฉืžืึธืœืฆืขื•ื•ืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืฆืขืก ื‘ื ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคึผื™ื“ื–ืฉืืง. 


ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืจืืœืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืคืŸ ื‘ืืจื’-ืึธืคึผืจื™ืก. ื‘ื 
ื™ืึธืกืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืœื“ื™ืง, ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ืขืจ ืงืฐืึธืงืขืŸ, ืฉืืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืืคึผืงืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจื“, ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืง ื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืฃ ืฆื• ื’ืจืื’ืขืจืŸ, ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขื, ื‘ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ืืฃ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืื™ื ื“ื™ื˜ืฉืงืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืคืฆืŸ ื‘ื™- 
ื˜ืขืจืœืขืš. ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ืงืฐืึธื˜ืฉืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืคึผืงืขืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ, 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทืกืขืจ ื’ืืœืขื’ืื ืกืงืขืจ ื”ืึธืŸ ืื™ื–, ืฐื™ ืืœืข ืžืึธืœ, ืืจื•ืฃ ืืคืŸ ืคึผืืจืงืŸ, ื ืคึผืื˜ืฉ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื’ืœ ืื•ืŸ, ืืฑืกืฆื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืœืื ื’ืŸ, ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืืœื“ื–, ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื’ื–ืข ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืงืจื™ื™ืขื˜, ื•ื™ ืขืจ 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ-ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“: ,ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึท! ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืืœื“ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ". ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธืŸ 
ืื™ื– ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ, ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืžืืžื–ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื’ืื ืขืง, ืฉื˜ืขืžืคึผืœืขื ื“ื™ืง ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขื, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืคึผืืกื˜ ืืŸ 
ืื•ืจื™ืื“ื ื™ืง. ืื–ื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจื•ื–ืข ืื™ื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืคืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืง. ืžืข ืงื•ืงื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข, ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ืื”ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืœื™ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืขืกืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜. 

ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ื’ืขืคึผื™ืœื“ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื™ืึธืกืœ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืืคืŸ ื’ืื ืขืง, ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืŸ ืฐื•ึผืงืก, ืึธืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ื“ืœืื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืืœื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืื ืขืง. ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื™ืืกืงืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคืืจืฉืœืึธืคืขื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื–ืฉืžื•ืจืขื˜, ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืฆืขื’ืœื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ, 

ื™ืึธืกืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืฒืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืื ืขืง. ืืœืข ืฐืฒึทืœืข ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ื–ื™ืš 
ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜, ืฆื™ ืžืข ื–ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืก. ืฐื•ึผ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ ื˜ืืงืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ? ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืง- 
ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ -- ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ. ืืœืข ืžืึธืœ ืฐืึธืจื ื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืึธืš, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ื™ื™ื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ 
ื–ื™, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ื–ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืึธืจ? ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื–ื•ื™, ืื™ื– ืขืคืฉืขืจ 
ื‘ืขืกืขืจ, ืื– ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐื•ื•ึผ ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. 

ื“ืขื ืื•ืจื™ืื“ื ื™ืง ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืงืœื™ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธื’ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืœื•ืคึผื-ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ื ืžืืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจ 
ืืจื•ื ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜-ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก' ืฉื˜ื•ื‘. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื ื“ื™ืง, ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™ ื™ืึธืกืœ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ. ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก, ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืืœืขืก ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื›ื™ืง ื’ืขื˜ื•ืคึผืขื˜, 
ื’ืขืฉืืจืงืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขืฆื™ื›ืข, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื›ืึธื›ืขื ื–ืึธืœ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืžื™ื™ื ื˜. 

ืืคืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืœืข ื“ืขื ื‘ืืœืขื’ืึธืœืข ืืจืฑืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืจื™ืื“ื ื™ืง ืื™ื– 
ืงืœื•ื™ืžืขืจืฉื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืื ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. ืขืจ ืžืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทื ืขืก ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืื ืื•ืจื™ืื“ื ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืึธื ืฆืขืœืขืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืืจื•ืฃ. 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ืื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื ื‘ืืœื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืขืจ 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืงืื–ืืงืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืึธืคึผื›ืืคึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ, ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึธื ื“ืขืŸ 
ื ื ืขื ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. ื‘ืื ืฐืึธื ืฆื ื“ืจืฒื™ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื›ืืคึผืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธื’ืŸ, 
ื“ืึธื ื“ืข ืฐืขื˜ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืฃ ืงืื’ืื ื˜ืฉืขืจ ืฆื•ืงืขืจ-ื–ืืฐืึธื“, ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“ 
ื”ืึธืœืฅ, ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืจื•ื–ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ืจืŸ. ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ 
ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื ื™ืคึผื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืจื˜ืก ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืฒึทื ื–ื™ืœ- 
ื‘ืขืจื’ืก ื–ืืฐืึธื“ืŸ. ื™ื•ืจืข ืงืึธืœื™ืื“ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืึธืกืœืขืŸ ืคืืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜, ืื– ืืœืฅ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’. ืžืข 
ื“ืืจืฃ, ืื– ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืฑืกืŸ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืœื™ื™ืงืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื•ืŸ 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืจืืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ื–ื™ ืคืืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื”ืขื ื˜. 

ื™ืึธืกึตืœ ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืคืืจื‘ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืคืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืกืึธื“. ื ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืœ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื ื™ืขืคึผืขืจ, ื ื‘ืœืึธื– ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฐืฒึทืกืŸ ืœืฒึทืฐื ื˜ืขื ืขื ื”ืขืžื“, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ื™ืœื˜ ื™ืึธืกืœืก ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ืงืืกื˜ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืžื•ืกืงื•ืœื™ืงื ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืืคืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืš. 


77 


ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ. ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืขืคึผืœ, ืขืžืขืก, ื ืึธืš ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืœืขื›ืข, 
ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื•ืขืจืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืžืืžื–ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ ืฆื•ื ื˜ืฒึทืš. ื“ื™ ืคืœื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ื’ืœืื ืฆืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืขืงืœืขืš, ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฉืึธื˜ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืขืš, ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืึธืŸ ื ืืงืขื˜ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ. 


ื“ื™ ืงืืคึผืึธืจืข = ืžื•ื™ืš 


ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื–ืฉืขื•ื•ืงืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืžืึธืœ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืžืข ื’ืจืึธื‘ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืคื™ื - 
ืงืขืก, ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืกืืจื•ื•ืขืจื ืก, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ืฉืืœืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืœืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืคืขืจ. 

ืžืข ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื’ื•ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื– ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ืžืื›ื˜ ื›ืืกืขื ืข 
ื“ืขื ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื“ื™ ืงืืœืข ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจืขืžืขื ื˜ืฉื•ืง. ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ืื™ื– ืžืืžืขืฉ 
ืžืขื•ื•ื•ึผืœื•ื•ืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 

ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ! ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืฒืขืจ ืฆื• ืžืึธืจื“ื™ 
ื›ืข-ืืจืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืืกื˜. ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ, 
ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ื– ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืงืืœืข-ืžื•ื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืžืฒึทืœืขืก, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจืกื•ื ืขืจ ื’ื™ืžื ืื–ื™ืข. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืจืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขื ืข ื ืขื’ื™ื“ื™ื, ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ืืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืึธืฐ- 
ื ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืกื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื™ืข ืคืขืœ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืขืงื•ื™ืขืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืคึผื•ื™ 
ื˜ืขืงืข ื ืื“ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืฅ ืžืึธืจื“ื›ืข-ืืจื ืก ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื–ืฉืขื•ื•ืงืข ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš?! 

ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ืžืขืกื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืฉืขื ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื–ืฉืขืฐืงืข ืคืืจ ื 
ืœืฒึทื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ืกื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืึธืคึผ ืืฃ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืœื™ื™ืฆืขืก. ื ืึธืจ ืื–ื ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืขื ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืคืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืื– ืืœืข 
ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ื ื™ืงืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื•ืžื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจืคืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœืขืš ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื, ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ืขืจืŸ, ืืฒึทื ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ืกื›ื•ื™ืจืขืก. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ืื–ื ื‘ืืงืืœื™ื™-ืงืจืึธื? ืขืžืขืก, ืžื™ื™ืขืจืŸ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ื™ืึธืžืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืึธืจื˜ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืืฒึทื ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืกื›ื•ื™ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜, ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจืื›ืืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ื’ืขื–ืืœืฆืขื ืข, ื’ืขืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ืข ืคื™ืฉ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžืืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื‘ืึธื ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข, ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื-ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืฒื™ืฆืขืก, ื–ื™ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ื ืคืืจื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืืกืึธื’ืข. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืœืฃ ื™ืึธืจ ืืจื•ื ื ืึธืš 
ื™ืึธืžืขืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ืง -- ืคืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธืœื™ื•ื. 

ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืขืœื•ืคึผื-ืงื™ื ื“, 
ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืกื›ืขืจ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ ืืฃ ืื•ื•ื ืขืจืก ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืขืงืึธืฐืขื“-ื’ืึธื“ืœ ื ืžื™ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื ื˜ืฉืื“. ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื™ 
ื–ื™ืงืข ืฆืขืกื™ ืื™ื– ืืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืคืฆืŸ ื™ืึธืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ 
ืืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ืง ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคืขืคืขืจืœ. ืฐืขื”ืึธืจืฒึทืข, ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืึธืจ ืืจื•ื ืฆื™ ืขืคืฉืขืจ 
ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ, ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฉืœืื ืง ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื’ืขื•ื•- 
ื“ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื‘ืข. ืื™ืจ ื’ื•ืคืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ ื ืงื ืึธืกืคึผ ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืืคื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืฃ 
ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑืกืคึผื™ืงืŸ. ืฆืขืกื™ืก ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ื”ืึธืจ ืืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืคืฒึทืขืจืŸ, ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืืจ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืงืึธืœื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืื ืงืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืฑื™ืœืŸ, ื“ื™ ืืฑื™ื’ืŸ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ืŸ ื ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืœืื ืฅ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจื™ืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ืคื•ื ืงืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืคึผืฒึทืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืขืงืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื‘ืœื™ื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืจืฑื–ืŸ. 

ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื‘ืœืขื ื“ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืืฃ ื ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. ื–ื™ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืืก, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจื“ืข ืคืืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ 
ืื™ืจืŸ. ื‘ึฟืฒื™ืกืžืฒึทืกืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืืคืŸ ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืงืขืจ ื˜ื•ืžืœ, ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจื™ืžืœืขืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ืฆืขืกื™ืก ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืงื˜ืข ืคื™ืก. ืื™ืจืข ื’ืฒืขืจืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืฒึทื–ื˜ ื’ืจืืฆื™ืขื–, ืœืฒึทื›ื˜, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืงืœืืคึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื ืืคืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืข ื–ืืžืฉืขื•ื•ืข ื˜ื•ืคืขืœืงืขืก. ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธืคึผื˜ืขืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขื ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืกืŸ ื“ื™ื™ 
ื ืขื ืกืืžืขื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ื™ืœื˜ ืฆืขืกื™ืก ืฉืžืึธืœื‘ืœืขื›ืข ืืงืกืœืขืŸ, ืฉื˜ืฒึทืฃ ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื™ื - 
ืงืขืจ ื˜ืืœื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทืกืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจื™ืœื™ืœื™ืขืก ืืฃ ื“ื™ 
ืฉื˜ืฒึทืคืข ื™ืึธื“ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื”ื™ืคื˜ืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ ื‘ื ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžื•ื™ื“. 


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ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื–ืฉืขื•ื•ืงืข ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืื. ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืขื ืขื 
ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื‘ืขืจื™ืข ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜, ื•ื™ ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ, ื ืึธืจ ื ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ. ืžืข ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ ืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืืจืฑืกื’ืขืงืฒึทืงืœื˜ืข 
ื‘ืขืจื•ื•ืขื ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขืงื ื™ืคึผื˜ืข ืคึผืœื™ื˜ืŸ, ืžืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื›ืขื–ืฉื‘ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ 
ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขื”ื™ืœืฅ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืฉืืœื™ื•ื•ืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื˜ืขืจ. ืื– ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื“ืขื ืงื•ื™ื ืข ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืกื›ื•ื™ืจืข, ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ ืขืก ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ื–ืึธืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืขื–ืฉื‘ืŸ. ื–ื™ ืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ 
ืืคื™ืœืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืคึผื™ื“ื™ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื ืงืึธืคึผืขืงืข. ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ืื™ื– ืžื™ื™ืขืจืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื–. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ืื™ื– ืืคืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื– 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ื‘ืืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืฆื•ึผื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืฆืขืกื™ 
ื•ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืืฃ ื ื™ืึธืจ, ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืฒืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื•ื ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘. ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืฉืขืจืŸ ืฉืžืขืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฐืึธื ืฆืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืข. ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ืŸ ืกืขืจื“ืขื˜, ืื™ ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคึผื™ื“ื–ืฉืืง, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื–ืขืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ, ืกืึธืœื™ื“ืขืจ -- ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืกืึธื›ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™- 
ืฆืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืื ื˜, ื“ืขืจืฆื• ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผื•ืฆืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืืก, ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืขืœืขื’ืื ื˜ืŸ ื”ืขืœ-ื’ืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืึธื ืฆื•ื’. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืžืืœื‘ืขืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืคึผืœืฒืฆืข 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฉืžืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš, ืฐื™ ื ืœื™ื›ื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืงื ืขืคึผืœื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฉื™ืœื™ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืคื•ืœื‘ืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขื, ืก'ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืืžืขื˜ื ืขื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื’ื•ืฃ. ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืœืขื›ืŸ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜, ืฐื™ ื ื’ืืœืื ื˜ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจืœ. ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืึธื ืฆืขืก 
ืงืœืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžืขืœืขืจ, ื‘ื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืœืืฆื˜ ืืœืข ื”ืืฉืึธืจืขืก -- ืื•ื™ืก ืžืึธืจื“ื›ืข-ืืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื•ื ืขืจืก ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ. ืื–ื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ ืฆืขืกื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืื˜ืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ? ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™- 
ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ืข. ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ --ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข 
ื”ืืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื ื™ื ืื™ืจืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ ื–ื™ 
ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืื™ืจ, ื‘ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื–ืฉืขื•ื•ืงืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš. 

ืื•ื‘ ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื˜ ื‘ืื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ, --ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืื•ืคื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, -- ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜- 
ื ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืงืœืœืฒื™ื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืืœืข ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ ื–ื•ืŸ? ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืคืืจ ืื™ืจืข ื‘ืึธื ื™ื ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืงืืœืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜? ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ, ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื•ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื–ื™, ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข. ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื›ืขืก ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข. ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื ืขืžื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข, ืคืืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืฒึทืกื™ื-ื˜ื•ื™ืฐื™ื ืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืคืขื“ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื–ืขื? 

ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื–ืฉืขื•ื•ืงืขืจ. ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ืืžืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืœื™ื ืึธื•ื•ืงืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฃ, ื ืึธืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื›ื•ื˜ืึธืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข 
ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืงื•ื™ื ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ื ืžื™ื ื™ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. 

ื‘ื™ื™ืœืขืก ืžืืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืคืจื•ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืึธืจื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™ืืง, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฐื™ื”ืึธืŸ. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจื ืึธืกืข, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืžื™ืœ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ืื™ื, ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืืจืฑื™ืกืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™ืืง, 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืืฃ ื™ืึธืžื™ื-ื ืฑืจืึธื™ึดื ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื–ืฉืขื•ื•ืงืข. 

ืงืืœื™ื ืึธื•ื•ืงืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ืœื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื ื’ืขืœืข, ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืืกื˜ื™ืง ื‘ืืฐื•ืขื’ื˜ ื ืžืึธื’ืขืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจืœ. ืคืืจืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฉืžืฒึทื“ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขื ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ. ื“ืึธืก ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืขื›ื™ืงืข ื‘ืขืจื“ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก. ืžืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื›ืึธืœืขืžื˜ืข ื‘ืœื•ื™ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก 
ืงืœื•ื’ืข ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืงืึธืžืขืฆืœ. ืžืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ืคึผืึธืจืึธืฉืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืœ-ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘, ื•ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžื™ืœื ืขืจืก. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง. ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ, ืื– ื‘ื ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™ืืง ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ืืŸ 
ืึธืจื˜ ืืฃ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืœ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืžืืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืœ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืš. ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืจืฒื˜ ืืŸ ืขืžืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฉื™ืกืœ ืืฃ ืืจื•ืžื•ื•ืืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™ืืง ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
ื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืฉืืคืงืขืœืข ืืฃ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื ืกื™ื™ืคืขืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืื›ืŸ ื ืคืจืฒึทืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜, ื–ืึธืœ 
ืขืจ, ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืืคืงืขืœืข ืืจื•ื™ืกื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ืžืœ ืื•ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื. 

ื“ื™ ืคึผืฑืขืจื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ืžืึธืœืŸ ื˜ื•ื•ึผืข, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื• ืื–ื ืžืึธื’ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœ ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ืืฃ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืงืœืขืš ืงืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืคืืจืฉื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืฉ 


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ืืจืฒึทืŸ. ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ื ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ืŸ, ืฆื™ื›- 
ื˜ื™ืง. ื ืกืฐืึธืจืข, ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, -- ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื›ืงื™ืจืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ืขืจื™ื, --- ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื 
ืคืจื•ืžืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ืžืืœืึธื›ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ืขืก ืฉืื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืžืึธื’ืขืจ, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืงืจืขืคื˜ื™ืงืข. 

ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืื™ื– ื–ืืœืžืขื ืก ืคึผืœืฑื ืขืกื˜ืข, ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืฒึทื‘. ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื›ื- 
ืกืขื ืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืขืžืขืกืข ื“ืึธืจืคื™ืฉืข ืžื•ื™ื“: ื ืฐื•ึผืงืกื™ืงืข, ื ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืข, ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื 
ื•ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึท, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื ืฒึทืคึผ ื˜ืึธืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืฉื™ืคึผืข ื˜ืึธืŸ. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืื™ื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืึธื ื˜ืึธืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขื ื’ ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคื˜ืœ, ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืœ. ื“ื™ 
ืžืืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ืื™ืจืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืกืืงืึธื ืข, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื ืงืขื™ 
ืจืขื•ื•ืข ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื•ื™ ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืฆืขื˜ืจืืกืงืขื˜ ื•ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ืื ืฅ ืึธื ื˜ืึธืŸ. 
ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึธื ืขื ื‘ื ืื™ืจ --- ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆื›ื™ื™ื ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง. ื ื˜ื•ื ืงืœ ื‘ืจื•ื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื ื™ื“ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืœื‘ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ืคึผ. ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื›ื˜, 
ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื›ื™ื™ืŸ-ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืขืœืข ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืงื•ืจืฆืœืขื›ืŸ ืคืืจื™ืกืขื ืขื ืฉืžืข- 
ืงืขืจืœ, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืก ืื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง. ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฅ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• 
ืื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืคึผืฒึทืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืงืืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 

ืื– ื ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืžื•ื™ื“, ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื”ืฒึทืœื™ืง ื“ื™ 
ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื–ื™ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœืŸ, ืื– ื ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœ ืงื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงื•ืงืขืจืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื ื“ืจื™ื™ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืืคืŸ ืงืึธืจืขืง, ืื– ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื 
ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืืฃ ืืœืข ืกื˜ืจื•ื ืขืก. 

ืฉืื‘ื™ื™ืกืขื ืื›ื˜ืก ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืœืื ื’ ืฉืžืึธืœ ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืœ. ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ ื‘ืื“ืืจืคื˜ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืืœื™ื•ื–ืฉืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืขืก 
ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ื ื™ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™, ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก ืคืืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืงื ื™-- ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ 
ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจืขืคื˜ื™ืงืข ืคื™ืก ืื™ืจืข, ืคื™ืก, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื ื“ืจื™ื™ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืืฃ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. 

ืื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืกืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื™ื“ ื’ืขื”ืื˜: ื‘ื ืื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผืขืœื˜ืขืœืข ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคืึธื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืฒึทืกืข ืฆื™ื™ืŸ. ื”ืขื ื™ืข ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขืคืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื›ืื˜ืฉืข ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืœื“ืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืกื™ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœืขืš. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื– ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ืืกืขื ืข ืคืืจ ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื›ืงื™ืจืขื˜, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืกืฐืึธืจืข, ืื– ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ืฐืขื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื–ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธื“ืฉื˜ืื ื™ืงืขืก ืื•ื™ืš. ืžืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื– ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื›ื•ืคึผืข, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœืขื–ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืจืขืžืœืขืŸ ืืฃ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืืœืข ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ื›ืึธืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื 
ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืœืื’ืึธื“ื ืข ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืืฃ ื ื‘ืขื ืงืœ. ืคืืจ ืจืื›ืžืึธื ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืืœืข ืื™ื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ 
ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืืฐืขืงื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืงืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืžืข ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืงื•ืจืื˜, ืฆื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฆื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืข ืžืฒึทืกืข. 

ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืืžืขืฉ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืœืžืขื ืก ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืคึผืึธื ืขื. ื–ื™ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืื– ืื–ื ื›ื™ื™ื ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ื•ื•ื™ื™ืš ื‘ืขืจื“ืœ, ืฐื™ ื‘ื ืื™ืจ ืžืืŸ, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ื‘ื ืงื™ื™ื ืขื. 

ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ื˜ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™ืืง. ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜. ืึธืคื˜ืœืขืš ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืคืึธืจ- 
ื”ืขื ื’ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข --- ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ--ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ืฉ. 
ืขืจ, ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืกื™ื™ืคืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืึธืคืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ. ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืืงืข 
ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ, ืฐื™ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื. ืื–ื ืœื™ื‘ ืงืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ื“ืขืจ 
ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื ื™ืง. 

ืคืืจ ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ ืฐืฒึทื‘ืœ ื“ื™ ื˜ื›ื™ื ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื™ืึธืžืงื™ืคึผืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืœื™ื›ื˜-ื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ, ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ 
ืžื•ื™ืœ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืื–ืขืจื˜ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื‘ื ืฐืึธืจื˜. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืึธื™ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืžืืœืึธื›ื™ื, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืขื ืžืืŸ ืื™ืจืŸ 
ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืฉื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืกืขืจ, 
ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื’ืœื™ื“. 

ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื˜ื›ื™ื ืขืก ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืฒึทื ืขื˜, 
ื•ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื ืฐืฒึทื‘ืœ ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ืจืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ื™ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, 
ื•ื•ื™ึทืื–ื•ื™ ื ืฐืฒึทื‘ืœ ื“ืืจืฃ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื™ื›ืœ ืืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ ื“ืืจืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ื’ืขืกืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืขื ืœืขืš ืืฃ ื™ืขื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื•" 
ืจืขืงืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืœื“. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ื’ืขื™ื™ืฆืขื˜, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ -- ื“ืึธืก 
ืงืึธืคึผื˜ืœ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืœ ื’ืขืจืืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื’ืขืจ, ืกืข ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฉืคึผืืจืŸ 


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ื™ืขื ืข ืื™ื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื’ืึธืจ ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืคืจืขืžื“ ืื•ื™ื’. ื ืฐืฒึทื‘ืœ ื“ืืจืฃ ืื•ืค- 
ื”ืขืจืŸ ืฉืžืฒึทื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืึธืคืขืจื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืžืคึผืขื˜ื“ื™ืง --ื–ื™ ื“ืืจืฃ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืืฐืึธืœื™ืข. ื–ื™ ื“ืืจืฃ ืื•ืคื”ืขืจืŸ 
ืงืฐืึธืœื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืจืคืก-ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืขื ืขืฆืข, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืข ืžืฒึทืกืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื›ืืคึผืŸ ื ืงื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืขืžืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 
ื“ืึธืก ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืฐืฒึทื‘ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœืฅ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆืขืขืคื ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ 
ืžืืŸ, ืื•ืŸ, ืฆื•ืฉืึธืงืœืขื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืื™ื ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 
-- ื”ืืจืื–ื“, ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ื”ืืจืื–ื“, 


ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ืคื•ื ืขื ื›ื•ื˜ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ื‘ื™ื™ืœืขืก ,ื”ืืจืื–ื“" ืฐืขื˜ ืœืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ 
ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืขื ืขืฆืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืจืคื™ืฉืข ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆืฒืœื˜ 
ื–ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืข ืžืฒึทืกืขืก, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ื›ื™ื ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ื™ืš 
ื ื™ืžืขืก ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืื›ืœื•ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืจืึธื›ืŸ. ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ืฑืคึผื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืขืจืœ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ, ืื– ืืคืŸ ืžืื ืก ืคึผืืจื ืึธืกืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื’ืขืœืข ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื–ื™, ื“ืึธืก ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืฐืฒึทื‘ืœ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืจืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜, ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืืคืŸ ื•ื™ื”ืึธืŸ, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืื›ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื˜ืฐื•ึผืข ืฆื• ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ืขืจื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืžื™ืœ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื‘ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืงื- 
ื˜ืึธืฐื•ืขืก, ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืกื›ืขืจ. 

ืงืื™ืึธืจ, ืฐื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ื•ื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทืกืข ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืขืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœืขืš, ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืขืœืขืš, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ืื– 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื‘ื ื‘ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืš ื‘ืœื™ื ืฆืœื˜ ื ืœืขืžืคึผืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ื–ืขืฆื˜ ื ืจื•ื™ืš. ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื•ื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืจืžืขืก, ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื‘ืฒึทืกืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ืงื™ื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืข- 
ื ื™ื™-ื‘ื™ื™, ืื™ื– ื–ื™, ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข, ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ื‘ืืœื™ืข ื•ื•ืขืฉ. ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืืฐื ื˜, 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื‘ืฒึทืกืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฉืึธ ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™ืืง. ื’ืขืฉืคึผืื ื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื”ืืกื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืคึผืขืจื“ื™ืง, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื– ื–ื™ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืคื•ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื’ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืžื™ืœ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื ื’ืขืœืข ืื™ืจืก ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึผืึธืจืขืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืคืื˜ืฉื™ื™ืœืข -- ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืข- 
ืœืขืจื ื˜. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืื ื“ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ืฆืขื ืขื ืงืึธืคื˜ืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืœ, ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขื’ืœืฒึทื›ื˜, ื–ื™ 
ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื™ื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 

ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ืฐื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžืืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืฃ 
ืื™ืจ ื”ื•ื™ืœืขืš, ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืคึผืึธื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฐืึธืœืงื ื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ. 

ืžืฒึทืกืข-ืžืฑื›ืขืจื˜ืฐื•ึผืขื ื™ืฆืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื™ืจื“ืข ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืฐื•ึผืข, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™ืืง. 

ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ึดืขืก ื˜ืฐื•ึผืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืืฒึทื ืฆื•ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืื˜ืขืจื™ื ืงืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืขืœืข ืขื ื’ืœืขืš, ื ืึธืจ ืฐืขื“ืœื™ืง ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜, ืื™ื– 
ื–ื™, ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข, ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจื˜ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืžื™ืจืฆืขื”ืืฉืขื, 
ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืืœืžืขื ืก ื˜ืคื™ืœืขืก, ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜. 

ื“ื™ ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ืข ื˜ืฐื•ึผืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืžืึธืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ื•ื™ื ื˜ืžื™ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืžืข 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืžืขืœ, ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ . 
ื“ื™ ืžื•ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ื•ืฐื•ื•ึผืขื ื™ืฆืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ: ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืœืฑื– ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื’ืข ืงืฑื ื™ื, 
ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืืงืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืš, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ืœ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืคืืจื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื ื˜ืขื ืขืก. 

ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื ืขื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืฑืขืœืŸ, ืฆื™ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ืŸ ืฆื• 
ื‘ื™ืกืขืœืขืš ืืจื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ืžืขืœ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื™ืืจื™ื“ื™ื, ืฆื™ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื˜ืึธืจ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ืœ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ืฆืข ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ. 

ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ืื™ืจืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ืคื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจ! ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ื™ื™ืงืขืฃ ืื™ืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื’ืœ, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืฒึท- 
ื ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืœื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืคืืจืœื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึธื“ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก. 

ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืื ื’ืข ื“ืจืึธืฉืข, ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืคึผืกื•ืงื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธืฉืœืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข 
ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืŸ ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ, ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ื ื“ื™ืง ื ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืขืœืข ืืคืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื, ืื•ืŸ 
ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื“ืืจืฃ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืขืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื•ื‘ืœื™ืง ืืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ. 


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ืื™ื– ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข! ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืจื•ื‘ืข, ื”ืขืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ืจืžืœืขื ื™ืฉ? ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืึนืฃ 
ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืคื”ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืกื›ืขืจ? ืฐืึธืกื™! ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื›ืึธืœื™ืœืข ืึธืŸ ื”ืขื ื˜, ืฆื™ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื”ื™ืจืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ? 

ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ืื™ื– ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื’ืืŸ ื ืฆืขื“ื•ืœื˜ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื›ืืœื•ื™ืžืขืก, 
ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื›ืืœื•ื™ืžืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืข. ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืกื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคึผืืจื ืึธืกืข. 

ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข, ืึทืœืขืฐื”ืืฉืึธืœืขื, ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ื›ืึธืœืขื. ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืœืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืงืืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืกืœ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืงืืžืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ื˜ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื ื˜, ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืจืขืคึผืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืื ืขืงืœ. ืคืืจ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœื‘ 
ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ื˜ื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืงืืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืกืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืงื•ืจืฆืข ื ื™ื•ื•ื–ืขืงืœ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ืฉืข ื”ืฒึทื–ืงืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขืง ื ื™ื˜. ืขืก ืฆื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ืฉ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืจื™ื–ืฉืขื•ื•ืงืข. ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืงืœืืคึผื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืจ, ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ. 

ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื˜ื•ื ืงืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ. ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื‘ืืœื“ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื’ืึธืก ื˜ืึธืŸ 
ื ืฉืœืืงืกืจืขื’ืŸ. ื–ื™ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืืจืฒึทื ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก 
ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืกื˜ืฒึทืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ืœืึธื–ืŸ. ื–ื™ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ืงื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ื™ืš, ื ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜. ืก'ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฑื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืื˜ื ืก ืฐืฒึทืกืข ื‘ืึธืจื“. ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขื›ืจืืกื˜ืขื˜ืข ืคึผืึธืœืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืืคึผืึธื˜ืข, ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืฉืœืฒึทื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืœืื ื’ืข ืฆื™ืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืืœืขืกืงืึธื˜ืŸ ื”ืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผ, ืฐื™ ื‘ืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื›ื˜. 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคืฒึทืขืจืœืขืš ืงื•ืงืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ื–ื™ ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืœืขืฉืŸ. 

ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื’ื•ื•ืืœื“ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืืฃ ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืฆื• ืฐืขืจืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜, 
ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™ืืง. 
ืืฒึท, ืืฒึท! ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉืงืึธืฉืข, ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืืœื“ ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืืŸ ืึธื ื‘ืฒึทืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœ 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื•ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืึธื ื‘ืฒึทืกืŸ, ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืึธืก ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืœ, ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธืคื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืœืงืขืจ. 

ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื”ื•ื™ื–, ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ื˜, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข. ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ืœ. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ืื™ืจืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ,ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ".. 

ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆืขืคึผืจืืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ, ืฉืคึผืื ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ื›ืึธืœืขื, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจื”ื•ื™ื–, 

ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืขืžื“ ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืžืืžืขืฉ 
ืฆื•ื’ืขืงืœืขืคึผื˜ ืฆื•ื ืฆืขื•ื•ืืจืขืžื˜ืŸ ืœืฒึทื‘. ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ื‘ืœื•ื™ื–ื˜ืข ืคืืจื‘ืจื•ื™ื ื˜ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ --ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืงื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธืคื˜ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืืฃ ืขืก ืึธื ืฆื•ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจืฉืืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืจ 
ืืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืืคืฆื•ืœืึธื›ืขืก, ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืืจื•ื ื”ืืœื“ื– ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืœืขืงืขืœืขืš, ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื™ืจ ืจืขืจืขืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืฒึทืงืœื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืœื™ื™ืฆืข. 

ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื”ื•ื™ื– ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ ืžืขืฆื™. ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืื™ื•ื•ืจืข ื‘ื ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ. 
ืžืขืฆื™ ืื™ื– ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื 
ืฐื•ึผืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืืฃ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื“ืจืฒื™ ืžืึธืœ. 

ื‘ื™ืกื™ ื“ื™ ืืงื•ืฉืขืจืงืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ืžืขืฆื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื‘ืื ืงืขืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ืขื 
ืžืืคึผืขืœืขืก ืœืึธืคึผืขื˜ืงืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืฉืืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืืœื–ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ืงืืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืื™ื ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ืข, ื ืึธืจ ื’ืข- 
ื˜ืขืกืขื˜ืข. ืื•ื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืคืœืืงืก ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข 
ืจืื‘ื™ื™ื ื•. 

ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื ืžืขืฆื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืœื“ื– ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื”ื™ืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ ื ืคืืจืฉื˜ืึธืคึผื˜ืขืจ. 

ืฆื• ื“ืจืฒึทืฆืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ืžืขืฆื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื™ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ื•ื•ืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื–ืฉืขื•ื•ืงืข ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืžืขื“ืจืขืฉ ื‘ืืจืžื™ืฆื•ื•ืข ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืืจื•ืž- 
ื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื›ื•ื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืฆืึธืจืขืก, ืื™ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ืึธื›ื™ื“ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืึธืฉืข. ื–ื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืืคืŸ ืคื•ืจืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื˜ืœ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉื•ื•ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืžืขื“ืจืขืฉ 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ื™ืกืœืขืš ืžืืฉืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืฆืขื’ืึธืก. ื“ืขืจ ืืจืฒื ืคืึธืจ 


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ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ื ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืขืจ. ื–ื™. ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ืžืขืฆื™ืก, ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื ื˜ืขื ืฆืœ ืืจื•ื™ืก 
ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืื›ืฉื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื”ืืœื“ื–ื˜, ื’ืขืงื•ืฉื˜, ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืขืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ื 
ืคื•ืœืŸ ื–ืืง ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื–ืื›ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืก- 
ืžืขื“ืจืขืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืจืžื™ืฆื•ื•ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื™ืกืœืฒึทืฐืขืก ื’ืขืขื ื˜- 
ืคืขืจื˜; 


-- ืื•ึผื•ื•ื, ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืžืืžืข, ืื•ื™, ื‘ืื˜ืฉื™ื•ื•, ื‘ืื˜ืฉื™ื•ื• ื›ืื˜ื ื ื ื›ืื˜ื•, ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ืฉืข ื›ื- 
ื˜ื. -- ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืฆื™ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื ื“ืจืฒึทื’ืึธืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื•ื‘. 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ืžืขืฆื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืจื•ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขื ื™ืฉ ,ื›ืื˜ื ื ื ื›ืื˜ื•. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืจื™ื“ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืฒื™ืฆืข ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื 
ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜, ืฐื™ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ื–ืฉืขื“ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคึผืฑื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืคึผืœืฒื™ืฆืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉืืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืึธืคึผ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™- 
ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ. ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื– ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื’ืื ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ ืึธื ื›ืืคึผืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื“ืŸ. ื ืคืจืึธืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืœืฒึทื‘. ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืืกื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืขืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขืคึผืจืืœื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ. 

ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ืžืขืฆื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ 
ืื™ื ืขื ืงืขื’ื ื™ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื˜ืื›ืขื˜ืขื ืขื ืคึผืืจืงืŸ. ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืงื•ืงืขืจืก ื–ืฒึทื ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ 
ืงืœื•ื™ืžืขืจืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆืขืขืคื ื˜, ืฐื™ ื‘ื ื ืœืึธืฉืขืง, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฉืžืขืงื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ. 

ืžืขืฆื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจืคึผื•ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื•ื ืงืœ-ื‘ืจื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื’ืฒึทื ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธืกืึธืฐืึธืจืึธื˜ืงืข, ื“ื™ 
ืจืื ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืึธืกืึธืฐืึธืจืึธื˜ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืขืœืขืš ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืจื™ื ืขื ืงื•ื˜ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงื•ืจืฆืŸ ืคึผื™ื“ื–ืฉืืงืขืœืข. ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืžืขืฆื™ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื™ืง- 
ื˜ืข ืคึผืึธืœืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืขื’ืขื“ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ, ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื ืงืœ- 
ื’ืจื™ื ืข ื’ืขืงืขืกื˜ืœื˜ืข ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸื“ืงืขืฉืขื ืขืก. ืžืขืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืžื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ -- ืขืจ ืฐื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ 
ื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืคึผื™ื“ื–ืฉืืงืขืœืข ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ืืฃ ืื™ื. 

ื‘ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืŸ. ื ื”ืึธื–ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ,ื›ืื˜ื ื ื ื›ืื˜ื•'! ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงื˜ 


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ื›ื•ืฆืคึผืขื“ื™ืง ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืจื™ื“ืึธืจ ืืจืฒึทืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืคื’ื™ืš ืึธื ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธืคึผื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ 
ื ืžื•ื™ืœ ืืฃ ืื™ื: 

-- ืžืขืฆื™, ืฐืึธืก ืจืื˜ืฉืขืกื˜ื• ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืฉืคึผืืงื•ืœืŸ? 

ืžืขืฆื™ืก ืืงืกืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคืœื™ื™ืฉื™ืงืข ืœื™ืคึผืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ- 
ืงืจื™ืžื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ืœืื ื’ืขืจ ืฉื ืึธื‘ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจืงืขืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืกืง ืื™ื– ืคืืจืคืึธืจืŸ. ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ, ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš 
ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื”ื•ืงืข ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื›ืื–ืขืจืŸ ื™ืขื ืฅ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ืืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื˜. 
ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขืจ ื ื ืขื ืืจื•ื™ืก ื ื”ืื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขืฉืขื ืข, ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืœ ื ืฐืึธืจืฃ 
ืืจื•ืฃ ืฆื•ื ื˜ืฉื•ื‘ื˜ืฉื™ืงืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืจืฒึทื–ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ: 

-- ืื•ึผื•ื•ื, ืฉืคึผืืงื•ืœืŸ! ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜... ืฉืคึผืืงื•ืœืŸ ื’ืึธืจ... ื ืคึผืึธื˜ืขืคืืœื ืึธืกื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืืคึผืึธืจืข-ืžืฑื“, ื–ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜... ืื•ึผื•ื•ื, -- ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ: ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืจื™ื™ื“, ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. 

ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ืืจืฃ ื“ืขืจ ,ื›ืื˜ื ื ื ื›ืื˜ื•" ืืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ืฆืขืฉืึธืงืœืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขื, ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื ืขืžื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึธื“ืŸ ืงื ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก. 
ืฉืึธืงืœืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืฆื™ ืึธืคึผื ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืืจืึธืคึผ. 

ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื’ืขืคึผืœืขืคื˜ืข. ืึธื ืฉืคึผืืจื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื›ืจืืกื˜ืข- 
ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืฐืขืง, ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืœืฒืฆืข, 
ื“ื™ ืืงืกืœืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืง. 

ืก'ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ --ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืคืึธืจื˜ ืืŸ ืขืœื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. ืื“ื”ืฒึทืขื ืจื•ืคื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ 
ืงืืคึผืึธืจืข-ืžืฑื™ื“. ืฐืึธืกื™, ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืžืืŸ? ื–ื™ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ืื– ื ืฐืึธืš 
ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ ื›ืืกืขื ืข ืื™ื– ืžืขืฆื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฐืขืงืฆื•ืคืึธืจืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ืื™ื 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“? ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ. ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘. ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืขืœ, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืกืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจืงืจื™ืžื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ,ืื•ึผื•ื•ื" ืื™ื– ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ. 

ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื˜, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืื•ื•ืขืง. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืึธ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื›ื•ื˜ืึธืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืื™ื. ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืื˜ืขืจื™ื ืึธ- 
ืกืœืื•ื•. ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื ื‘ืืจื–ืฉืข, ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ืืœืฅ. ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขืงื˜ ื ื”ืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืืŸ ืื™ืจืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืกืึธืฃ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ, ืžืขืฆื™, ,ื›ืื˜ื ื ื ื›ืื˜ื•", 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ. ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš: 

-- ืื•ึผื•ื•ื, ื ืจืื›ืžืึธื ืขืก ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผืึธืจืข-ืžืฑื“. -- ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืขืจืขืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืง, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืืงืกืœืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืฒืฆืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืง. 

ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ืžืขืฆื™ ืื™ื– ื ื–ืžืืŸ ื’ืขืฉืฐื•ึผืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื ื‘ืืจื–ืฉืข, ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื 
ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื‘ื ื ืกื˜ืึธืœื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื ื‘ืœืขื›ืขืจ. ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื“ืจืฒึท ื™ืึธืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธื’ืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืกืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, ืฐื•ื•ึผ 
ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ: 

-- ืื•ึผื•ื•ื, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืจื˜. 


ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืืœืข ืงืœืฒื ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืจื™ื–ืฉืขื•ื•ืงืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืก'ืื™ื– ืืคื™ืœืข 
ืฆื•ื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื– ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ื ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืœื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืื˜ืึธืฐื•ืขืก. ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ืœ, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืจื™ื“ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ืขืจ --ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคืœื™ื’ืœ ืืคืŸ ื“ืืš, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืžืข ืฆืขืขืคื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ืขืœืขืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™, ืฐืขืจื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคื™ืจื”ื•ื™ื– 
ื ื‘ืฒึทื“ืœ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื“ืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก, ืžืขื’ ืžืขืŸ ืกื•ืงืขืก 
ืขืกืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข ื•ื•ื™ืœ. 

ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืœืื›ืœื•ื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืฒึทื‘ืก ืคึผืืจื ืึธืกืขืก, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื˜ืื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจื ืึธืกืข, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™ืืง 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ. 


84 


ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ื›ืกืขืš ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืžืืŸ-ืื•ืŸ-ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื’ืืŸ ืฆื• ื ืงืจื™ื’ืขืจืœ, ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึธืœืขื-ื‘ืืœืก. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“, 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืจื™ื–ืฉืขื•ื•ืงืข ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื–, ืฐื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืข ื‘ืึธื ื™ืžืœืขืš ืืฃ ืงืื”ืื ื˜ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืืจื’. ืื™ื ื“ืจืฒึทืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืืจืง, 
ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืœืึธื– ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืคืŸ ื™ืืจื™ื“ ืคึผื•ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื•ืžื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจืคืขืจ, 
ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืขืก, ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืœืขืฆืขืก ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืจื”ืึธืฐื™ืฆืข. 

ื‘ื ื‘ื™ื™ืœืขืก ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ, ื ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืึธืจ ืคื•ืคืฆืŸ, ื ืงืจืขืคื˜ื™- 
ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื›ืึธืจ, ื”ืขืœืคื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืกื›ืขืจ. ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืึธื ืฆืขืœืขืš ื–ืฒึทื ืข, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฆืฒื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืจืฑื™ืกืฉืคึผืจืึธืฆืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืœื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืœื™ืคึผ. 

ื‘ื ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ืฒึทื˜, ืื•ื™ืกื ื•ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ื™ืขื“ืข ืคืจืฒึทืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜, ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืกืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงื ืขืœื˜, ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื›ืื–ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื•ื•ืจืข, ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื›ื•ืžืขืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืขืจืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. 

ื‘ื ื‘ื™ื™ืœืขืก ืœื™ื ืงืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืื ื˜ ื™ืึธืžืข, ื ื”ืขืคืงืขืจ-ื™ืื˜, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ืจืฒึท ื™ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก, ื“ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฐื•ึผืงืก -- ืžื™ื™ืขืจ, ื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืžืข--ื ืฉืžืึธืœื‘ืœืขื›ืขืจ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื ืฐื•ึผืงืกื™ืงืขืจ, 
ื ืจื™ืจืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ืžืืžืขืฉ ืงื•ื•ืขืงื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ. 

ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืึธื ื“ืข ื”ืึธืจ ืืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื‘ื ื™ืึธืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืจืฒึทื–ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜, ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทืกืข 
ืœืื ื’ืข ืฐื™ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืฃ ืืจื•ืฃ. ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืžืืžื–ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืจื•ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื- 
ื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜. 

ื™ืึธืžืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ื–ืื, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื•ื•ืข ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ 
ื˜ืจืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขื, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜. ื“ื™ ืจืื’ืœืื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืœื™ืง ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืขืจื“ ืึนืฃ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ, ื™ืึธืžืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก, ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืึธืคื˜ืœืขืš ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข 
ืื™ื ื ืฉืœืขืคึผ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืืจื‘ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืืฒึทื ืจืฑืžืขืŸ ื ืกืึธื“ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืขืจ: 

-- ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืขืจืœ, ืฐื•ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงื™ืœื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ. 

ื™ืึธืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขืงื ืขืœื˜. ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื›ื•ืžืขืฉ, ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื›ืคึผืข, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืœื™ืื ื˜ืฉืขืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืขืจืŸ ืฉื™ืงืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื–ืฉืขื•ื•ืงืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื ืคืื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืก ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜. 

ื™ืึธืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืฉืืจืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ืกื™ื™ื›ืœ ืืฃ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืŸ ื ื’ืขื–ืืœืฆืขื ืขื ื›ืขื–ืฉื‘ืŸ. 
ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฆื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืขื ืข ื‘ืึธื ื™ืžืœืขืš --ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื”ืขืœืคืขืจืก ืื™ืจืข. 
ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ ืืคืŸ ืžืืจืง ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขื ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ. ืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืฐืฒึทื– ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ ื›ืืคึผืŸ 
ื ืงื•ืง ืืฃ ืจืขื›ื˜ืก, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืืฃ ืœื™ื ืงืก, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืข, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืงืขืฃ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืืžืขืก ื‘ืœื™ืง. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 

ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจืคื™ืฉืขืจ ืกืคึผื™ื“ื ื™ืฆืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ืฆืข- 
ื ืขื ืงืึธืคื˜ืœ. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืกืืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืืœื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืขืจ ืฉืžืึธืœืขืจ 
ื™ื•ื‘ืงืข ืœื•ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืึธืก. ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื˜ื•ื ืงืœ-ื’ืจื™ื ืข ืคืื˜ืฉื™ื™ืœืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ืคึผืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืขืจืœืขืš ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืงื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื”ืืœื“ื–-ืฆื•, ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืงืจืขืžืคึผืขืฐืขื˜ 
ื–ื™ ืืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืœื™ืง ืืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืจื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืœืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจื“ืข ืื™ื– ืงืขื ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ-- 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜. 

ืืฃ ื‘ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืงื•ืงืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœืขืŸ. ืคื™ืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžืขืงืื ืข 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืจื™ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ื•ืฃ, ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืฉื•ืฉืงืขื˜, ืื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืืจืœื™ื - 
ื’ืขืฉืขืคึผื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืขืจ, ืื– ืืคื™ืœืข ื’ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืืคืŸ ื™ืืจื™ื“, ืฉื ื•ืจืขืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึทืจืกืขื˜ 
ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš. 

-- ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ, ื“ื™ ืคึผืฑืขืจื™ื ืฆื™ ื“ื™ ืึธืงืกืŸ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจืข? 

ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœืข ืจื™ื™ื“ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืืจื‘ืœ. ื–ื™, ื“ื™ ืžืฑื™ื›ืขืจื˜ืฐื•ึผืขื ื™ืฆืข, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื–ืฉืขื•ื•ืงืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืคืืจื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ืื ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜, 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ื˜ืฐื•ึผืข-ื”ืื ื“ืœ ืื™ื– ื ืงืึธืจื˜ืŸ-ืฉืคึผื™ืœ. 

ื“ื™ ืคึผืฑืขืจื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืึธื˜ืขืžื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื‘ื- 
ืœืขื’ื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื•ืžื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจืคืขืจ. ื–ื™, ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข, ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ื”ืืœืฐืึธืข ืืฃ ื ืงื•ืจืฆืŸ ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ. ื–ื™ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ื ืคึผืึธืจืขืฅ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืข. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืงื•ื™ืขืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผืงื•ืคืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 


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ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžืขืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ืฐื•ึผืข ืื™ืจืข ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข ื”ืขื ื“ืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืงืื˜ืขืจื™ื ืึธืกืœืื•ื•. ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื“ืืจืคื˜, ืื™ื– ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึธืœื™ึดืขืš, ื–ื™ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืคื–ืขืฆืŸ ืืคืŸ ,,ืกืœืื•ื•ื ื‘ืึธื’ื•", ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจ, ืฉื•ื•ื™ื, ื–ื•ื ื™ื•, ืืจื•ืฃ-ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืจืึธืคึผื™ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 

ืจื™ื–ืฉืขื•ื•ืงืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš, ืฐื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื ืžืืจืง-ื˜ืึธื’ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืคื•ืจ ืงืขืžืืš, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืกืื›ืืงืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืžืขืœ, ืงืœืฒึทืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืงืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืงืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืึธืจื ื˜, ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ -- ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื–. ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื‘ืืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืคื•ืจืžืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืœื™ื ืึธื•ื•ืงืข ---ืžืขืฆื™ ,ื›ืื˜ื ื ื ื›ืื˜ื•", ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ ืฐืึธื’ ืื ื™ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ, 
ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืึธืจื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜. 

ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื ื™ืงืขืก ืื™ื–, ืงืขื ื˜ื™ืง, ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžืฒึทืกืข ืœืื›ืœื•ื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืคืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ืœื ืขืจืก ืคึผืœืฑื ืขืกื˜ืข, ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื‘ื™ืœื™ืง ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืžืขืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžืึธืœ ืคืืจืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื ืกืึธืฃ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื–ื™ ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื–ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื– ื“ื™ 
ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ื ื™ืงืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื˜, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ-ื–ื™ืš. 

ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœื‘ ืฉืžื•ืœื™ืง ืคึผื™ื˜ืฉ-ืคึผืื˜ืฉ --ื ืžื™ื˜ื ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ื‘ืœืึธื–ืขื ืขื ื‘ื•ื™ืš. ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืืœื˜ืŸ ืกืขืจื“ืขื˜, ืคืืจืคึผืึธืจืึธืฉืขื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขืœ-ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆืขื›ืจืืกื˜ืขื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉืคึผื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืขืžืคึผื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืจืึธืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื‘ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ-- 
ืึธื˜-ืึธื˜ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ืกืงืขืก. 

ืฐืขื“ืœื™ืง ืฉืžื•ืขืœืก ื”ืขื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืืœื“ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจ ื’ืœืื - 
ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืืœื“ื–-ืื•ืŸื™ื ืืงืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื“ืœื™ืง ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ื ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืฒึทื–ื˜ 
ืœืื ื’ื–ืื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉื™ืงืข ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื™ืงืข ืืงืกืœืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืคืืจื’ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื‘ืึธืจืขื›ื”ืื‘ืข ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ืžืื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืคื’ืข- 
ืฉืฐืึธืœืขื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ื ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืฉืคึผืืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืžื•ืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืžืขืจ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข, ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื– ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ, 
ืื– ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื‘ืขืงื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ื ืข ืคื™ืก ืื™ืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืฒึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื ื•ืจืขื•ื•ืข- 
ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืœืขืš. 

ืฉืžื•ืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืึนืฃ ืฐืึธืก ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ืฆื• ืงื•ืงืŸ, ืฆื™ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ื•ื–ืขื ืฆื™ ืืคืŸ 
ืคึผืึธื ืขื, ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆืขืคืœืืžื˜. ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ื›ื™ื™ื ืขืฐื•ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืฉืžื•ื›ื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ื˜ืืžืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ืงื™ื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ืฒึท ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืœื›ืœ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ื ื™ืง 
ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื ืขืงื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื•ื™ ืžืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืขื˜ืข, ื’ืขืฉืžื- 
ืงืข ื–ืื˜ื™ืจืงืข ืืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื‘ื ืื™ื ื–ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืœืขืคืขืœืข. 

ืฉืžื•ืœื™ืง ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืขืœืข ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ: 

-- ื•ื™ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ืคึผื•ึนื“ ืงืึธืจืŸ-ืžืขืœ?--ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ, ืคืึธื ืคืขื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ืฉืžืขืงืขืจ, ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ื›'ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืฐื•ื™ ืกืข ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ื ื–ื™ืคืฆืขืœืข ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืกืข ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš?---ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืœื™ืงืก ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข ื’ืจื™ืŸ-ื‘ืœืึธืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื’ืœื™ื˜ืฉ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ืืจื•ืฃ. ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืจืขื›ืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืš ื“ื™ 
ื”ืื ื˜, ืฐื•ื™ ื–ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืฐืึธืœืŸ, ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืืจื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืืฉืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื˜ 
ืืคืŸ ืึธืจื˜. --- ืžืึธื ืขืฉืขืš, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืžื•ืœื™ืง ื•ื•ื™ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื ื™ื’ื ื“ืœ, --ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืงืขืš ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืš ื ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจื™ื ืงืข, ืฉืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผื•ื“? ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, 
ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ?!-- ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื ืžืืžืขืฉ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื’ืœ. 

ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ื ื™ืง ืึธืคึผื ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื– ื‘ื ื™ืขื ืขื ืื™ื– ืคืืจืงื™ืœื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง: 

-- ืจืขื‘ ืฉืžื•ืœื™ืง, ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืื™ืจ, ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืฐืขื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืžืืจืง, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืฒื™ืกืขืง? ืื™ืจ ืžืขื’ื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืืจืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ืืจื•ืฃ, 
ื•ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืŸ. 

-- ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทืกืข?! --ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ื ื™ืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืŸ. ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืืจืงื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื•ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืฆืขื’ื•ื•ืืœื“ืขื•ื•ืขื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืžืืจืง ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืขืจืŸ: 

-- ืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ, ื›ืื™ืื™ื‘ืขืจ! ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื”ืขืจ, ื ื›ื•ืฆืคึผืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉืœืืง! ื”ืขืจื˜ ื ืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜! 

ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ื ื™ืงืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฆื•ื ืจืขื“ืœ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ 
ืฉืžื•ืœื™ืงืŸ, ื‘ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื ื™ืžืœืขืš ืื™ืจืข, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืœื™- 
ื‘ืขื ืข ื–ืขืงืœืขืš ืžืขืœ. ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื•ื™ืคื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ: 


6 


-- ื–ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืืจืง ื“ืขื ืืฑื‘ื ืึธืŸ!?! ื ืžืืงืข! 

ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื ืคืืจืฉื ื™ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทืก ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœ, ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื‘ืืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืœ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื–ืขืงืœ ืžืขืœ. ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงื•ืจืฆืข ื”ืขื ื˜ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจืึธืขื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืฉ. 

-- ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ! ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืฒึทื–! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœ ื’ืขืงืจื™ื™ืขื˜, ืฐื™ ื ื”ืึธื ืขื›ืœ. 

ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื“ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื’ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืคื•ื™ืกื˜ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืš. ื ืžื™ื˜ื ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขืœืขืจ ืœืื ื’ืขืจ ื‘ืึธืจื“, ืฐื™ ื ื‘ืืฉืคึผืจื™ืฆื˜ืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืงืขืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ื ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืžื‘ืข: 

-- ืฉื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ ืึธืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืื•ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ ื‘ืืงืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื’ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึธืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ืคื”ืขืจืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืกื›ืขืจ! 

ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืื˜ืฉื™ื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืึธื›ืŸ ืืจื•ื ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืคืœื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒื™ืกืžืฒึทืกืข ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ื ื™ืงืขืก. 

-- ืื™ืจ ื”ืขืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ? --ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืืฃ ืฆืขืคึผื™ืงืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืขืœืข 
ื’ืขื“ืื‘ืขืจื˜. -- ืื™ืจ ืžืขื’ื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ื˜ืื ืฆืŸ ืฆืืคึผืึธื, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฐืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืš 
ืฐืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืขืœ. ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžื™ืš ืงื ืืงื ื™ืกืœ! 

-- ืฐืึธืก ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืจ?--- ืื™ื– ืฉืžื•ืœื™ืง ื’ืขืงืจืึธื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื˜. ---ืื ื•, ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• 
ื“ื™ ื–ืขืงืœืขืš, ื ืขืžื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉืœืืง ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืฒึทื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืืจืง. ืฐืึธืŸ ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขื˜! ืฐืึธืŸ! 

ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผืขื ื™ืฉ, ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™. ื™ืึธืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื’ื•ื•ืืœื“ืขื•ื•ืขื˜: 

-- ืžืืžืข, ื’ื™ ืื”ืขืจ! 

ื‘ืฒื™ืกืžืฒึทืกืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื“ื•ื ืขืจ: 

-- ืื•ึผื•ื•ื! 

ืžืขืฆื™ ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื“ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื ืขื ืืงืกืœ 
ืฉืžื•ืœื™ืงืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆืขืฉืึธืงืœื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืงืืจื˜ื•ื–ืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆืขืงื ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ื“ืืฉืขืง ืื™ื– ืืจืึธืคึผ- 
ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ื“ืขืจื‘ืœึท ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืืจื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื˜ื ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึธืจื“. 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื-ืื•ืŸ-ืืจื•ื ื ื•ื•ืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 

-- ืจืื‘ื•ื™ืกืฉ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืฆื™ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืืจืฉืขื ืขืŸ, -- ืื™ืจ ืžืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ 
ื”ืืœื“ื–... ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ืื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื... ืื•ึผื•ื•ื! 

ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืžืขืฆื™ืก ื“ืจืขืžืœืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ื˜ืจืึธื˜ ืึนืฃ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื“ืœ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืฆืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ,ื›ืื˜ื ื ื ื›ืื˜ื•" ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ 
ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืืจืฉืขื ืขืŸ, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจืก ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืื˜ืฉืขื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืฒึทื›ืขืจ. 

ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืŸ. ื“ืฒึทืงืข ืžืขืฆื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ืจืขืจืขืจ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืคึผืืกืงื ื˜: ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื ื™ืงืขืก ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขืงืขืš, ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธืคึผืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ื ื‘ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืžืขืœ, ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืืจืึธืคึผืœืึธื–ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ืงืึธืคึผืขืงืข, ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื˜- 
ื ื™ืงืขืก ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืจืขื•ื•ืขืš. ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืจ ืงืึธืคึผืขืงืขืก ืืฃ ื ืคึผื•ื“ ืžืขืœ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื“ื- 
ืœืขืก. ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ. 

ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคึผืืกื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ืจื™ื–ืฉืขื•ื•ืงืขืจ ืžืขืœ-ื”ืขื ื“ืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืืจืง-ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. 
ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื ื™ืงืขืก ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜- 
ื ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืœืขืš ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืœื™ื”ืขื ื“ืœืขืจ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืงืขืžืืš 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื‘ื ืื™ืจ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื–ื ื‘ืขื ืงืขืœืข, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืจื™ืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื”ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื”ื™ืŸ. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ืžืขื™ืืฉืขื•ื• ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึธืกืœืขื• ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืžืขืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืขืฉืฒึทื ื˜, ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ. 

ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืืฃ ื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขืกืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืกื•ืกื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืฉืึธืจืขืก ืžืขืฆื™ ,ื›ืื˜ื ื ื ื›ืื˜ื•". ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืžืฒึทืกืขืœืข, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืงืึธืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. 

ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ืื– ื‘ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ื’ืขืกืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืจื™ื™ื“. ืžืข ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ื•ื•ืขื ื™ืฆืข, ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜- 
ื ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข, ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื‘ื ื’ืขืฆื™ ืกืœื•ึผื•ื•ืขืก ื“ืขื ืฆืฐืฒื™ื’ืึธืจื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžื•ื™ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืกืงืœืื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ื”ื•ื™ืฃ. ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื–ืฉืขื•ื•ืงืข, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืฉืึธืจืขืก. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ, 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื™ืœืขืก ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื- 
ืงืืœื™ื™-ื”ืขื ื“ืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืจืึธื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื“ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื™ืึธืžืข ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ืคืึธืจื, ืื•ื•ืขืง- 


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ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื• ื–ื™ืš ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขื ื™ื™-ื‘ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืขืจืกืื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืฆื• ืืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ืกื›ื•ื™ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜. ืขืžืขืก, ืžืข ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืจ, ื™ืึธืžืข, ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™- 
ืงืขืจ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜. ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคื™ื™ื™ึทืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ืื 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืืžื˜ืืงื™ื. 

ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜. ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื“ืืจืคื˜ ื ืฉื™ื“ืขืš ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืขืœื™ 
ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ. ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆืขืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื™ื™ึทื›ืขืก ืืฃ ื˜ืขืœืขืจืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทืกื™ื-ื˜ืฑื™ืฐื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื ื™ื ืื™ืจืข. 

ืื– ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืคืจื•ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืœืฒึทื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ืžืืœืึธื›ื™ื 
ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืฒึทื ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืกื›ืขืจ -- ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขื“ืขืจืŸ, ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืž- 
ื˜ืืงื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ืžืื ืก ื ืฐืึธืจื˜. ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืžืื›ืœื•ื™ืงืขืกืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื, ืื– ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืงืจืขื ืงืขืŸ, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜. ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื’ืข ื›ืื›ืึธืžื™ื 
ื˜ืฒึทื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœื™ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ืœื ืขืจืก ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. 

ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ, ืฐื™ ื ื›ืžืืจืข, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื 
ืฐืึธืจื˜. ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื ื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืข, ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืฑื ืขืกื˜ืข, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ. ืขืจ, ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทื ืขืŸ; ,ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื“ืืจืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ!", ,ื“ืึธืก ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืš ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ืข ืฆื• ืคืืœืŸ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง", ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื”ืจืขื‘ืขืŸ. , ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ืžืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื“ืืจืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื•ืขืจื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ, ืกืึธืคืงืึธืœืกืึธืฃ, ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืงืขืจืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ"?. 

ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ื˜, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™ืืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ืŸ 
ืงืืœื™ื ืึธื•ื•ืงืข. ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืœืขืก ืจืฒึทื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ, ืืœืฅ ืื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ 
ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ. 

ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืงืืฉืข, ืฐื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืก, ืื– ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ืคืืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ืŸ. ื ืึธืš ืื–ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฒึทืก ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜-ืงื™ื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™, ื–ืืœืžืขื ืก 
ืคึผืœืฑื ืขืกื˜ืข, ืžืขื•ื‘ืขืจืขืก ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื•ื“ืขืœืขืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆืื ืงืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืจืงื˜, ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื ืืจื•ื, ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืก, ืื™ื– ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™ ืื•ืคื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™ืืง ืืฃ ืึธื ืฆื•ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืึธืกื™ืขืŸ-ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืก'ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื ืžืื ืงืึธืœื™ืข ืื™ืŸ 
ืงืึธืคึผ ื‘ืืฉืžื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืžืืจืึธืฐื•ื™ื“ืœืข ื“ืขื ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘-ื•ื•ืืœ, ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื’ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™ืืง ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืกืงืจื™ื™ 
ืคึผืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ. ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืงืจืึธื›ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืกืืžืข ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืคึผืึธืจืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืฆื™ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืœืฒึทื“ืขืจื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจื“, ืฆื™ ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื’ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ. 


4 
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ื‘ืึธืจื™ืก ืžืึทื’ื™ืœื ืขืจ 


ืคื™ื ืฃ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 


ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฉื ื™ื™ 


ื–ืฉืขื“ื ืข ื–ื™ ื–ืฉื•ืžืขื˜, ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืืœื˜. 

ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœ ืื™ืจืข ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜, ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉืืœื˜. 

ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ-- ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ื•ืœืข ืื™ื– ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืง -- 

ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื™ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ ื–ื™ื ืงื˜, ื–ื™ ืœืขื‘ื˜, ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืœื™. 

ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื™ื ืขื ืฉื ื™ื™ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืœืขืง ืงืขื›ื™ื™ืœืขืง -- 

ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืื™ืš ืงื•ื•ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื‘ืœ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื ื˜ืฒึทืขืŸ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืŸ 

ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ืื™ื– ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืึธืŸ ื›ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื ื“ 

ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื’ืœืขืš, ืฐื™ ื–ืขื’ืœืขืš, ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ืขืจืฉืข ื–ื™ื˜ืŸ 

ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืืœื‘ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืœื“, ืืคืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜. 

ื–ื™ ื–ื•ื™ื’ื˜ ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš -- ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื˜ื•ื•ื™ื“ืŸ ืคืืœื‘. ื ืึธืจ ื›'ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืืฃ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก: 

ื–ื™ ืคืœื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืคืืœื˜, ืื™ืš ื“ืืจืฃ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื ื™ืง, 

ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืคื™ืœื˜, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืงืืœื˜. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืก. 
ืกืึธื ื™ื 


ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืื ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืœืืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืืคึผืึธื ืขื: 

ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื›'ื‘ืจืขื ื’, ืื™ืš ืฉืืฅ ืื•ื™ืš ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื ื™ื, 

ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ -- ื“ื™ ืึธืคืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืข, 

ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื›ืืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ืžืข, 

ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ --- ืื™ืš ืฉืœืึธืฃ, ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืึธืœ -- ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืื›ืขืจ. 
ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื›'ืฐื•ืึธืœื˜ ืคื™ืœ ืžืึธืœ ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืขืจ. 

ื ืคืฒึทื ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืงืœื•ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื–ืืš, 

ื ืึธืจ... ื’ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื”ื™ื˜, ื›'ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืกืืš. 


ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจืขืžืœืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฆืขืจ 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืืคื˜ -- 

ื ื™ื˜ ืืคืŸ ืžืืจืง, ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ: 

ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ืึธื“ืŸ. 

ืฉืคึผืึธืจืขืฐื“ื™ืง ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืื™ืจ ื–ืืคื˜ 

ื“ืขื ื‘ืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ, 

ื”ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืึธื“ืŸ, 

ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืฃ, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืงืœื™ื™ื“ื˜, 

ืคืืจื•ื•ื™ื’ื˜, ืคืืจืฉืœืึธืคื˜ ืื™ื --- ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืฐืขืงืŸ, 
ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืขื ืื”ื™ืŸ, ืื”ืขืจ ืคืืจื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ -- 

ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื•ืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืื ื˜ื“ืขืงืŸ. 


ืก'ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธ ื ืงื•ื™ืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜. 

ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืขืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืฒืฆืขืก, 
ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื’ื‘ืขืจ ืืœืข ื•ืขื ื˜, 

ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืจืขืžืœืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืืฑื™ืฆืขืจ! 


ืœื’ 


ื“ืขืจ ืขืคึผืœื‘ื•ื™ื ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธื“, ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืœืึธืฉืŸ, 

ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืจื™ืžืขืŸ 

ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ, 

ืื– ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื ื ืคืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืœื™. 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ืœื‘ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ, 
ืžืข ืžืขื’ ืื™ื ืื™ ืžืขืงืื ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื™ ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, 

ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืœืขืš, 

ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืœืขืš 

ื‘ืื ื–ื•ืŸ-ืื•ืคื’ืื ื’ ื’ืื ืฆืคืจื™. 


ื“ื• ืคืจืขื’ ื‘ืื ื‘ืืจื ื‘ื•ื™ื, 
ืื•ื™ืš ืขืจ ื•ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืขืกืึธื“ื™ืกื•ื™ื“ืขืก 

ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ, 

ืื– ืืœืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ 

ืืฃ ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงื•ืžืขืŸ 

ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ึดืขืŸ ืฆืืจื˜ 

ืื•ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ื ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™. 

ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื“ ื“ืขื ืฐืฒึทื ืฉืœื‘ืฑืžืก ืฐืขืกื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ, -- 
ืื•ื™ืš ืขืจ, ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, 

ืื– ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืื™ื ืคื™ึทืŸ, 

ืื™ื‘ืขืจืื™ืึธืจ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. 


ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื˜ -- 
ืื™ืš ืœื•ื™ื‘, ื ืึธืจ ื›'ืงืœืฒึทื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ, 
ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ืื– ื‘ืœื™ึทืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข ื–ืึธืœ 

ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ. 


8 * ื 
ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ืข ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงื ืึธืกืคึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, 
ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื“ืืจื˜ืข, ื ืงื ืึธืกืคึผ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ื ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœ ืฐืขืจืŸ, 
ื ืึธืจ ืœืื ื’ ื ืึธืš ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ, ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื‘ืึธื˜: 
ื‘ื™ื– ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ืžืคืืœืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื. ื–ื™ืš ืฆื™ืขืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ. 


0 


ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืงืื”ืืŸ 


ื 
= 
ืฉื˜ 


ืคึฟืจืฉื ื˜'ืฉ' ื ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ 


ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธืคึผืึธืœื™ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื›ืข 


..ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื ื™ื™ึทื“ ื ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืืฃ ืื•ืงืจืื™ึทื ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ 
ืžืึธืจื“ื›ืข. ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ 
ื–ืขื›ืฆืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ื ืงืœืฒื ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ -- ื–ืขื›ืฆืŸ! 

-- ื ื™ื™ื“ ื ื’ืฐื™ืจ!---ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ. --ื ื™ืฉืงืึธืฉืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข, ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืืฒึทื ื”ืึธืจืข! 

ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ 1891 ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข. ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขื›ืฆื ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื–ื™ื ื™ืง, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1911, 
ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืœื™ื™ื‘. 

ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืึธืจื“ื›ืข ื“ืขื ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื“ืื ืง ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืŸ 
ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื‘. ืฐืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ืงืึธื ื˜ ืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ? ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืืœืขืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืึธื“ืขืฐืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืข 
ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ. 

ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืŸ -- ื“ืขื ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืžื•ื™- 
ืฉืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืกื˜ืŸ, ืœื™ื™ื‘, ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ" 
ืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื–ื™ื ื™ืง ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ื- 
ื’ืขื’ื ื˜. 


ืก'ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขืจืืžืขืจ ืื•ืคื ืื-ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืขืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืกื˜ืื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ื‘ืื ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจืŸ- 
ืจืื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืืฃ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืฃ ื ื‘ืœื™ืง ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ, ืฐื•ึผ 
ืืฃ ื ืคื™ืจืงืื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื™ืœื“ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืจืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžื™- 
ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ: ,ืœ. ืž. ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™?, 

ืกืืจื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืขื”ืืœืขืš ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื˜ืึธื’, ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืฐืึธืœืึธ- 
ื“ืืจืกืงื™ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1918, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื - 
ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ื•ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืจืื›ืฐืขืกื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื ื™- 
ืกื˜ืขืจืฉืŸ ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืž. ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ืก ื‘ืจื•" 
ื“ืขืจ, ืœืขื•ื• ืžืืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™. 

ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ -- ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ -- ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ 


ื”ืขืกื›ื˜ืข ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืืคืŸ ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ 
ื™ืึธืจืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจื™ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข. 
ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ -- ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืข ืงืขืžืคืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื˜ืขื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ-ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื ืื™ืŸ 1917, ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ -- ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืขื™ื˜ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืื 
ืกืืžืข ืกื˜ืืจื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื™ื ืคื™ืึธืจ. 

ืœืขื•ื• ืžืืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืœื™ื‘ืข 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื“ืขื ื˜ืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืจืข- 
ืฐืึธืœื™ืฆ;ืึธื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืžืคืขืจ. ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, 
ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ 1920 ืื™ื– ื ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ึดืขืœืขืจ ืฉืึธืœื™ืขืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืึธืกืงื•ืข ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืœืขื ืื™ืจ ืคื™ื ืฃ 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืœืข 
ื“ืืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืื˜ืŸ- 
ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข. ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜, ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื  
ื’ืขืจืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง ื–ื™ืš ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข 
ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข --- ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™, ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื“ืขื ืง ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ. 

ืœืขื•ื• ืžืืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœ, 
ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจ-ืขืงืึธ- 
ื ืึธืžื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขืš-ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ -- 
ื ืงืื ื“ื™ื“ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืŸ 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ --ื ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืขืงืึธ- 
ื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข ืืฑื™ืกืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื ืกืืš ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืขื•ื• ืžืืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœืขืจ 
ืกื˜ืื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ื•ื ื’, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืจืข- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืขืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ืฒื™ื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ื ืขื 1975 
ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฉืขืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœืขืจ ืกื˜ืื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ื‘ืื ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจืŸ-ืจืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืกืกืจ. 

ืื™ืš ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš, ืฆื™ ื‘ืื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืœืขืฐ 
ืžืืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš. ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืขืจ, 
ืื– ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ 1929, ืงืึธืœื–ืžืืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืœืขื‘ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. 

ืœืขื•ื• ืžืืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื 
ืฆืขื˜ืœ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืž. ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™- 
ืงืฒึทื˜. 

ืคืืจืœืึธื–ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜, ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืš, ืื– 


1 


ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืื˜ื ืžืื›ื˜ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื ื™ึทื™ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื 
ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืŸ ืจืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข-ื˜ื•ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืข- 
ืจืขืจ ---ื ืžื™ื˜ืงืขืžืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ-ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืื˜ืŸ-ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข, ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืกื˜ืขืจ ---ืืŸ ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ืžืข- 
ืœื•ื›ืขื–ืื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืกืงืึธื ื˜ื™ืจื˜, 
ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืกืื›ืืงืœืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื•ืžืคืืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’, ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืฆื• 
ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ื–ื. 


ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“, ืื™ื ืขื ืงื™ืจืึธืฐื•ืขืจ ืจืื™ืึธืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ 
ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื˜ืขื’ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจื™ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื, 
ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ -- ืคืื™ื ืข ืžืืจ- 
ืงืึธืฐื•ื ืข. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืœืขื˜ืข 
ืฉื˜ืจื™ื›ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžื™ืฉ- 
ืคึผืึธื›ืข. ื–ื™ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืื™ื ืขื 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืขืœืข ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธืคึผืึธืœ, ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืงืข, ืฉื˜ืืจืง 
ืคืืจื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš 
ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืข 
ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืฆืึธืœื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ื ืกืœื•ืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ ---ืฐืึธืก ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ ื“ื™ 
ื ื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืืœืฅ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ื™- 
ืงืขืจ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื’ื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ืืœืขืก... 

ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืื™ึดื ืข ืžืืจืงืึธื•ื•ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืคืืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ื–ื™ ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ืจืฆืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืจืฒึทื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™;ืึธื ืขืจืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืคืืงื˜ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื ื˜ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขื ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜. 


ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ ืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก 
ืžืืจืกืึธื•ื•ืข ืคืขืœื“. ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืฒื™ื‘ื™ืงืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื’ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ. ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืงืื ื˜ื™- 
ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื˜ --ื’ืจืื ื™ื˜-ื˜ืึธื•ื•ืœืขืŸ, ืืฃ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืก'ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืจื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ืึธื  
ื“ืขื ืงื™ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืœืขืงืึธืฐืขื“ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืืœืขื ืข ืื™ืŸ 
ืงืืžืฃ ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ, 

ืื”ืขืจ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ-ืงืจืขื ืฅ ืฉืขืœื•ื›ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, ืขืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื”ืขืจ ืคึผื™ึทืึธื ืขืจืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื˜ืจืœื™ืฉืืคื˜- 
ืฉื•ื•ื•ึผืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“, ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ ืคืืจืŸ ืจืื˜ื ืœืื ื“ 
ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืข ื–ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื‘ืื–ื™ื’ื‘ืืจืขืจ ืึธืงื˜ื™ื- 
ื‘ืขืจ-ืคืขืกื˜ื•ื ื’ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืขื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืขื•ื•ื. 

ืืฃ ืืœืข ืงืฐืึธืจื™ื ืœื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืจืื ื™ื˜-ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ-ืื•ืคืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ; ืืฃ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ --- ืž. ืฐืึธ- 
ืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™. 

ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคื•ืœืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ื“ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœื˜ืฑื™ื–ื ื˜ืงืขืคึผื™ืงืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ- 
ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผื•ื˜ื™ืœืึธืฐืขืจ ื–ืืฐืึธื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•" 


92 


ืž. ืž. ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ 


ื ืขื ืœืึธืงืึธืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื•-ื‘ื•ื™-ื–ืืฐืึธื“. ื‘ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืข- 
ื ื•ื ื’ืกื™ืจืขื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืจืื˜ืŸ-ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื•ืฆื™ืง 
ื™ืืงืึธื•ื• ืกืฐืขืจื“ืœืึธื•ื•. 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืฉืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืืžืขืŸ 
8, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืึธืงื˜ื™ื- 
ื‘ืขืจ-ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข. 

ื•ื•ื™ึทืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืฆื• ืฐืขืจืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธ- 
ืœืขื˜ืืจื™ืขืจ? ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ืขืจ, ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืฐืึธ- 
ืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™, ื•ื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืจืื“ ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื™ึทืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื“ืึธ ืคืืจ ื ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœื™ื‘ื˜ืกื˜ืข ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืึท- 
ื ืขืจืข ืคื™ืจืขืจ--ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ ืคืืจ 
ืื’ื™ื˜ืืฆื™ืข, ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืื’ืื ื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืขืกืข? 


ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ื’ืึธืœื“ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ --ืื–ื ืื™ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืžืขืกืขืจ 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจื™ื’ืขื–ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืึธืœื™ื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธืคึผืึธืœ, 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ื”ืขืจ- 
ืฉืขืœืข ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธืคึผืึธืœื™ืขืจ. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ -- ืžืึธืจื“ื›ืข 
ื’ืึธืœื“ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ -- ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืขื ืœืขืš ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืืคืŸ 
ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืืจืคื–ื™ื ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืขืจืฉืขืœืข. ืืœืข ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื‘ืืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืฆืŸ-ื–ืึธื’ืขืจ, ืฆื•ื ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ืŸ ืืž- 
ื›ืึธื™ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ -- ืžืึธืจื“ื›ืขืŸ. ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ื“ 
ื ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ืœืืžืขื“ืฐืึธืฐื•ื ื™ืง. ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ 
ื ืขืœืขื ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื”ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื ืฉื ื™ื™- 
ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืจืื“ืข ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ--ื ื˜ืื ื“ืขื˜ื ื™ืง, 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœืื˜ืขืก ืืฃ ืœืื˜ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืฉืขื 
ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื“ืขืจืคืขืจ ืืจื•ื. ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื ื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ 


ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ื™ืฆืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืคืืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ, ืฆืขื˜ืจืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ืœืื˜ืขืŸ --ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืžืึธืจื“ื›ืข 
ื“ืขื ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจืก ืงื•ื ืกื˜. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืงืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจืœ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืกืึธื“, ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืกืฑื™ื“ืขืก, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ. 


ืžืึธืจื“ื›ืข ื“ืขืจ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืงืœืืœ- 
ื˜ื•ืขืจ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ืคืืจ ืืœืข ื”ืึธืจืขืคึผืืฉ- 
ื ื™ืงืขืก, ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ื‘ืจืื ื–ืฉืข ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื˜ืืงืข ื ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ-ืฉืขื‘ืขืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ: ื 
ื™ื™ึทื“, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ื ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขื›ืฆืŸ 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืืฉืขืคื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ืืฉืžื™ืขืก, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื›ื ื™ืขืก. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ 
ื ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื“ืจื™ืงื˜ืข, ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื’ื™ื˜ืื˜ืึธืจ, ื ืงืึธื ืกืคึผื™ืจืื˜ืึธืจ. ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจืึธืขื˜ ืžื™ืงืึธืœืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจืŸ, 
ืื– ืึธื˜ื™ืึธื˜ ื‘ืจืขื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข, ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื‘ื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืื–ื™ืข ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืŸ ืขืง, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ื ืข, ืฐื™ ืขืจ, ืžืึธืจื“ื›ืข ื›ืื™ื˜, ืฐืขืœืŸ ื’ืึธืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืกืœ. 


...ื ืึธืš ื ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ: ืžืึธืจื“ื›ืข ื“ืขื ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจืก 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืื“ืึธืจื™ื, 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื˜ืข- 
ืžืขื“ืจืึธืฉื™ื. ื ื™ื˜ ืžืึธืจื“ื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ 
ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืื•ื•ื ืขืŸ, ื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืืจืฒึทื ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ-ื™ื›ื•ืžืขืฉ, ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื–ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’, ื ืึธืจ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžืึธืจื“- 
ื›ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืงื•ื™ืขืš. ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจ ืืœื˜ืข ืึธืคึผื’ืข- 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ืขื ืข ืฉื™ืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ 
ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจ ืฆืขืจื™ืกืขื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืœืขืš 
ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœืขืš. ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืึธืจ- 
ื•ื•ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืš, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืก. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืœืขืจ- 
ื ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืฐื•ึผ ื ืขืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืกื›ืืจ-ืœื™ืžืขื“? ืื™ื– ืขืจ 
ืึธืคื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื‘ืื ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™- 
ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ื™ืžื ืื–ื™ืข, ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜, ืฐื™ 
ืก'ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืข ื’ื™ืžื ืื–ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืจืื ืขืฆืœืขืš ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืฒืฆืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ 
ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืžืขืงืื ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื•ื™ืฉืขืœืข ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืืžืึธืœ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื‘ืึธืจื•ื•ืข- 
ืกืขืจ, ื ื“ืืจื™ื ืงืขืจ, ืื•ื•ืขืง ืฆื•ื ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจื™ืฉ ื”ืืจืฅ. 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ, ื‘ื™ื– ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฉืœืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜. 

ืขืจ ืœืขืจื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืœืฒึทืกื™ืง--ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœืืก ืฆื• 
ืงืœืืก. ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ื™ืžื ืื–ื™ืข. ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ืงื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ื ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืจืขื: ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื•ื 
ืฉืื‘ืขืก, ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืฉืื‘ืขืก ื“ืขื ืจืื ืขืฅ! 


ืžื•ื™ืฉืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืื›ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื›ื™ื™- 
ืจืขื. 

ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื“ื™ ื›ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ-ื™ื™ื ื’ืœืขืš ืึธืจื’ืื ื™- 
ื–ื™ืจื˜ ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืคืืจืฆื•ื™ืžื•ื ื’, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืžื ืื–ื™ืข. ืžื•ื™ืฉืขืœืข ืื™ื– 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื›ื•ื•ืื˜, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคืืจืฆื•ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื ืฆื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื›ื™ื™- 
ื“ืขืจ-ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœืขืš. 

ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ื’ืึธืœื“ืฉื˜ืฒื™ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฉื™- 
ืœืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืžื ืื–ื™ืข, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ 
ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ ืงืœืืก. ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืžื ืื–ื™ืข ืฉืœื™ืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื 
ืื•ื™ืก ืคืืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆ;ืึธื ืขืจืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜. 


ืืฃ ื ื‘ืขืจื’ืœ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืฒึทืš ืกืœื•ื˜ืฉ, 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืขืกืžืขื“ืจืขืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ื“ืึธืจืคื™ืฉ ืฐืฒึทืก ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืื ื™ ื–ืขืœื™ื ืกืงืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืคืœืขื’ 
ืขืก ืคืืจื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ, 


ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืฐืฒึทืกืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ (ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืคื™ืœืข 
ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธืคึผืึธืœ ื‘ื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธ- 
ืžืข) ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“- 
ื–ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคืืจืžืื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืึธื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืขืจืึธืกื™-ืœืึธืžืคึผืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืงืœืืžืืฆื™ืขืก. ืžืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ 
ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผื•ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืคื•ืจืŸ ืฆืขืฉื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืขืจืคืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืืคืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืข- 
ืœืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืจืึธืงืœืืžืืฆื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืขื ืขืก, ืื™ืŸ ื–ืขืง ืžื™ื˜ 
ืงืืจื˜ืึธืคืœ. 

ืฆื• ืคืขืจืฆืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืคื™ืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืก ื’ืข- 
ื”ื™ื™ืžืข ืคืืจื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืขืจืคืขืจ, ืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขื ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืงืœืืžื- 
ืฆื™ืขืก, ืจื•ืคื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ื™ืขืจื™ื ืึนืฃ ืกื›ืึธื“ืงืขืก. 
ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœืฐืฒึทื– ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืคื™ื™ื™ืงืœื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจืื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธื“ืึธืœื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื 
ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ 
ืืคืŸ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืฉืŸ, ืงืœื•ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ื’ืจื•ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 


ืžื•ื™ืฉืขืก ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืขืจืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืœืขืš ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืฆื•ื ื™ืฅ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืœืื ื’ืข ืฆืขืคึผ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืžืืžืข ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืœืึธื›ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืข ืฆืขืคึผืขืœืขืš, ื–ื™ 
ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื“ืืจืคื˜, ืื•ืŸ, ืงื•- 
ืžืขื ื“ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืž'ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืจืงืข- 
ืžืขืŸ. ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื“ืจืขืกืื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฆืขื˜ืขืœืขืš. 

ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืฑืข- 
ืจื™ื, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ 
ื’ืึธืœื“ืฉื˜ืฒื ืก, ืื™ื– ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืœืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, 
ืืคืŸ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจืก ื˜ื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื 
ื‘ืจืขื˜ืœ, ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ ืืฃ 
ืฐืฒึทืก ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ: ,ืื“ืฐืึธืงืื˜ ืž. ื’ืึธืœืš- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ". 

ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืŸ 
ืื“ืฐืึทืงืื˜. ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืงืืจื™ืขืจืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื“ืฐืึธืงืื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื 
ื’ืขืžืืกืขืจื˜. 


3 


ืื™ืŸ 1908, ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืืžืึธืœ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข, ื•ื™ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืืฃ ื ืคึผืฑืขืจืฉืขืจ ืคื•ืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธืคึผืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฃ. ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืขื˜ ื 
ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข ื–ืื•ื•ืขืจื•ื›ืข, ืืคืŸ ืฉืœื™ืืš, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ืืœื˜-ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืื ื˜ื™ื ืึธื•ื•, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผื•ืกื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืกื˜. ืฆื•ื ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฃ ืื™ื– ืกืื›ืืงืœ ืขื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืข ืฐืึธืจืกื˜. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ื™ืขืจื™ื 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืืคืŸ ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธืคึผืึธืœื™ืขืจ ืื’ื™ื˜ืื˜ืึธืจ, ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ- 
ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ืืคืŸ ืคืืจืฉื ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ 
ืฆืœืื ื˜ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคื•ืจืœ, ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ 
ืžื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ, ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ื 
ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจืžืข. 

ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆืฒ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืฐืึธื’ืŸ ื”ื™ื™, ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืืฃ ืฆื• ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืœืื ื’ 
ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืืจืขืกื˜ืื ื˜. ืžื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. 

ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื’ืึธืœื“ืฉื˜ืฒื ืก ืจื•ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ืึธืง. ืก'ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื™ 
ื’ืขื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข. ืขืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ 
ืคึผื•ื™ืขืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืืœืžืขืœืึธื›ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ ื›ืืคึผืŸ ื ืฉืžื•ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึธืจื“ื›ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ื‘ื™ื™ืœืข, ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืžืืžืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข, ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืึธืจืขืš- 
ืงืึธืคึผืœ, ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึทืขืฐืขืจ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทืกื™ื’ืจืึธืฐืข ื‘ืึธื‘ืขืฉื™ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก 
ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืคื ืขืžืขืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืœ. 

-- ื”ืื›ื ืึธืกืืก-ืึธืจื›ื™ื, ืื•ืคื ืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืกื˜, ืื™ื– 
ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ืข, -- ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข 
ื‘ืึธืจืขืš-ืงืึธืคึผืœ. 

ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžืึธืจื“ื›ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื™ืืจืฉื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆื• ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื“ื™ ื–ืึธืจื’ ืคืืจืŸ 
ืงืœืืœ. ื‘ืึธืจืขืš-ืงืึธืคึผืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™ 25 ื™ืึธืจ, ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืจืขื ืงื˜ ืืœืข ืคึผืœืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืœื“ืข ืžื- 
ื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืกืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืกืœื•ื–ืฉื‘ืข. 

ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธืคื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆ;ึทืื ื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืืกื˜ 
ืื™ื ืขื ืฐืฒึทืกืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืืคืŸ ื‘ืืจื’, ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืžืขืงืŸ, ื–ื™ 
ื–ื•ื›ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื ืžืืงืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืขืคึผืขืก. ืžืึธืจื“ื›ืข 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื’ืœืขื–ืœ ื‘ืจืื ืคืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœ- 
ื‘ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจืข- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืืคืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืืงืขืฐื•ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ื–ืขืงืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคึผืจืึธืงืœืืžืืฆื™ืขืก. 

ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ 1911, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื 
ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืžื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฃ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ืคื•ืœืŸ ื–ืืง ืคึผืจืึธืงืœืืžืืฆื™ืขืก. ืžืข ืืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ 
ืื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆืฒื™ ืื™ื–ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืฆื•" 
ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก, ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื ื˜ืืจ 
ื›ืืคึผืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืกืืง. ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืข 
ื ืื›ื˜, ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆื™ืื ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื’ืข- 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื–ืขืงืœ ืคึผืจืึธืงืœืืžืืฆื™ืขืก, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืืฃ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืจืขืกื˜ืื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืž'ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ื 
ืคึผืึทืœื™ืฆืฒื™-ื‘ืืฆื™ืจืง, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืงืœ ืคึผืจืึธืงืœืืžื- 
ืฆื™ืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฐืึธื’ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืืจืขืกื˜ืื ื˜ 
ืื™ื– ื ืขืœืขื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 


44 


ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืขืจื“. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืขื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืขื ื›ืืจืืง- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื•ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื‘ื- 
ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ืื•ืžื“ืขืจืžื™ื“ืœืขืš ืคืึธืจื˜ ืขืจ ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขื›ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืคืขืจ, ืื’ื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜, 
ืจื•ืคื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ื™ืขืจื™ื ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืื ื“. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธืคื˜ 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืืœ- 
ืžืขืœืึธื›ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืฆื™ึทืขืŸ ื‘ื ื ื’ืœืขื–ืœ ืฆื™ืงืึธืจื™ืข ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ื’ืข- 
ืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืŸ. 

ืืฃ ืื–ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ืกื›ืึธื“ืงืข ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืœื™ื•ื‘ืืจ ืคืืœื˜ ืขืจ ื ืึธื›ืืžืึธืœ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆืฒ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก 
ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื˜ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ, ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ืžืข ืคืืจืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจืžืข, 
ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธืคึผืึธืœ 
ืืฃ ื“ืจืฒึท ื™ืึธืจ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจ- 
ื›ืื ื’ืขืœืกืงืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘ืขืจื ื™ืข. ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ 
ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ื ืกืืš, ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืŸ. ืขืจ ืœืขืจื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ 
ืืคื™ืœืข ืฆื• ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื˜ืขืกื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืข- 
ืœืขืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’. 

ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ 1912 ืงืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ืื”ื™ื™ื ืืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืขืจ, ืจืฒึทืฃ-ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืจ ืคื™ื–ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืง, ื ืคืืจื”ืืจื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืฆื• 
ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื–ืืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื’ืื ืฆืข ื’ืข- 
ื–ื™ื ื“ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ื ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ. ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืžืื›ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืฐืœื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื•- 
ืคื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข. 


ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืขืจื“ื™ืฉืข ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆ;ืึธื ืข- 
ืจืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธืคึผืึธืœ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืคืขืจืœืขืš: ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆืฒ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜. 
ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึธืœื“ืฉื˜ืฒื ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’. 

ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธื’ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืฉืฐืขืจืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืคืืจ ืžืึธืจื“ื›ืข ื“ืขื ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ. ืื•ื™ืกื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืกื•ืงืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืืœืก ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืขื’ื™- 
ื“ื™ืฉืข ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ืื ื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ื’ืขื•ื•ืืฉืŸ ื’ืจืขื˜, ื’ืขืจืืžื˜ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ื™ 
ืฉืข ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ... 

ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืขืฉื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ืฉืคึผืื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืื™ื•ื ืข. 
ืืœืก ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึทืขืฐืขืจ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคึผืื˜ืขื ื˜ ืืฃ ื ืงืจืขืžืœ, 
ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื , ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜" ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื–ื•ืžืึธื ื™ื 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื”ืื ื“ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ืž- 
ื–ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคึผืื˜ืขื ื˜. ื–ื™ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืืฃ ื 
ื™ืึธืจ, ืืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืขื›ืึธืฆื™-ื›ื™ื ืขื... 

ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืึธืจืขืš-ืงืึธืคึผืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืืจื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื ืคึผืจื™ืฐื•ื™- 
ืœืขื’ื™ืข: ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืคึผืจืืฐืึธื–ืฉื™ื˜ืขืœืกื˜ืฐืข ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“, ืฐื•ึผ ื ืึธืจ 
ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ. 

ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืžืึธืจื“- 
ื›ืขืŸ: 


6* 


-- ื ืขื ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืึธื ื“ืขืจื”ืืœื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ืึธื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’, ืขืคืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจืฒึท ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ื™ ื˜ืื›ืจื™ื›ื™ื ืคืืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืกืขืจ... 

ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธืคึผืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ 
ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืจื™ืจืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืืœืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื ื ืึธื›ื’ืขืคืึธืœื’ื˜. ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืึธืจื“ื›ืข ืคืืจ- 
ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื”ืขืžื“, ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ 
ืžื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื ,ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืœ? ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืง- 
ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืกืขืก ืœืื ื“. ื ืึธืš 
ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ื–ื™ืŸ -- ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืคึผืึธื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆืฒื™. ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 1912 
ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืื“ืขืœืคื™ืข. 

ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืฉืœื™ืกื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆ;ืึธื ืขืจืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ืื ื•ื•ืืจืฉื˜ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจื™ืคืื‘- 
ืจื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ื™ืš ื‘ืืœื™ื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจ 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืื“ืขืœืคื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ื™ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ --ื•ื•. ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™. ื“ืขื 
ืคึผืกืขืฐื“ืึธื ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืืจื›ืื ื’ืขืœืกืงืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื™ืงื•ื ื’. 

ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ืืŸ ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืกืึธืฆื™ื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™, 
ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืŸ ืฉื ืœื™- 
ื“ืขืจ-ืคืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ืคืืจืฆืฐืฒึทื’ื˜ืข 
ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜. 

ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ืขืก ื‘ืจืขื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ืคืึธืจื˜ 
ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ ืื™ืŸ 1914 ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฐืฒื™ืึธืจืง. 
ื“ืึธ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืขื˜ืืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืข- 
ื•ื•ืึธืœื™ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜. ืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆ;ืึธื ืขืจืŸ-ืขืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ, 
ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื™ื’ืึธืจื™ ื˜ืฉื•ื“ื ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืŸ, 
ื“ืขื ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื ื“ืื ื˜ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ"ืคึผืืœืืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืึธืง- 
ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ-ืื•ืคืฉื˜ืื ื“. ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืฉื•ื“ื ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืŸ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืื - 
ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืืฆ;ืึธื ืืœืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ื ืึธืฐื™ 
ืžื™ืจ? (,ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜"), ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ, 
ืจืขืคึผืึธืจื˜ืื–ืฉืŸ, ืคึผืขืœื™ืขื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ. 

ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืึนืฃ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ืžื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื- 
ืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข, ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื™ืึธืจืง. ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืก ืฆื• ืคืืจื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืื ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงื- 
ื ืขืจ ื˜ื•ืจืžืข. 


..ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืคืขื•ื•ืจืืœ-ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข ืคืืจืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ืขืจ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1917 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืจืื“. ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืื™ื ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืึธื ื˜. ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื˜ืขื’, ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืข- 
ื˜ื™ืงื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืงืืžืฃ, ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžืจื•. ื ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ-ืจืื™ืึธื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœ-ื“ืขืžืึธืงืจืื˜ืŸ, ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืœ 
7 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธืœืฉืขืฐื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™, 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ืกืึธืฐืขื˜, ืื™ื ืขื 
ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจ-ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืื˜ืŸ. 

ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืงืฉืขืกื™ื ืกืงื™- 
ืคืืœืืฅ, ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืึธืœืฉืขืฐื™ืงืขืก. ืึธืคึผื˜ ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ืกืžืึธืœ- 


ื ื™, ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืืœืก ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•- 
ื ืขื ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธืœ- 
ืฉืขื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™. 


ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืขืกื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืืœืก 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื’ื™ื˜ืื˜ืึธืจ ืฆื•ื ื ืืจืฐืกืงื™-ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ- 
ื”ืึธืคืขืจ ืจืื™ืึธืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื•ื˜ื™ืœืึธืฐืขืจ ื–ืืฐืึธื“. ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ 
ืžืืžืขืฉ ืคืืจืงื™ืฉืขืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืืื•ื“ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืขื›ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืืฐืึธื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืข- 
ื”ืขืจื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ื ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื“ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ. 

ืื™ื ืขื ืคึผืขืจื™ึตืึธื“ ืขืจืขื•ื• ื“ืขื ืึธึทืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ-ืื•ืค- 
ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืฆืขื‘ืœื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ืก 
ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืื’ืื ื“ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืืœืื ื˜. ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืืกืŸ ืฆื•ื ื‘ื- 
ืฐืึธืคึผื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืคืฉื˜ืื ื“. ื“ืขื 16 ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ ื ืขืžื˜ 
ืขืจ ืืŸ ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืึธื ื˜ืฒื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœ-ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธืœืฉืขืฐื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™, ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื˜ืืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ืคืฉื˜ืื ื“. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื˜ืขื’ 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ ืึธืคื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืืฃ 
ืžืืกืŸ-ืžื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืžืขืก- 
ืœืขืกืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืึนืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืš ืื™ื ืขื 
ืฉื˜ืื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข --ืื™ืŸ ืกืžืึธืœื ื™. 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ื ื•ืžืขืจ 18 ืืคืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืง, ืฐืึธ- 
ืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ืก ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜, ืื™ื– ืคืืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ืฆ;ืึธื ืขืจืขืจ 
ืื’ื™ื˜ืืฆื™ืข. ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขื - 
ืกื™ื•ื•ืข ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฆื•ื ืงื™ื ืคื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื. 


ื“ืขื 21 ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืž. ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ 
ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ืจืง 
;ืžืึธื“ืขืจืŸ? ืืคืŸ ื•ื•ืืกื™ืœื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ื–ืœ. ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืจืง 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืืงื˜, ืž'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข 
ื“ื•ึนืจื›ื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆืขืคืจืืœื˜. 
ื“ื™ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ื ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ืŸ ืึธืจืื˜ืึธืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข, ื™ืขื“ืข 
ืคืจืื–ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ื–, ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื 
ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืข ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืคืฒึทื ื˜. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืก'ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืœืืžื™ืงืข ืื’ื™- 
ื˜ืื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ ื’ืข- 
ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืจื•ืžืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืจืึธื ื˜; 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื“ืืจืคื˜ ื ื‘ืึธืœืฉืขืฐื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืจืข- 
ื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืฆื™- 
ื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ืงืจืืกื ืื™ื ื’ืื–ืขื˜ื", ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืืจื˜ืฒื™ 
ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ืŸ; ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ-ืื•ืคืฉื˜ืื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธืจื•ื“ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืจืื“ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™- 
ื“ืขื ืข ืขืกืขืจื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืขื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฆืœื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธืœืฉืขืฐื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ืืœ ืืœืก ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข-ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฐืึธืœืึธ- 
ื“ืืจืกืงื™ืŸ, ื“ืขื ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ ืคืืจ ืื’ื™ื˜ื- 
ืฆื™ืข, ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืื’ืื ื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืขืกืข. 

ื“ืขื 4 ืžืฒึท 1918 ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•. ืื™. ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื“ืขืงืจืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉืืคืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืจืขืฐืึธ- 
ืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืข ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ืืœืŸ ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’-ืงืึธืœืข- 
ื’ื™ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืž. ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข-ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ. 


99 


ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ -- ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืงื•ืจืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข. 

ืž. ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ ืื™ื– ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœื™ื’ืขืฉืืคืขื ืข ืคึผืจืขืกืข-ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ืืœืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœ- 
ื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืกืขืจื™ืฉื™ืžืขื ืฉืขื•ื•ื™ืก- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•- 
ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืข ืจืขื›ื™ืœืขืก ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืจืื˜ื ืžืื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ 
ืคืืจืžืขืกื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืงื•ืจืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•- 
ืฆื™ืข. ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืœืข ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ 


ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืืœืก ืžื™ื˜- 
ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ื™ื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฆื™ืง, ื ืขืžื˜ ืืŸ ืืง- 
ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœ ืื™ื ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ 
ืืœืจื•ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข ืจืื˜ืŸ-ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจืŸ. ืืคืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ 
ืจืื˜ืŸ-ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ืฆืขืจ. ืืคืŸ ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™-ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื - 
ืคืึธืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื™ืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœืื ื“ ืฆื•ื 
ื‘ืืฐืึธืคื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืคืฉื˜ืื ื“, ื”ืืœื˜ ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ ื 
ืคืึธืจื˜ืจืึธื’ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืื’ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืจืื“. 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื“ืขืœืขื’ืื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ื™ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ 
ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™-ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ. 

ืคื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืง ืฉืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืกืœืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืงืืจื’. ื ืฉืึธ ื–ืขืงืก--ืื›ื˜ 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ืžื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจ" 
ื ืึธืš -- ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™-ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜. ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึธืฐื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข. ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืืœื‘ืขืจ 
ื ืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืื“ืืจืคื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืืจื˜ื™ืง- 
ืœืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืื•ืคืœืื’ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’. 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืืžืขืจืงืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ 
ืจื•ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืขืกื˜. ื ืึธืš ื”ืืœื‘ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ 
ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืคืขืœ ื ืงืจืื™ืขืฅ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืขืจื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืคืืจื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ื’ืœืึธื– ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืงื•ืคึผื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข. ื›ืืกืขื ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ ืž. ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ ืื™ื– 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืŸ 1918 ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืื ืฆื™ืง 
ื™ืึธืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืืฑืกื’ืขืœืึธืฉืŸ... ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขื 20 ื™ืŸ 
8. 


ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื˜ืขื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื•ื•ืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืื˜ืŸ. ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ื™ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืž. ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ ืืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืึทืœืฉืขืฐื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืจืขื“ืขืก. ื“ืขื 20 ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื‘ืื˜ืึธื’ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื•ื•ืืœ-ืคืืจื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ื‘ื 
ื“ื™ ืืฒึทื–ื ื‘ืื ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืขื•ื•ืกืงืขืจ ืจืื™ืึธืŸ ืืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืข- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืึธืงืึธืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื•-ื–ืืฐืึธื“. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜. ื 
ืฐืึธืš ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ื–ืืฐืึธื“ ืืœืฅ ืึธืคึผื’ืข- 
ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืœืึธ- 
ื“ืืจืกืงื™ืŸ. 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืฒึทืœื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขื ื–ื™ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืžืืฉื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืืจืื–ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•" 
ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืžืืฉื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืฉืึธ- 
ืคืขืจ. 


6 


-- ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ!--ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ. 
ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ืงืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ืขื•ื, ืคื•ืŸ 


ืจืขื›ื˜ืก---ื ืœืื ื’ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจื ืขืจ ืคึผืœืฑื˜. ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื™ 
ื‘ื™ืงืข, ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ื’ืขืกืœืขืš. ืคืึธืจื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืืจืฐืึธืจืคืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื- 
ืฉื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื–ืืžื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืื ื’. ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืึธืคืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก ืขืคึผืขืก ืฆื•ืจืขื›ื˜ ืžืื›ืŸ. ืฐืึธื™ 
ืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก. ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ื™ืœื›ื˜ ื“ืจืฒึท ืฉืึธืกืŸ. ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ, 
ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข---ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข - ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ื•ื™ืš. ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืืœืŸ.. 

ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืกืึธื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•- 
ืฆื™ืข, ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ืข ืขืกืขืจืŸ, ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืฒึทืกื˜ืข 
ื‘ื•ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืฐื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉืคึผืข- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืงืœืึธืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืž. ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉืึธืกืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืขืกืขืจ ืกืขืจื’ื™ื™ืขื•ื•. 

..ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื˜ืื•ื•ืจื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืืœืืฅ --ืื™ื ืขื ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืŸ ื–ืืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืจืื˜ืŸ-ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข. ืฆื•ื ืึธืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ-ืงืจืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข 
ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™-ืึธืจื’ืื ืขืŸ, ืคื•ื ืขื ืืœืจื•ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜- 
ืจืืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจ-ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜, ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืื˜ืคืึธืœืงืึธื, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ืจืื˜. ืืœืข ื’ืืกืŸ ืืจื•ื 
ื˜ืื•ื•ืจื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืืœืืฅ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจืคืœื™ื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืฆื•ื ืึธืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ืื•ืคื”ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืœืขื˜ืืจื™ืขืจ. ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจืื ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื ื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ืงืขืคึผ ืคืืจืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืขื ื‘ืึธืœืฉืขืฐื™ืง. ื™ื•ื ื’ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืืœื˜ืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจื ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืคึผื•ืฆื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธืจืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ-ืงืจืขื ืฅ, ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ื’ืขืงื•ืฉื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืืœื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขืคืืœืขื ืขื 
ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ. 

ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืข ื™ืขื“ื™ึทืข ืื™ื– ื’ื™ืš ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืœืื ื“. ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืžืึธืœื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ืก ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืืฃ 
ื ืžื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืงืึธืœื ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืœื•ื‘. ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: ,ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื”ืืจื’ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจ 
ื˜ื•ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฆืึธืœื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฑื™ื˜, ื“ืขืจ 
ื›' ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™. ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™, ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื”ืืจื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืืงื˜ื™ื•ืข 
ื˜ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืื˜ื ืžืื›ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคืืจืคืขืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึธื ืฆื™ืœืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขื, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš 
ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื“ืขืจืึธื‘ืขืจื•ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ". 

ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืจืื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืœื•ื ืื˜ืฉืืจืกืงื™ 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ืจืื˜: 

-- ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื˜ื•ื˜ ืคืฒึทืขืจื“ื™ืง ืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืืจื‘ืข- 
ื˜ืขืจื™ืงืœืืก ืฆื• ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ืฆ;ืึธื ืขืจืข ื˜ืื˜ืŸ. ืื–ื•ื™ื ืข 
ืงืึธืจื‘ืึธื ืขืก ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ... 

ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืื•ื•ืจื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืืœืืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืจืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืกืžืึธืœื ื™, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืฃ ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ื- 
ืžืขื ื˜. ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ 


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ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ. ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื™ืขืจ-ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืกื™ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืžืึธืœื ื™ ืฆื•ื ืื•ืคืฉื˜ืื ื“- 
ืคึผืœืืฅ, ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ื ื™ืขื•ื•ืกืงื™ ืคึผืจืึธืกืคึผืขืงื˜. ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืžืืจืกืึธื•ื•ืข 
ืคืขืœื“, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืงืึธืœืึธื ืขืก 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ืื ื˜ืืฐืจื™ืฉืŸ 
ืคึผืืœืืฅ. 

ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ื ืจืขื’ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืคืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึท- 
ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืืก... 

ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืงืื‘ืขืจ 1918 ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื“ืขื ืงืžืึธืœ ืืคืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ 
ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืคืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขืš ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ืฐื™ ื‘ืื ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืคืืจ- 
ื‘ืจืขื›ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืขื ืง- 
ืžืึธืœ. ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืœืขื˜ืืจื™ืื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื ื ืฒึทืขื ื“ืขื ืงืžืึธืœ ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืก- 
ืงื™ืŸ -- ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ืกืึธื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ 1921 ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ืคื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ. 


ืืคืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ 1925 ื ืึธื›ืืžืึธืœ ืื•ืค- 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึธื ื•ืžืขื ื˜ื- 
ืœืขืจ ืžื™ืจืžืœ-ื“ืขื ืงืžืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื‘ืืœื™ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ. ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืžืึธืœ 
ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ืฐืฑื ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืข 
ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ. ืืจื•ื ืื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฆืขื’ืจื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆืขื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคึผื•ืฆื˜ืข ืจืื›ืฐืขืกื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผืจืึธืก- 
ืคึผืขืงื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข, ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืžื•ื™ืขืจืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจื ืขืจ ื ื™ืขื•ื•ืกืงืขืจ ืจืื™ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืข- 
ืฐืึธืœื™ืฆื™ึทืึธื ืขืจืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืกืคึผืขืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื‘ื•ื›ืึธืฐืขืจ 
ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืข- 
ืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืข ืจืื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ- 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืขื ืงืžืึธืœ ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœ- 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื ื™ืขื•ื•ื ื ืงืึธืœืึธืกืืœืขืจ ืืฒึทื–ืขืจ- 


ื 


ื ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ืง, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืฒื™ืกื˜ 
ื‘ืจื™ืง". 

ืœืขืงืึธืฐื•ืขื“ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื’ืจื•ื™- 
ืกืข ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ืขืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื ื™ื™- 
ืคืื‘ืจื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“, ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ืคึผืืœืืฅ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื›- 
ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจืฒึทืขืŸ. 

ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืง-ืฐืึธืœื™ื ืกืง ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ืจืืึธื ืขืจ 
ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืึธืžื™ืจืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืืฃ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข. 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืืกืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืืฃ ืž. ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ืก 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ 216-ื˜ืขืจ 
ืฉื•ืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธ- 
ืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ืก ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื ืฐืึธืœืึท- 
ื“ืืจืกืงื™-ืžื•ื–ื™ื™. ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ึธืึธื ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ- 
ืงืื ื™ืงื•ืœืŸ, ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืื™ึดื ืข ืžืืจืงืึธื•ื•ื ืข, ื’ืข- 
ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืž. ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ืก 
ืืจื›ืื ื’ืขืœืกืงืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ึธืึธื ืขืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ื’ืืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธืคึผืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื™ื ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข ื˜ื•ื™ืฉื•ื™ื 
ืกื˜ืขืคึผืืŸ ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธืœื˜ืฉื•ืง ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื’ืึธืจื™ ืคึผื™ืจื™ืื˜ื™ืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืจื“ื›ืข 
ื’ืึธืœื“ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข, ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื–ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืข ืฆื- 
ืจื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขืงืขืžืคื˜ ืคืืจ ื ื ืฒึท ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 

ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฆื™ืจืŸ ืืœืข ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธืคึผืึธืœื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœืข ื’ืืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœืขืจ ืจืื™ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืื ื“ืกืžืืŸ --ื“ืขื ื›ืื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืŸ 
ื›ืื™ื˜ --ื“ืขื ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืกื™ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ 
ืžืึธื™ึทืกืฒื™ ืžืืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™... 


,ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ืก 


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ืื™ืจืžืข ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจ 


ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ 


ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ืข 


ื ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ื‘ื ื ืจืึธื•, -- ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ -- ืงืึธืŸ ืคึผืืกืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฉืฒึทืœืขืก. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ 
ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธืžื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ึดื›ืขืก--ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืขืก ืื™ืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜, ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืœืขืจื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ืืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ืืฉื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืจืขื‘ ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืขืœื˜ืขืจื–ื™ื™ื“ื ืก ืฉื ื•ืจ, ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื‘ ื›ืืฆืงืœ 
ื‘ืขืจืœืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืื™ึดื ื›ืืฆืงืœืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืžืขื•ื•ืื˜ืœ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื’ื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืข 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกื”ืืœื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืจืึธื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœืขืŸ ,ืฉืœื ืขืฉื ื™ ืืฉื”"?--ื ื“ืื ืง ืื•ืŸ ืœื‘ ื“ืขื 
ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืฉืืคืŸ ืืœืก ืคืจื•ื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืื ื’ืข ื”ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจืฆืŸ ืกื™ื™ื›ืœ, 
ืืฃ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืงื•ืจืฅ, ืื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืชืจ"ื™ื’? -- ื–ืขืงืก ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึทืฆืŸ ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืืœืŸ 
ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ื›ื™ื™ืœืขืง ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ ื“ืจืฒึท, ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืกื˜ืข. ื–ื™, ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™, ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื“ืืจืคื˜ 
ื›ืืœืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืึธืคึผืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื˜ื™ื™ื’ ืฐื™ ื ืคื•ื™ืกื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก, ืžืื›ืŸ ื ื‘ืจืึธื›ืข, ืืจืฒึทื ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืขืก 
ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื‘ื™ื™ืกื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ- ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื–- 
ื‘ื™ื™ืขืš-ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืž'ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืืงืจื™ื•ื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืจื‘ืึธื ืขืก, ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื”ืื ื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืฐื•ื™ึดื™ึดื, ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืข ื“ื™ื ืขืจ, ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืึธืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ื ืคืขื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื ื“ืœ, ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ืขืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจืฐื™ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื•ื•ืื™ืึธื›ืœ, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื–ืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืจื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜ืข ืฉืึธืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ืข ืื™ื– -- ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืงื•ื•ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข -- ื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืขืจืขื•ื•ื™ืฉืื‘ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื™ืึธืžื˜ื•ื™ืฐื™ื-ื˜ืขื’. 

ื“ืจืฒึท ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืขืงืก ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึทืฆืŸ. ื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืึธืคึผืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืึนืฃ 
ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืคื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืึธืœ ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืขืš ืฐื™ ืขืก ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื“ืืจืคื˜ 
ืืจืฒึทื ื›ืืคึผืŸ, 

ืฆื• ืื›ื˜ ื˜ืขื’ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ืึธืจืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืขื ืข ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจืก ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจื’ืึธืกืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ื ื‘ื•ื ื“ ื’ืข- 
ืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื, ื“ืขื ืื›ื˜ื˜ืึธื’ื™ืงืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืฉืขืคืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืกืืš ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืืฉืขืคืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ื‘ืืฉืืคืŸ ื ืึธืš ืืœืข ื‘ืืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ. 

ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืฆืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืืœืขืกืงืึธื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜, ืฐื™ ื’ืขืงื ื™ืคึผื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžืข ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืืœืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื ืขื›ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืงื™ื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืคื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืงืฒึทืขื ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ. 

ืฆื• ื“ืจืฒึทืฆืŸ ื™ืึธืจ -- ื‘ืืจืžื™ืฆื•ื•ืข, ื˜ืคื™ืœืŸ ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ. ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืงืœืฒื ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ื˜ืคื™ืœืŸ, ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ื“ืขื 


1 ืฉืขืœื•ื™ ืึธืกืื ื™ ืื™ืฉืึธ: ? ื˜ืืจื™ืื’. 


98 


ืขื›ืึธื“, ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ืŸ-ืื•ืŸ-ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ, ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื ืงืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืฆื•ื 
ื”ืืจืฆืŸ. ืงืจืงืคืชื ื“ืœื ืžื ื— ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ:--ื ืงืึธืคึผ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื˜ืคื™ืœืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื ื™ื˜. ื“ื™ ืจืขืฆื•ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืขืœ-ืจืึธืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืขืœื™ื™ืื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืขืก ื’ืขืงืขืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื•ืขื’ืŸ. 

ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื›ืืกืขื ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจ ืฆื™ืฆืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืืœืขืกืงืึธื˜ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื”ืขืžื“ 
ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืœืฒึทื‘ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื“ืืจืคื˜ ืืจื•ืคืฆื™ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ืืœืขืก ืžื™ื˜ 
ืคื™ืจ ืฆื™ืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜, 
ื–ื™ ื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืึธ ืฆื• ืฉืึธ, ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธื’. 

ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ืขืก, ืืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืื“ืืจืคื˜ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ึทืื–ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ืžืขืงืฒึทืขื ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ. 
ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืืžืึธืœ ืœืขืจื ืขืฃ! ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืึธื’, ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜, ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื‘ืื 
ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ืื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืืคืกื™ืง ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืืคื™ืœืข ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’, 
ืืคื™ืœืข ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื“ืจืึธืขื˜ ื ืกืืงืึธื ืข. 

ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ื˜ืคื™ืœืขืก ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืขื ื™ืง ืื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฐืขืจื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืืœืก ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื‘ืืฉืืคืŸ ื•ื™ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผืขื ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื’ื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื– 
ื ืคืจื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืงืึธืคึผ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืฒืฆืขืก, ืื– ื–ื™ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑื™ืกื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœ. 

ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜, ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ื ื‘ืืกืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืืกืœ ืื™ื– 
ืคึผืึธื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข, ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœืขืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœืขืŸ 
ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืกื•ื•ืืงื™ื™ืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ. ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ืคืืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ืขืก, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจืฉืข ื˜ืคื™ืœืขืก ืื™ื– 
ื–ื™ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœืฉืข, ื–ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืคึผื™ื™ืจืขืฉ ื”ืืžื™ืœื•ื™ืก, ื“ืขื ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ 
ืœืึธืฉื ืงืฑื“ืขืฉื“ื™ืง ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืขืจื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœืขืŸ? 

ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื ืฒึทืข ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืžืขืงืฒึทืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื 
ืžืงืจื ื•ืื—ื“ ืชืจื’ื•ื?-- ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื›ื•ืžืขืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื“ืขื ื˜ืืจื’ืขื--ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ืงืขืœืขืก ืืฃ ืืจืืžืขื™ืฉ. ื“ืขืจ ื›ื•ืžืขืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ- 
ื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืš, ืื•ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงืœืึธืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืฉื•ืจืข ืื™ืŸ ืืจื- 
ืžืขื™ึดืฉ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืžืขืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื“ ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื‘ืขืก ืฉื˜ืฒึทื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืœืึธืžื“ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืœืขืง ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจื–ื™ื™ื“ืข 
ืจืขื‘ ื‘ืขืจ. ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื˜ืึธื’ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ื•ื ืงืœืงืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืฃ ืืฑื™ืกืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ื™ืจืขืง ืžื™ืฉื ืฒึทืขืก ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ. ,ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ื•ื ืงืœืงืฒึทื˜, -- ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืจืขื‘ ื‘ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, -- ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ 
ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืึธืก, ืก'ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ืื– ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื 
ื ืึธื“ืœ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืกื˜ื•ื™ื’ ื”ื™ื™". 

ืืฑืกืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืจืขื‘ ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืฐื™ ืืœืข ืœืขืจื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืงืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ 
ืื™ื ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ืฉื ืฒึทืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืžืึธืจืข, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืจืฒึท ืœืขืฉื•ื™ื ืขืก 
ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ: ืืฃ ืœืึธืฉื ืงืฑื“ืขืฉ, ืืจืืžืขื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ. ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื˜ืœื™ื˜ืฉื˜, 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื˜ืื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜. 

;ืกืืจื ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ ืœืึธืฉืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืฐืจืข-ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืื™ื–,--ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืื–ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข-ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ื ืกืงืข ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, -- ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ืื™ื– ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฐื™ึทื™ึดื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืกื•ึผื•ื•ื™ื, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืžืึธืจืข, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืขื“ืจืขืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ-ื™ืื ืงืขื•ื•? ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื™ื’ืœื˜, ื ื™ื˜ 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก: ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ,,ื‘ืจื™ื™ืฉื™ืก" ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื 
ืกืึธื“, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ,ื•ื•ืื™ื•ื™ืžืขืจ? ืื•ืŸ ,ืฐืฒึทื“ืื‘ืขืจ" ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ; ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืœืืžื“ื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืื“ืึธืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขืฉื™ื•ื•ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืืฃ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธื˜, ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืฐืขืจ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฉืœื™ื™ืขืจื˜, ื•ื•ืขืจ ื“ื™ 
ืึธืฐืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ืžืึธื”ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืขืจ ืก'ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื ืขื•ื•ืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ 


: ืงืืจืงืืคื˜ืึธ ื“ืขืœืึธ ืžืึธื ืืš ื˜ืคื™ืœืŸ. 
? ืฉื ืื™ึดื ืžื™ืงืจืึธ ืฐืขืขื›ืึธื“ ื˜ืืจื’ื•ื. 


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ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข. ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืึธื˜ืœ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜, ื›ืืก-ื™ืฐืขื›ืึธืœื™- 
ืœืข, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ". 

ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉื ืฒึทืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืจืฒึทื›ืข ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข-ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ. 
ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื ืงืœืงืฒึทื˜ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ืื•ืž- 
ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืืจื˜ืฒึทืขื˜ืŸ ืึธื˜ืขื ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•- 
ื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืœืืžื“ืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืจืขื‘ ื‘ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจื˜ื™ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ 
ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื‘ืขืก ืึธื - 
ืฐืขื–ื ื”ืฒึทื˜. ืœืขืงืึธืฐืขื“ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื ื•ืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืืจืฒึทื ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืžืืคืกื™ืง ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขืจ- 
ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ. 
ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืงืึธืœืขื’ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืข ื”ืืœืึธื›ืขืก ืืฐืขืงืœืฒื’ืŸ 
,ืกืึทื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ื”ืืจืฆื™ืง ืึธืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืฑืกืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื’ืึธื“ืข ืฉืขื ืขืจ 
ืื™ืจืžืข ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื”ืื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฆื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื™ 
0"ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’. ืžื™ืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืืจื™- ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ืจื•ื ื’ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื›ืืก-ื™ืึธืžื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืข ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ืŸ. ื•ื™ื ืงืœ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืขื ืข ื˜ืืœืžื™ื“ืข. ืฉื˜ื™ืกื˜ ืขืจ 

ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ื ืžืึธืฉืœ, ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื“ืขื 
ื ื™ืžืฉืœ; ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ืืŸ ืืจืืžืขื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืœ, 

ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื”ืืจื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืก ื“ื™ ืฉืึธืœืขื›ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืฉืžืืงืข ืงืขืจื ื“ืœ ื’ืœืฒึทืš 
ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš. 

ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืขื‘ ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื˜ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืืœืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืืœืึธื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื’ืึธื“ืข, ืื™ื– ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืื‘ื™ ื–ื•ื˜ืจืึธ ื‘ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ึผืฐื™ืึธ. ืจืื‘ื™ ื–ื•ื˜ืจืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ืขืš, 
ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ืขืš-ื ื™ื›ื•ื™ืขืš, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืžืืงืขืจ ืจื™ื™ืขืš, ืื™ื– ืฐืขืจื˜, ืž'ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื ืžืื›ืŸ ื ื‘ืจืึธื›ืข. 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืึทื›ืข -- ื“ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื”ืืœืึธื›ืข, ื“ื™ ื”ืื ืึธืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ืงืขืจื˜ืงืฒึทื˜, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื’ืึธื“ืข. ืืฃ ื“ืขื 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืื‘ืขืก. ืฉืื‘ืขืก ืื™ื– ื”ืืœืึธื›ืข, ืืŸ ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข, ืืŸ ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื ืขื›ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืืœืึธื›ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืื‘ืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืข ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื™ื ืข ืฉืžืขืงื ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื’ืึธื“ืข. ืฉืื‘ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืืœืก ืžืืœืงืข, ืืœืก ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆืขืกืŸ, ืืœืก ืงืืœืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข 
ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืฉืื‘ืขืกื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืขื ืข ืœื™ื›ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืข ืฉืึทืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขืžืก ืคืืจ ืื™ืจืข 
ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžืืœืึธื›ื™ื, ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื“ืขืฉ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืžืฒึทื›ืึธืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืข ื’ืขื–ืื - 
ื’ืขืŸ. 


ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืขื‘ ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืืœืžื™ื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธื›ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืืœืึธื›ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืืœืฅ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืคึผืืกื˜ ืฆื•ื ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืื”ืืจืข -- ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืจืฒื ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืจืฒื™ื ืงืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงืึธืจื‘ืึธื™ 
ื ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื, ืžืฒึทืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืžืข, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืž'ื“ืืจืฃ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืฐื•ึผืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื”ืื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืฐื™ึทื™ึดื, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืขืงืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืžืงืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ื ื™ืงืขืก, ืขืจ ืฐื™ืœ ื ืึธืจ, ืื–ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืืœ- 
ืžื™ื“ืข ื–ืึธืœ ืฐื™ืกืŸ, ืื– ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ื”ืืœืึธื›ืข ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืงืจื™ื’ืขืจื˜ ืืฃ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™, ืž'ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืœืื ื’, ื‘ื™ื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืžืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืขืก ืึธืคึผ ืืฃ ืžืึธืฉื™ึทืขื›ืก ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืœื™ื™ืึธื”ื• ื”ืื ืึธืฐื™ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืคืืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืืœืข ืฉืฐืขืจืข ืงืืฉืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืื‘ืื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื‘ื ื–ื™ 
ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื˜ืื ืึธื™ึดื ืื•ืŸ ืืžื•ื™ืจืึธื™ึทื, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. 

ื’ืขื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืจืขื‘ ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืก ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง. ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืึธืจ ื ื•ื•ื™ืงื•ืขืš, ื ื˜ืฑื™ืจืข-ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš, ืžื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ืจ, ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืืกื™ืงืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืื ื˜ืฉืคึผืจืขื›ื™ืงืŸ ืžืึธืฉืœ, ืคึผืึธืกืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืืจืืžืขื™ืฉ ื’ืœืฒึทื›- 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืœ. 


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ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ืคืืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืขื ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื”ืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ื”ืขืจื˜ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขืš, ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื‘ืข ืื™ืจืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ, 
ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืจ ืงืึธืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื›ืื–ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื ืึธืจืฐืึธืก ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ืข, 
ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืœืขื™ึดื‘ืขื“, 

ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืฒึทืกื™ืงืข ื˜ืืœืžื™ื“ืข ื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฒึทืฐืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืจืขื‘ืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืจืขื‘ ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ืฐืขื–ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืืฆืงืœ 
ืื™ืจ ืžืืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ื›ืื™ึดื ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืœืึธืžื“ื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ืข, 
,ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื ื•ืจ ื‘ืืกืœ, ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ืข". 

ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื. ืฐื•ึผ ื ืึธืจ ื ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ื ืึธืจ 
ื ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ื ืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืขืก ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜. 

ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื–ืขืงืก ื™ืึธืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืื–ืขืจื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ, 
ืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฒึทืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ, ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 

ืื– ืž'ื–ืึธืœ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžืื“ืจื™ื™ื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื‘ืจื•- 
ืจื™ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืคืืจ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ืข. ื–ื™ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืื ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืŸ ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืขืŸ, ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฆืขืŸ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืืคืŸ ืกืืžืข ืื›ื–ืึธ- 
ืจื™ืขืกื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ. 

..ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ืื ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืŸ ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•- 
ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืžืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ืงื™ื“ืขืฉื”ืืฉืขื. ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืœื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืืจืžืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ื™ืš ื˜ื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื ื“ื™ืง ืคืฒึทืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืืกืข ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ื›ืืจืคึผืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืง ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืกื˜ืข ื™ืขืกื•- 
ืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืœืฒึทื‘ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจืžืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืฒึทื‘ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงืื˜ืฉืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื˜ืฒืœืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืคื•ื™ื’ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื ืขืกื˜ืŸ. ื›ืื ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืŸ ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืึธืก.. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืจื•ื™ืš 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืกื™ื™ืคืขืจื˜ื•ื™ืจืขืก... 

ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืืจืงืœืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื™ื ื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง ื–ืึธืœ ื ืึธืจืฐืึธืก ื’ืข- 
ืฉืขืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ื ืกืงืข ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื™ื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ืึธืจ, ืืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜. 

ื“ื™ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคืืจืžืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ ืงื ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื‘ืขืก 
ืคึผืึธื ืขื, ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืงื ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคื•ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง. ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืคึผืœืืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื™ 
ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ืจืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง ืจื™ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื“ื™ ืงื ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืืœืฅ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ, ื ื”ืขืœืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื™ื ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื”ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคึผืึธื ืขื, ืฐื™ ื‘ืื 
ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื ืคืจื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืกื•ืจืข, -- ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ืข, ื›ืื ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืŸ ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืขื ืก ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืจืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ื ืกืืš ื˜ืืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ื ืกืืš ืžืขืฉืึธืœื™ื, ื ืกืืš ืžืขืžืจืขืก, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ ืฆื• ืžื•ื™ืœ, ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธื’, ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื• ื™ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจ 
ืฆื• ื“ืึธืจ. 

-- ืจืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ, -- ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืœืฑื‘ืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืืฉื™ืจืขืกืŸ, ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ืฆืจืขืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืจื•ืคืŸ: ืฐืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ืง ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธืŸ, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื“ืึธืจืฉื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜, ืื– ืืœืข ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืขืก ื˜ืึธืŸ, ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืœื•ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจืžืขื’ืŸ. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, --ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ --ื‘ืื“ืืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืฐื™ ื ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืœืึธื’ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืคื™ืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืฒื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ืœืึธื’ืœ. 

ืจืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜, ื‘ื ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื•ืœืŸ ืงืจื•ื’. ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืงืจื•ื’ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜, ืงื•ืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืคืŸ ืงืจื•ื’, 
ืงื•ืงื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืงืจื•ื’ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ. ืคืืจืืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืงืจื•ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืืœื˜ืข, 
ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคืืจืžืขื’ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื™ืจืขืก, ืึธืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื ืฒึทืข. ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืงืจื•ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืืœื˜ืงืฒึทื˜, ื™ืขื ืข ืืœื˜ืงืฒึทื˜, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืงืฒื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ืฒึทืข. 


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ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ืฆื•ื ืงืจื•ื’, ืื™ื– ืคืืœืฉ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืœืื ื’ ื ืึธืจ ืฆื•ื ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืงื•ื•ืืœ, ื ืึธืจ 
ืฆื•ื ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืงืจื•ื’ ืฆื•ืคืืœืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืงืจื•ื’ ืžืขื’ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงื•ื™ื”ืขืŸ-ื’ืึธื“ืœ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. | 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืจืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื‘ืŸ ืขืœื™ืฉืข ื‘ืขืŸ 
ืืฐื•ื•ื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืงืจื•ื’ ืึธืคึผืคืจื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ 
ืงืจื•ื’ ื“ืึธืก ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจืข. 

ืจืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื‘ืŸ ืขืœื™ืฉืข ื‘ืขืŸ ืืฐื•ึผื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืคืืจืื˜ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื“ืืœืข- 
ื“ืืžืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ,ืื›ืขืจ", ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ืจื™ื ื™- 
ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืืง ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืจ-ื“ื•ื™ืจืขืกื“ื™ืงืข ืคืืจืคืœืื ืฆื˜ืข 
ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ ืื™ื ืขื ืคึผืืจื“ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืืœืžื•ื“. 

ื ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขืš, ืืฃ ืื™ื ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ื”ืึธืคืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื“ืื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉื•ึผื•ื•ืข ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืึธืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื ื“ ื ืกืืš ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ื ื˜ืึธืžืข ื ืขืคืขืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžืขื˜ืืžืข ื“ื™ ืœื•ืคื˜ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืœื ืฐืฒึทื˜, -- 
ืคืืจ ืื–ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืœืข ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉื•ึผืฐืข ืคืืจืฉืœืึธืกืŸ. ืขืœื™ืฉืข ื‘ืขืŸ ืืฐื•ึผื™ืขืก ื‘ื•ื–ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข 
ืงืขืฉืขื ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืข ืืคึผื™ืงืึธืจืกื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจ- 
ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜-ืคึผืœืขืฆืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ื’ืืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึธืœืื™ึดื. 

ืฉืื‘ืขืก ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืœื™ืฉืข ื‘ืขืŸ ืืฐื•ึผื™ืข ื‘ืขืคืื”ืขืจืกื™ืข, ืคืืจ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืจืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืืฃ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืืคืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืงืึธืœ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืคืคึผืึธืกืœื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืจืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื ืึธื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืจืขื‘ืŸ. 

-- ืจืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ืกื˜ื• ืขืก?--ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืœื™ืฉืข ื‘ืขืŸ ืืฐื•ึผื™ืข ืฉืคึผืืกืŸ, -- ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš 
ืฉืื‘ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื›ื•ืื™ืฉืื‘ืขืก, ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ, ื‘ื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉืื‘ืขืก ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ. 

-- ืขืก ืžืื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, -- ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืจืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื‘ืŸ, -- ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื– 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืขืคืขืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• 
ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืžืฆืึธืจืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ, ืคืืจ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืืคึผื™ืงืึธืจืกืขืก, 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื•ื•ืขืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื’ืขื ืข ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืœืึธื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืื’ืึธื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• 
ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ, ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืขืŸ ื˜ืืœืžื™ื“, ืžืขื›ืื“ืขืฉ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ืกื•ื™ื“ืขืก, ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก, 
ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื ืคืจื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฒึท ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ืžืขื’ ืžืขืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืขืก ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืงื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื•ื ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– ืฐื™ ืคึผื™ืงื•ืขืšื™ื ืขืคืขืฉ, ืฐื™ ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืœืข- 
ื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขื–ืŸ, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืž'ืžืขื’ ืžืขื›ืืœืขืœื™ืฉืื‘ืขืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ. 


-- ืจืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ืกื˜ื• ืขืก? -- ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ. --ื ืึธืš 
ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื• ืขืก ื ืึธืš, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ืฉื˜ื™ืœืกื˜ื• ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฉื˜? ื•ื•ื™ื‘ืืœื“ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืžืขื›ื- 
ืœืขืœื™ืฉืื‘ืขืก, ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ืขื›ืกื˜ื• ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื‘ืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืจืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืจื•ื™ึทืง ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืžื•ืกืขืจ-ื–ืึธื’ืขืจ -- ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ, ืขืก ืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื ื˜ืืœืžื™ื“-ื›ืึธื›ืขื, ืื– ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืืœืฆื™ื™ื ืก ื ื˜ืืœืžื™ื“-ื›ืึธื›ืขื. ืฉืื‘ืขืก, 
ืื– ืขืก ื‘ืจืขื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื ืกืจื™ื™ืคืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืจืื˜ืขืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืคืึธืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจ, ื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืึธืคึผ ื“ืขื ืกื™ื™ืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื“. ืžืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ ืชื™ืง ื”ืกืคืจ ืขื ื”ืกืคืจ! -- ืžืข ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื“ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืกื™ื™ืคืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืกื™ื™ืคืขืจ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ืึธืจ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืข ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื“, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืœื™ืฉืข ื‘ืขืŸ ืืฐื•ืข. ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงื˜ืข 
ืคึผื™ื™ืจืข, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืœื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื•ืฃ, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ื- 
ื˜ืืžื˜ ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ื™ืจืข, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืืคืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื. ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืžื™ืœื’ืจื•ื™ื, ืฉื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผ ื“ื™ ืฉืึธ- 
ืœืขื›ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ื–ื™ ืืฐืขืง, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืขืจื ื“ืœืขืš ื“ืขืจืงืฐื™ืงื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ. 

ืื– ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจื“ืื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืœืŸ ืืฃ ืจืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ 
ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืืœืก ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื– ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉืฐื•ืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืจืขื‘ืŸ ืจืขื‘ ื‘ืขืจ, -- ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืจืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ืืฉื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ืืฒึทื–ืŸื™ืคืขืกื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ 
ืขืœื™ืฉืข ื‘ืขืŸ ืืฐื•ืข! ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื™ืขืจืก ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขืžืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ 
ืจื™ืจืŸ. 


ืžืืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืง ื”ืืกื™ื™ืคืขืจ ืื™ื ื”ืืกื™ื™ืคืขืจ. 


102 


ืจืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื–ื ืฉืฐืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืจืื‘ื™ ื›ืื ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืŸ ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ืข ืคืืจ ื ืคืจื•ื™. 

ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ืข, ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืึธืคึผืœืฑื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ 
ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžืืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื–ื›ื•ืก. ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื•ื™ืงื•ื›ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืžืืŸ ืจืื‘ื™ ืžืฒื™ืขืจ, ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื›ืื›ืึธืžื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข 
ืคืืจืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืกื˜ืข ื”ืืœืึธื›ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืกื˜ืข ื“ื™ื ื™ื. ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืžื•ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืฉืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืจืข 
ื›ืืจื™ืคืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ึดืขืก, ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ืข -- ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืืกืงื ื˜ 
ืึธืคึผ, ืื™ื– ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืึธืจืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜. 

ืื™ืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืขืงืŸ 
ืœืื ื“ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืฒึทืœืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืฐืขืจืข ื”ืืœืึธื›ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฐืฒื ื™ืงืขืจ ืฐื™ ืฆื• ืจืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื™ืขืจืŸ. ืฆื• ืจืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื™ืขืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืœืฒึทื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื‘ืจื™ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืคืฒึทืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ืขืก ืฉื™ื™ื ืงืฒึทื˜, ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืคืืจืŸ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขืจืื ื’ืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ืขื™ืฆืขืจื”ืึธืจืข, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืงื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืœืึธืžื“ื™ื, ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ืขืŸ. 

ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืœืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื”ื™ืคึผืขืจื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืจืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื™ืขืจืก ืคืจื•ื™. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืฉืื‘ืขืก-ื‘ืื˜ืึธื’, ืฐื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ื ืกืงืข 
ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืืจืœื™ืŸ. 

ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข, ื›ืึธื›ืžืข, ืฉืฒื™ื ืงืฒึทื˜, ืžื™ื“ืขืก-ื˜ื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืกื™ื-ื˜ื•ื™ืฐื™ื, ืฆื ื™ึดืขืก, ืืฒื“ืœืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืขืกื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ --ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื‘ืืฉืึธื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืฉืื‘ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ื™ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ 
ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืขืจ ื’ืฐื•ึผืจืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื™ืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืืฐื•ื“ืึธืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ, ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืžืึธืฉืœ, ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึธื ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง. 

ืจืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืจื™ึทืข ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืงืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื•ืืœื“ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ -- ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืฑื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ื‘ืืœื™ื‘ื˜ืข ื–ื™ืŸ, ื•ื™ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืกื˜ืืจื˜ืฉืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืจืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื™ืขืจืก ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™--- ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื‘ืื ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ื˜ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืกืึธืฃ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ.. 

ืจืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืงืขืคึผ ืคืืจื’ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืข ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจ. 

ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ืฆืืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึท- 
ื˜ืขืจ -- ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜. ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขืžื“ื™ืงืŸ ืกืึธืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืึธืฃ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืœื•ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื‘ืขืก ,ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ" ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืคึผืจืขืกื˜ืข ืœื™ืคึผืŸ ืืฃ ืžืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืึธืฃ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจ 
ืืœืข ืื™ืจืข ื˜ืืœืžื™ื“ืขืก, ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉืข ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืฐื™ืงื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืจืก. 

ื“ื™ ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉืข ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืฆืึธืจืขืก ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืก ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืจืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื™ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ืขืก ืกืึธืฃ, 
ื–ืฒ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืกืึธืฃ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ 
ื‘ืืจื•ื™ืงืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื‘ืื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื›ืืฆืงืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืจืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ืข ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืกืึธืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื”ืื˜?! ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืฃ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืข ื‘ืจืขืžืขืŸ, ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ, ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ื ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืืœื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื‘ืื ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘, ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกืึธืฃ, ื“ื• 
ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืœืื›ื˜ -- ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข, ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ืžืึธืœื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ;ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ืข ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืื‘ื™ ื›ืื ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืŸ ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืขืŸ", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ 


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ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ-ื›ืื™ื ื˜ืืฐื™ืึธื•ื•ืก ืื ื˜ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืฑื™ืกื“ืขืจืฐื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1904 ื™ืึธืจ. ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืœืก ืžืื˜ืึธื ืข ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืจ- 
ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืึธืจ ืืจื•ื ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœืก ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ืืœืก 
ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ื ื˜ืืœืžื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืื’ืึธื“ืข, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื– 
ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืึธืจื ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืืŸ ืจืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืฒืงื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื›ืื›ืึธืžื™ื, ืื– ื ืฉื™ื ื“ืขืชืŸ ืงืœื•ืช!---ืื– ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ื–ื™ื ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ื™ื™ืข. ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืฒึทื ืขื˜: ืก'ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ื“ืึธ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ืขืœื˜ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ื–ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื• ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืจืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืื“ื™ืง ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืง ืืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ืขืจื’ืกื˜ืข ืจืขืฉืึธื™ึดื, ืืคืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื ืคื™ืกืœ, ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ืงืŸ, ืคืืจืคื™ืจืŸ, ืืฑืกืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจืŸ. 
ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ึดืขืกืข ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืืจื˜ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืกื˜ืข ื˜ืืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืข. 

ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืึธื›ืข, ื ืฉืฐืขืจืข ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ื”ืืœืึธื›ืข. ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ืข? ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ืข ืงืœืขืจื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื•ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืœืฑื‘ืŸ --ืืœืข ื›ืื›ืึธื™ 
ืžื™ื ืžืขื’ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ืขืŸ ื›ืึธื›ืžืข ื–ื™ืš ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ. 

ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื”ืืœืึธื›ืข, ื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ ื–ืฉืืœืขืฐื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืฐืึธื›ื™ื 
ืคืืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืข ืฉืฐืึธื›ื™ื. ืื–ื•ื™ ื ื˜ืึธื’ ื ืึธืš ื ื˜ืึธื’, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืึธื›ืข ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• ืื’ืึธื“ืข, ืฆื•ื ืฉืœื™ืกืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ- 
ืคืืจื™ื’ืœื˜ืข ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœืข ื›ืื›ืึธืžื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืœืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื›ืึธื›ืžืข, ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ื’, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืœื™ืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืœืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื, ืื™ื– ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ.. 

ื–ื™ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืฉืึธ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืจ, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืฉืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ ืึธืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืž- 
ืคืืจืฉืขืžื˜: 

-- ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข, ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข, ืืœืข ื’ืืจื˜ืœืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜, ืงื•ื ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื! 
ืื™ืš ืฐืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜, ืœืขืฉ ื“ื™ ืกืจื™ื™ืคืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืงื•ืฉืŸ. ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคืืจืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขื˜, ืื™ื– ื”ื™ื™ืœ 
ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ื”ื™ื™ืœ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืจืื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข. 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ืจื•ื™ึทืง ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืืกืŸ: 

-- ื’ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื”ื™ื˜! ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขืงืื‘ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื™ืขืกื•ืจื™ื, ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข 
ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืจืขื‘ืŸ ืจืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ. ืืฑืกืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืœื•ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืงืึธืฉืข. ื“ื•ึน ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจื•ึผื•, ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืคืืจืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ื–ื™ื ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ... 

ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืฉืฐื•ึผื ื“ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืจืื‘ื™ 
ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืืจืคึผืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืฉืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืกื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืง, ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืก ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ืขืก ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธื•ื•ืœ ืื ื˜ืœืึธืคืŸ. 

ืื™ื– ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ?! ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืขืก ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื–ื™ืš, ืืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืžื™ื ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืฑืกืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืืœืก ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื™ื™ื™ 
ื˜ืข ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ืข? 

ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื’ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธืฃ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ืฉืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘? ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื’ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ, ืืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืกืืžืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉ 
ืคืืจื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื ื’ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขืกื•ืจื™ื, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืขืจืข ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื™ื ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืืฃ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื˜? 


ืืœืข ืฉืื‘ืขืก ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ืืจืžืขืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื“ื™ ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ื ืกืงืข ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืŸ 
ื‘ืืกืœ ื“ื™ ื–ืึธื’ืขืจืŸ. ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื›ืืฆืงืœืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืœืื ื’ืข ื›ื™ื™ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขื ืง ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ 
ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืืœ, ืืฃ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขืกื˜ืฒึทืขื˜ ื‘ืขื ืงืœืขืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืจื™ื™. ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืืœ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืš-ื˜ื™ืจ, 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืขื ืข ื‘ืขื ืงืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืื‘ื•ืจืขื˜ืงืขืก. ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืขื ืงืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืื‘ื•ืจืขื˜ืงืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืขืก, ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืคึผืึธื ืขื 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื›ืืœืขืœื™ืฉืื‘ืขืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืขืคืืจื”ืขืกื™ืข. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 


1 ื ืึธืฉื™ื ื“ืฒึทื˜ืึธืŸ ืงืืœื•ื™ืก. 


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ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืงืื“ื™ื™ืฉื™ืžืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ื‘ืขื ืงืœืขืš. 

ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืคืึธืจื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื ืงืœื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ---ืฐืขืจ ืคืœื™ื ืงืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื ืืฑื‘ื ืึธืŸ. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื™ื•ื›ืึธืกื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ืขืก ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ, ืื– ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืœื˜ืข ืคืื˜ืฉื™ื™ืœืขืก, ื•ื•ื™, ืœืขื”ืื•ื•ื“ืœ, 
ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืคึผืฑืขืจื˜ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฃ, ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื˜ืŸ ืืฑื‘ื ืึธืŸ 
ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื“ืขื ืข ืคืื˜ืฉื™ื™ืœืขืก. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืข- 
ื›ืขืจืขืฅ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืฆื• ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ ื’ืขืงืฐื™ื™ื˜ืœื˜ืข ืคืื˜ืฉื™ื™ืœืขืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ืขืจืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข, ืื–ื•ื™ ื ืึธืขื ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ 
ืืจืฒึทื ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ื›ื•ืžืขืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืžืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจืก. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืžื™ื™ืœืข ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืฑืกืŸ 
ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ -- ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ ื‘ืื“ืืจืคืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื™ื– ื ืกื™ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ ืงื•ืงื˜ 
ืื™ื ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืื™ื– ื ืกื™ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ ืงื•ืงื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ ืฐื•ืฒึทื˜, 
ืื– ื–ื™ ื–ืขื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืฒึทื›ืœืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื™ืฆืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. 

ื ื™ืฉืงืึธืฉืข, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืจืœืขืš ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืฐืขื“ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืึธื‘ืข. ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฐืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืœืฅ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื”ืขืจืŸ, ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ืŸ-ืื•ืŸ-ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืืœืฅ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืคืืจ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืœืขื. 

ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืจืขื‘ ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื ื•ืจ ืืœืก ื–ืึธื’ืขืจืŸ. ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ---ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, --ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืขื ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ืขืŸ, ืื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ 
ืคืืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืืœืก ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ืข. 

ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื‘ืขืงืื‘ืึธืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉืฐืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืจืขื‘ืŸ ืจืขื‘ ื‘ืขืจ, ื 
ืจื™ื™ ืงืœืึธืœื™ื, ื•ื™ึทืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื ื•ืฆืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื’ื ืึธื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจืึธื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ. 
ืž'ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคืืจ ื™ืขื ืขื, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืž'ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื– 
ืž'ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•. ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ื™ืขื ืขื ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืž'ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ืขืคึผืขืก. ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ ืžืข ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜, ืืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื•ื•ืืœ, ืžื•ื– 
ืขืจ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜, ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจื”ืจื™ื–ื ืขื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืืžื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืžื™ื“ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื ื‘ืจื•ื ืขื ื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ. 

ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื–ืึธื’ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจืžืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื™ื ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืงื•ื•ืืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืื•ื™ืฆืจืขืก, 
ืงืึธืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืก, ืื– ื ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื›ืื–ืขืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืคืืจืœืึธืฉืขื ืขื ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ ืึธื ืฆื™ื ื“ืŸ ื ืกืืš ื ืฒึทืข ืคืฒึทืขืจืŸ, ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ื ืฒึทืข ืื•ื™ืฆืจืขืก, ื ืฒึทืข 
ืงื•ื•ืืœืŸ. ืž'ื‘ืื“ืืจืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืงืœืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืฒึทืœ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื”ืืจืฅ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื, ืคืืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื“ืืจืฃ ื‘ืื ื–ืึธื’ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ื ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืขืคึผืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืงื ืขื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืก ื•ื™ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜ --ืึธื˜ ืžืื›ื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืžืื›ื˜ ืขืจ ืฉืžืึธืœ, ืึธื˜ ืžืื›ื˜ ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืžืื›ื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง, ื ื˜ื™ืคืข ืงื™ื™ืœืข, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืคึผืขืจ ื’ืจืึธื‘ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืืœืฅ ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ. 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื‘ืื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืœืขื ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜, ืž'ื‘ื- 
ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ื ื‘ืื”ืขืจืฉืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื, ื“ืขื ื–ืึธื’ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ื–ืึธืœ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืœืื›ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื, ื“ืขื ื–ืึธื’ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ื–ืึธืœ ืœืื›ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืœืึธืœื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ืขืงืื‘ืึธืœืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืขืœื˜ืขืจื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืจืขื‘ ื‘ืขืจ. ื–ื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื“ื•ื›ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš, ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืขืก, ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืžืฒึทืกืขืก, ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืžืขืฉืึธืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืžืฉืœืก, ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข 
ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื›ืื–ืขืจื˜ ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฐืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธื ืฐืขื–ื ื”ืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืœืขื 
ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ื ืงืขืก ื‘ืืงื•ืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ, ืื–ื•ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ, ืื– ืึธืคื˜ ืื™ื– 
ืขืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื™ืขื ื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื’ืขืฉืœืฒืขืจื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืคืœืขื’ื˜ 
ืคึผืืกื™ืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผ. ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืกืขื“ืจืข -- ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื•ื™ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ 
ืกืขื“ืจืข. ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืฉื•ื-ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ, ืื– ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื›ืื–ืขืจืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืœืื˜ื•ื˜ื ื™ืง. 

ื“ืขืจ ืœืื˜ื•ื˜ื ื™ืง ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืฆืขืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ื ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืกืขื ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ืžืื ื™ื, ืื™ื– ืขืจ, ื ืขื‘ืขืš, ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืข- 


1095 


ื”ืืจื’ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื•ื•ืจืข. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืคึผืขืก-ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš, ืืคื™ืœืข ื 
ืœืื˜ื•ื˜ื ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืก 
ืื“ืื ืง ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืœืฑื ืขืกื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืกืœ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ืขืจืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, ื•ื™ึทืื–ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื™ื•ื™ืกืขืคืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทืฉืžืึธืฒื™ืœื™ื ืคืืจ ืฆื•ื•ืื - 
ืฆื™ืง ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ-ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืฉื˜ืืจืงืŸ ืืฒึทื ื“ืจื•ืง ืืคืŸ ืœืื˜ื•ื˜ื ื™ืง. ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขื - 
ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื™ืึธืจ, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืกืขื“ืจืข ,ื•ื™ืฉื‘" ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืœืื˜ื•ื˜ื ื™ืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ-ื–ื™ืš --ื ืžื™ืฆืฐื•ืข ืืฃ 
ืื™ื, ืืฃ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืœืขืงื™ืฉ, ืืฃ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื™ืกืขืคืŸ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืื™ืึธืจืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจื ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืงืจืึธื›ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™? 

ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื–ื™ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ื™ืคึผืขืจืŸ 
ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆืขื ืข-ืื•ืจืขื ืข. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืงืจื™ื•ื•ื“ืข, ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจืึธืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื–ืึธื’ืขื›ืฆืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ื“ืขื ืึธืจืขืžืืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ืŸ 
ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื ืขื•ื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืฉืฐืึธื›ื™ื ื’ืขืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ืขื’;ืืงืืคึผืื™ึดืžื ื™ืง, 
ื“ืขื ื‘ืืœืžืขืœืึธื›ืข. 

ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฉืื‘ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ื ืกืงืข ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ --ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผืฆืึธ- 
ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืื‘ืขืก, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืื‘ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™, ื“ื™ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืข ืงืืคึผืฆืึธื ื™ื, 
ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืืžืึธืœื™ืงืข ื’ืขืžืึธืจืข-ืงืืคึผืฆืึธื ื™ื. 

ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืื‘ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืžืขืœืึธื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืื‘ืขืก, ื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ --ื“ืขืจ ื ืข- 
ื’ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืžืึธืจืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืกืืš ื ืขื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืื™ื– 
ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ื ืงืขืก ืงืœืึธืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœืก ืจื™ื™ื“, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืžืึธืจืข ืื™ื– ื•ื™ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืขืกืœ-ื”ื•ื™ื– -- ื“ื™ ืจืฒึทื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืข ื˜ืื ืึธื™ึดื ืื•ืŸ ืืžืฑืจืึธืœื ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืึธืจ, ืื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื–ืื˜ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ื’ื™ืกื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ ืืคืŸ ื–ืื˜ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, 
ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ืขืจ ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ื˜ ืขืก ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืื•ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, 
ื•ื™ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื˜ืึธื’ ื ืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื ืื›ื˜ ื˜ืึธื’. 

ืขืก ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื ืฉืื‘ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื•ืคื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืขืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืื‘ืขืก ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ--ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืฉืื‘ืขืก. ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืฐื•ืขืจืข ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื™ื ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื‘ืฒึทืฉื˜ืฒืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืึธืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืื‘ืขืก ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืื‘ืขืก. 

ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ื ืงืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ืฐื•ืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืคืืจ ื™ืขื“ืŸ 
ืฉืื‘ืขืก ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฉืื‘ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืื‘ืขืก-ื”ืื’ืึธื“ืœ, ืฐืฒึทืœ 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืฉืื‘ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืœืฒึทื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืž'ื‘ืื“ืืจืฃ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ืžื•ืกืขืจ ืืจืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืžื™ื“ืขืก ื–ื™ืš ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ึทืื–ื•ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ื ืืœืข 
ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผืคืืœืŸ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš. 

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœืก ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืืœืข ืืจืึธืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ. ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ ืงืืคึผืฆืึธื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื“ื•ื™ืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืืงืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืงืกื˜. ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื–ื•ื™ ืขื ื’, ืื– ืขืก ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืฆืขืŸ 
ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธื‘ื™ืœืก ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืข ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืข 
ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ื•ืขืงืฆื•ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ื ืงืขืก ืคื™ืœืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ืืœืžื™ื“-ื›ืึธื›ืขื, ื“ืขื ื’ืขืžืึธืจืข-ืžืืŸ ืจืื‘ื™ 
ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธื‘ื™ืœ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ื ืขืก ืคืืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืœืก ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ. ืจืื‘ื™ ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืข, -- ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ, ---ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืขืกืŸ 
ืฆื• ื–ืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื“ ืืฃ ืึธื ืฆื•ื˜ืึธืŸ, ื”ื•ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื ืืงืขื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืžืข- 
ืฆืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขืจืื›ืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขื ืงื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฐืึธืœ ืืฃ ื ื‘ืขื’ืขื“ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฐืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืกื˜ืฒึทืขื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื“ -- ืื™ื– ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ? ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืจืื‘ื™ ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืขืก ืคืจื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืžืขืฆืืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ: ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืงืœื™ื™ื“, 
ืฐืขื˜ ืจืื‘ื™ ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื ืืงืขื˜, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœืฉืŸ ื‘ืขื’ืขื“, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ื ืืงืขื˜. ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืก-ืื™ื– ื‘ืื ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื“, ืžื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœืฉ ืงืœื™ื™ื“ ืืฃ ื ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื ืคืจื•ื™ึทืฉ ืงืœื™ื™ื“ ืืฃ ื 
ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœ. ืื™ื– ืจืื‘ื™ ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืข ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืืฃ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ืฆืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืืกืงื ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ 


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ืืŸ ืื ื“ืจื•ื™ื’ืขื ืขืก-ืงืœื™ื™ื“, ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืจื•ื™ื™ึทืฉืŸ ื‘ืขื’ืขื“. ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืื‘ื™ ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืขืก ืคืจื•ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืื ื“ืจื•ื™ื’ืขื ืขืกื™ื‘ืขื’ืขื“ ืื™ืŸ ืžืืจืง 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืจ ื ืึธื›ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืก, ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืขืจ, ืงื•ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืงืจืขืžืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืงืฒึทื›ื˜ ืคืืจ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ื– ืจืื‘ื™ ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืข ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืžืขื“ืจืขืฉ ื“ืื•ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื˜ืืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืฒึทื˜ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืกื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืื›ื˜ -- ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉ? 

ื“ื™ ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ื ืงืขืก ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ืืฃ ืจืื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืŸ ื ื•ืจื™, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืงืึธืฐืขื“ 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืื•ืžืงืึธืฐืขื“ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืจืขืžืขืœืฒึทื˜, 

ืจืื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืŸ ื ื•ืจื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืงื˜, ืฉื›ื—ื” ืื•ืŸ ืคืื”! --- ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจ- 
ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข ื–ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืœื“, ื“ื™ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืขื ืข ื’ืืจื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืžื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื˜ืฐื•ึผืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืจืฒึทื›ืข ืคึผื•ืขืจื™ื ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืคืืจ ืึธืจืขืžืขืœืฒึทื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ 
ืฉืžืึธืœืข ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืขืš ืคึผืืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ืคืขืœื“. 

ืžืื›ื ืขืก ืึธืจืขืžืขืœืฒึทื˜ ื‘ืืคืืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฉืขืจื™ืงืขืก, ืžืข ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ื”ืื ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ืื ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ืŸ; 

-- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืืจื‘! 

-- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ! 


ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื•ื•ืืงืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ, ื›ืืคึผื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ื’ืืจื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคื˜. ืื™ื– 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืคืืจ ื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืคึผืึธื ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืŸ ื ื•ืจื™ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืžืื›ื ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ืฉืขืจื™ืงืขืก?! ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื™ืึธื’ื˜, ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื‘ื ืื™ื, 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืฑืกืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืœืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื --ื“ื• ืงืึธื ืกื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. 

ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืคืขืœื“ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืง, ื ื–ืื ื’ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ. ืจืื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืŸ ื ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ืคืืจื’ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• 
ืจื™ืจืŸ. ืฐื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื, ืื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืงืข ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ! ื“ื™ 
ืึธืจืขืžืขืœืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื•ืœืข ื–ืขืง ืจื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ืึธืŸ ืฉืœื™ืžืื–ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืœืŸ ื–ืืง ืฐืขืจ ื ื–ืื ื’, ืฐืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ืจืฒึท. ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ 
ืจืื›ืžืึธื ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืฐืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ื ืจืื›ืžืึธื ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ? ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ. 


ืจืขื‘ ืื•ืฉืื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื‘ ืกืืคืจืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืื ื™ึดื™ึดื ื•ื•ืขืขื•ื•ื™ื•ื™ื ื™ื, ืื– ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ, ืื– ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื ืขืก ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึธืŸ ื ืžืึธื’ืŸ, ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ืขื™ืฆืขืจื”ืึธืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืขืกืŸ, ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆืืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืง ื–ืฒึทืŸ. 

-- ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™, -- ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ืื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, --ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึท- 
ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ? 

-- ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ืงืืฉืข.. 

ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื›ืื ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื•ื™ืกืข, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื’ืขืจื•ื“ืขืจืฒึท ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ื - 
ืงืขืก. ื”ืขืจื˜ ื ืžืฒึทืกืข, ื˜ืึธื’-ืืฒึทืŸ, ื˜ืึธื’ื™ืืฑืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื‘ืืกืงืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ: ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฐืขืœื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืื ื™ื ืข ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื ื•ื’ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื ื˜ืึธืคึผ ื‘ืึธืง- 
ืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืขื•ื•ื™ืฉืื‘ืขืก ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. 


ื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฐืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ืื ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคึผืœืฒืฆืขืก. ืื™ื– 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ื? -- ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืืœืฅ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ื ืงืขืก. -- 
ืกืืจื ืจืขืฆื™ื›ืข! ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืึธืจืขื ืฉืคึผืฒึทื–, ืฐืึธืก ืืคื™ืœืข ืคืืจ ื ืฆื™ื’ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ื˜ืึธื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ืื ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื•ื™ืกืข ื ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืื“ืืจืคื˜ ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฐืึธืš ื”ืืงืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืึนืฃ 
ืฆื• ืžืขืคืืจื ืขืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, 

ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ืฉื˜ื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ื ืงืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืื‘ืื™ืขืŸ. ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื‘ืื™ืขืŸ, 
ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืขื ืงืœ, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื˜ืื ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืง, 
ื–ื™ ื›ืืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืข ืฐืฒึทืœืข ืึธืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืืจืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื“ืขื ืขืจ ืคืื˜ืฉื™ื™ืœืข 
ืืฃ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื™ืœืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืก-ืื™ื– ืื™ืจืข ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืงืข ื”ืขื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ื•ืขืงืคืœื™ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืขืฆื™ืง ,ืึธืžืืจืก", 
ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ืื‘ืื™ืขืŸ. ,ืึธืžืืจ ืื‘ืื™ืข? ืฐืขืจื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืขืฆื™ืง ืžืึธืœ 


ืœืขืงืขื˜, ืฉื™ื›ืขื›ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืฒื™ืึท. 


107 


ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืืก. ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืœืขืจื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื ืึธืš ื ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืขืจ ืงืืคึผืฆืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื‘ืื™ืข, 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื’ืื ืฅ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืจื™ื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืึธืฐื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื’ื•ื•ื™ืจ. 

-- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื˜, --ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืึธืฐืข ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื‘ืื™ืขืŸ --ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฃ. ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ื”ืขืœืคืŸ, --ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืจืึธืฐืข,-- 
ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืืžืคึผืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฐื™ ื ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ. 

ืกืืจื ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฆืงืฒึทื˜!:--ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ื ื™ืกืคึผืึธืขืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฆืขืจ ื“ื™ ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ื ืงืขืก. 

ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ ื”ื™ืกืคึผืฒึทืœืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ, ืืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืึธืคึผืœืฑื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื‘ืื™ืขืŸ. ื ืงืืคึผืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœืขืก -- ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ื’ื•ื•ื™ืจ. 
ืื™ืจ ื”ืขืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผืฆืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื’ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš: ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืจืขื, ื’ืึธื˜ 
ื‘ืื”ื™ื˜! ืึธืจืขื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืฃ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืง, ืคึผื•ืกื˜ ืฐื™ ื ืคืืก, ืึธืจืขื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ืืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜, ืืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืขืŸ ืžื•ื™ืขืš, ืืŸ ืึธืจืขื ื”ืืจืฅ. 

ื ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงืืคึผืฆืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื‘ืื™ืข, ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื•ื™ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงื•ื•ืืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืฐื•ื™ ื ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ื™ืจืขื’ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืจื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขื ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืžืึธืจืขืฉื›ื•ื™ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืจืึธื•ื•ืข. 

ืื‘ืื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฉืคึผืืกืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืจืึธืฐืขืŸ: 

-- ืจืึธืฐืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ? ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื”ืืœื˜ืกื˜ื• ืื–ื•ื™ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ! ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ ืื–ื ืืฆื•ื•ืขืก? ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ืฉืึธืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื•? ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ื˜ืฐื•ึผืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืฉืคึผืฒึทื›- 
ืœืขืจืก? ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื˜ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจืก? ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื“ืขืŸ, ื“ื• ืฐื™ืœืกื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš, ืื–ื ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืš ื“ื™ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืฒึทื›ืŸ--ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืžืืชื™ื:--ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืขืจ ืฆื•ื™ื™ 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™, ื™ืœ ืขืจ ื“ืจืฒึท, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ 
ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜, ื›ืื–ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, ืืœืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง, 
ืืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื™ืจ. ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืฉืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ื’, ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ, ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ื’ ื–ืขื˜, ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืก, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื. ื ืจืื›ืžืึธื ืขืก ืืฃ ื“ื™ืจ, ืจืึธืฐื•ืข! 
ื ืจืื›ืžืึธื ืขืก ืืฃ ื“ื™ืจ, ืจืึธืฐืข! -- ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคืจื™ื™ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื‘ืื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืจืึธืฐื•ืข, ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืŸ ืงืืคึผืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืื ืฅ. ืื‘ืื™ืข ื˜ืื ืฆื˜ ืคืืจ 
ืจืึธื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืงื•ื ืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜. ืึธื˜ ืคืœื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืฐื•ื™ื ื“ ืื™ื -ื™ 
ื“ืขืจืœื•ืคื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื‘ืขืฉืึธืœืขื ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขืงื˜ืข ื”ืขื ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืืจื•ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผ, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ, ืื– ืืŸ ืื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ืืŸ ืื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืฆืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืจื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทืกืœ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœื›ืœ. 

-- ื ,ื ืืฉ-ื‘ืจืื˜", -- ืงื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ื ืงืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื‘ืื™ืขืŸ, --ืื– ื’ืึธื˜ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ืื–ื ืฉืึธื›ืŸ, 
ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฐืึธืจื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื’ืขืก, ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืื‘ืื™ืขืก -- ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ื ืขืก 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธื ืขื ื’ืขื”ืื˜. 

-- ืื™ื– ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืฉืข ื ืขืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื“ื™ ืื‘ืื™ืขืก? -- ืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืข ื ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ื ืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ื ื˜ื™ืคืŸ 
ื–ื™ืคืฅ ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’. ืขืก ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ ื ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืคืฅ 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ืกื˜ืืจืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจ ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ืืฃ ืœืขื ื’ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’, ---ื™ืึธ, ื“ืขืจ ืื‘ืื™ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ,ื ืืฉ-ื‘ืจืื˜", ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข, 
ื•ื™ ืขืจ, ืืคืฆื•ืœืึธื›ืขืก ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข, ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜---ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจืืฆื™ื, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืžืขืกืข ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข. 

ื“ื™ ื‘ืื’ืื–ืœื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืื–ืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืฒึทื›ืข ืฉืคึผืึธื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึธืคึผ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ -- ืืžื”ืึธืจืขืฅ, ืืžื”ืึธืจืืฆื™ื, ืืžื”ืึธืจืืฆืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ 
ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืž'ื˜ืึธืจ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืกื›ืื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืž'ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื“ืืœืขื“ืืžืขืก. 

ืฐืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืฉืืจืคืข ืžื•ื™ื›ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืขืžืคึผื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื“ืื ืง ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจืขืžืงืฒึทื˜, 
ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื˜ืืœืžื™ื“ื™ื™-ื›ืื›ืึธืžื™ื ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื›ื•ืฅ ืœื- 
ืžืื›ื ืข. ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ืื–ื ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืขืœื™ื•ื™ื ื™ื, ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื˜ืื›ื˜ื•ื™ื ื™ื, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืื›ื˜ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืขืœื™ื•ื™ื ื™ื. 
ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื ืึธืš ืืžืึธืœ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื–ื ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ืžื™ื›ื•ืฅื™ืœืืžืื›ื ืข-ืœืฒึทื˜ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืึธืฉืขืฐืกื˜ืข 


{ ื™ืขื™ืฉ ืœื•ื™ ืžืึธื ืึธ ืจื•ื™ืฆืข ืžืึธืกืื™ึดื. 


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ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืื›ื ืข, ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืคื•ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ืข 
ื˜ืฒึทื›ืœืขืš ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคื•ืœื˜ ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’-ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–, ืื– ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืจืขืžืข ื˜ืื ืึธื™ึดื ืื•ืŸ ืืžื•ื™ืจืึธื™ึดื 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื•ืืœื“, ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืขืš ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืื›ื ืข. 

ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื“ื™ ืื‘ืื™ืขืก, ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืขืœืฒึทื˜, ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืฐื•ืขืจืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืงืฒึทื˜, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ 
ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข. 

ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจืขืžืขืจ ื˜ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืจื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืฒึทื›ืกื˜ืข ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืœืึธื›ื™ื, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ. 

ืงืืคึผืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœืžืขืœืึธื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืขื ื’ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงื ื™ืคึผื˜. ื ื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผืฆืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜- 
ืœืขืš ื ื‘ืืœืžืขืœืึธื›ืข, ื ืึธืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืžืขืœืึธื›ืข ืื™ื– ื ืงืืคึผืฆืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื“ื™ ืกื- 
ื•ื•ื™ื•ื ืงืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืฉืคึผืฒึทื–ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืœืžืขืœืึธื›ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืงืืคึผืฆืึธื ื™ื. 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฉืฒึท ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืžืขืœืึธื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœืžืขืœืึธื›ืขืก, ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ื ืงืขืก ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืงืึธ- 
ืฐืขื“, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืฉืขื“ื ืข ื ื’ื•ื˜ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืื–ื•ื™ 
ื–ืฉืขื“ื ืข ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืงืึธืฐืขื“. ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืคืืจื”ืึธืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜ืข ื’ืจืึธืฉื ืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผืขืงืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง? 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ื™ื™ึดื›ืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื™ื™ื›ืขืก... 

...ืจืื‘ื™ ืืงื™ื•ื•ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืคืขืจืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ื’ืขืคึผืืฉืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉืขืจืขื“ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ื•ื•ื™ืจ 
ืงืืœื‘ืึธ ืกืื•ืฐื•ึผืึธ, ื”ื™ืœืขืœ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื ื”ืึธืœืฅ-ื™ื”ืขืงืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืืžืฒึท --ื ื˜ืขืกืœืขืจ. 
ื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืขืกืขื˜ ืงืœืขืฆืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืขืกืขื˜ ื‘ืืœืื›ืขืก. ื”ื™ืœืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉืฐืขืจืกื˜ืŸ 
ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืืžืฒึท ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืกื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, -- ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื‘ืขืก ืคึผืึธื ืขื, --- ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ืœืขืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืืžืฒึท ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึธืœืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ืœืฅ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืกืืš ื”ืืœืึธื›ืขืก, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืจื™ื’ื˜, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจื ืข, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ืœืฅ. 
ืืคื™ืœืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื˜ืืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืœืžื™ื“ื™ืžืก ื˜ืืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืก-ื™ื”ื™ืœืขืœ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื™ืฉืืžืฒึท, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื”ื™ืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทืœืขืจ. 

ืื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื ื‘ืืœืงืŸ, ืื™ื– ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืื™ื™ื ืขื! ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื™:ื”ื™ืœืขืœ 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ื“ืืจืฃ ืึธืคึผืฆืึธืœืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ื‘ืืœืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื™ืฉืืžืฒึท ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ 
ืืฒึทื ื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืฑื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืื ืฐื•ืขื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืงืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื 
ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก. 

ืฐื•ืขืจ ื–ืฉืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜?-- ืฆื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืœืงืŸ-ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ื ืงืขืก. ืืœืขืžืขื ืก ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืจืึธื›ืข-ืœื™ื™ืข ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึธื˜ื ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข, ืฆื• ื‘ืึธืจืขืš 
ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึธื˜ื ื™ืงืก ืฐืฒึทื‘. ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืึธื›ืข-ืœืฒืข ืคึผืืกืงื ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™: ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืขื•ื• ื’ืขื’ืื ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืœืงืŸ 
ื‘ื ื ื ืึธื’ื™ื“, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื™ื”ื™ืœืขืœ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืื ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื‘ื ื ืงืืคึผืฆืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื’ืจืึธืฉื ืก ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืœืงืŸ ืืฃ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื•ืฉืคึผืืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืฒึทื ืคืืœื ื“ื™ืง 
ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื™ืฉืืžืฒึท ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜... 

ื“ื™ ืกืืฐื•ื™ื•ื ืงืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึธื˜ื ื™ื˜ืฉืงืขืก ืคึผืกืืง-ื“ื™ืŸ, ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ 
ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึธืคึผ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜. 

ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื›ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜. ื™ื•ื™ืกืขืฃ ื‘ืขืŸ ื›ืืœืืคื˜ืึธ ืื™ื– ื ื’ืืจื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ, ื”ืืœืขืžืฒึท ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื–ื ,ืื•ืžืจื™ื™ื ืข 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜", ืฐื™ ื’ืืจื‘ืขืจืฒึท. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื›ืื›ืึธืžื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ 
ื‘ืื“ืืจืฃ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืจื™ื™ื ืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืขืœืึธื›ืข 
ืื™ื– ื’ืืจื‘ืขืจืฒึท, ืฐืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื‘ื•ืจืกืงื™ --'ื ื’ืืจื‘ืขืจ. 

ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื™ืกืขืฃ ื‘ืขืŸ ื›ืืœืืคื˜ืึธ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜: ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื™ื ืข 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ื™ืขื“ืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืž'ืคืืจื’ื™ืกื˜ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืื™ื– ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืฒึทื˜ืขืจื˜. ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืจื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื™ื ืข ื ืขืฉืึธืžืขืก, ืจื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜, ื”ืขื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืก, ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืขื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืก. ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ืืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื‘ืืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ืึธืจื˜. 

--- ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื™ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ื”ืืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ื’ื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืคึผืืฆืงืขื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฆืืฆืงืขื˜ืข ืคื™ืก, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื“ื™ ื’ืืจื‘ืืจืขืก, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืœ? ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ 


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ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืžืื›ืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื™ืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื•ืขืง- 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ, ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืž'ืงืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื›ื˜ ืฉืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฉืื‘ืขืกื“ื™ืงืข ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืืฃ ื ืžืฒึทืกืข-ืคืึธืจื”ืื ื’ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืจืึธืคึผ ืฉื•ืก- 
ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธื‘ื™ืœืขืจ ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืžืึธืจืขื™ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืึธืœ. 

ื•ื•ื™ื‘ืืœื“ ื™ื•ื›ื˜ืŸ, ื–ื•ื™ืœืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืืจื‘ืืจืขืก ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื™ืฆื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืœืข-ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจ. 

ืจืื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจืฒ, 
ื“ืขืจ ,ืจืื‘ื™" ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื‘ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืฒืœื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ,ืกืื ื“ืœืขืจ"-- ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ 
ื”ืกื ื“ืœืจ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ! ---ืจืื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. 

ืจืื‘ื™ ื›ืื ื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืจืื‘ื™ ืื•ืฉืื™ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืžื˜ 
ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืคึผืฆืึธื ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืคืืจ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ื ืฒึทืข. 

-- ื‘ืจืฒึทื ืข! ื˜ืจืฒึทื ืข! ืžื™ื ื˜ืฉืข! ื‘ืืฉืข! ืจืึธื›ืœ! ืฆื™ืคึผืฑืจืข! ืื™ืจ ื”ืขืจื˜? -- ื“ืขืจื™ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ: ื“ืึธืก ื’ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืคึผ ื“ื™ ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ื ืงืขืก ืงืึธืฐืขื“ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจืงืขืก. 

ื›ืื™ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœ ื“ืขื ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจืก ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืžืขืงืื ืข ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจืงืขืก, ื–ื™ ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื–ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืขื’ื˜: 

-- ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜, ื‘ืืกืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ: ืื•ืŸ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืžืึธืจืข? 

-- ืฐื™ ื–ืฉืข ื“ืขืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ? ืฐื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื‘ืื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจืฒ, --ืงื•ื•ืขืœื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ื’ื•ื˜ืžื•ื˜ื™ืง, -- ืจืขื‘ ืื‘ืข ื‘ืืจ ื–ืžื™ื ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ ืฉืขื‘ืขืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ. 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธื“ืœ ืื™ื– ืฉืืจืฃ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืืจืคืŸ ืžื•ื™ืขืš. 
ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื‘ ืื‘ืข ื‘ืืจ ื–ืžื™ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื˜ืขืจ ื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืขืจ 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขืงืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืื ืฆื•ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผืคืืœืŸ 

,ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก? ืฐืขืจ ื“ืืจืฃ ืขืก?"--ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ 
ื ื™ื™ืŸ: ,ืก'ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืขืจืก, ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื•ื™ืœื˜, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื”ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืืจืฒึทื ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื›ืฉืื“, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืš ื›ืืก-ืฐืขื›ืึธ- 
ืœื™ืœืข ื›ื•ื™ืฉืขื“ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื– ืขืคึผืขืกื™ืฐืึธืก, ื ืคืึธื“ืขื ืืฒึทืขืจืก ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ. ืฐืฒึทืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฉื“ 
ื‘ื›ืฉืจื™ื? -- ืฐื•ืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ื›ื•ื™ืฉืขื“ ืขืจืœืขื›ืข, ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื–ื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืึธืคื˜ ื“ืึธ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 

ื ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจืขืžื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื‘ ืื‘ืข ื–ืžื™ื ืข ื“ืขื ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจืก ืึธืจื ื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจืขืžื˜. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ื‘ืืœืžืขืœืึธื›ืขืก 
ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื’ื™ืืงืืคึผืื™ึดืžื ื™ืงืขืก. ื˜ืืœืžื™ื“ื™ื™-ื›ืื›ืึธืžื™ื, ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข--- ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื ืžืขืœืึธึทื›ืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืžื˜. ืจืื‘ื™ ื™ืขื”ื•ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืขืŸ ื›ืื ืื ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืจืื‘ื™ ื™ื™ึดืฆื›ืึธืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉืžื™ื“ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืจืื‘ื™ ื™ื™ึดืฆื›ืึธืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืฐื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ื ืคื—?-- ืจืื‘ื™ ื™ื™ึดืฆื›ืึธืง ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืžื™ื“. 

ืฉื™ืžืขืŸ ื”ืืคืงื•ืœื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืœืืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืœ ื’ืขืงืขืžื˜, ืฉื™ืžืขืŸ ืฉืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขื‘ืขืจืœ 
ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืจืื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื™ืกื™ ืื™ื– ื ืคื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืจื™ื™ืฉื™ืœืึธืงื™ืฉ ื ื ืื›ื˜-ืฉื•ื™ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื ื’ืขืจื˜ื ืขืจ, 
ืื‘ืข ืื•ืฉืื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื ืกื˜ืข ืžื™ื“ืขืก, ืื™ื– ื ื•ื•ืขืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืคืจืขืžื“, ืงื•ื™ื˜ื™ืง 
ื’ืจืขื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืฉืŸ, ืจืื‘ื™ ื ืขื›ื•ื ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจ ืงืืคืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืกื˜ืข ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ-ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืจืื‘ื™ ื›ื™ืกื“ืข. 

ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืจืขืคึผืืฉื ื™ืงืขืก, ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืœืึธื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจืฉืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื™ืขื ืขื. 

ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ ื ื ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืก ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืœืฒึทื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ืจ 
ืจืื›ืžืึธื ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ. 

ื ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืœืขืจื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืœืึธื›ืข, ืื™ื– ืืœืฆื™ื™ื ืก ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ 
ื ื’ืื–ืœืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. 

ื”ืึธื‘ ืœื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“, ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ื“ื™ืš ืœื™ื‘ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึธื–ืŸ 
ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืง, 

ื’ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืงืึธืฐืขื“ ื“ืขื ื™ืขื’ื™ึทืืงืืคึผืื™ึดืžื ื™ืง, -- ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืจืขืคึผืืฉื ื™ืงืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜. 

ื’ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืงืึธืฐืขื“ ื“ืขื ืจืฒึทื›ืŸ --ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืฒึทื›ืข ื˜ืื ืึธื™ึดื ืื•ืŸ ืืžื™ืจืึธื™ึดื, ืฐืฒึทืœ 
ื“ืขืจ ืจืฒึทื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืจืฒึทืš ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื˜ืึธืจ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ. 


: ืจืื‘ื™ ื™ืฑื™ื›ืึธื ืึธืŸ ื”ืืกืื ื“ืœืึธืจ ื”ืึธื™ืึธ ืื•ื™ืžืขืจ. 
? ื”ืื›ื•ื™ืฉืขื“ ื‘ื™ื›ืฉื™ื™ืจื™ื; * ืจืื‘ื™ ื™ื™ึดืฆื›ืึธืง ื”ืื ืืคึผืึธืš. 


* 110 


-- ื“ื™ ืึธืจืขืžืข ื˜ืื ืึธื™ึดื ืื•ืŸ ืืžื•ื™ืจืึธื™ึดื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื“ืขืจ- 
ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืฒึทื›ืข, -- ืฆื™ื ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœืก ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืฒึทืขืจ- 
ืœืขืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคืœื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืœืŸ ืืจืœื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ื ืงืขืก ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ืกื˜ื•ื™ื’ ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™. 

ื“ื™ ืจืฒึทื›ืข ื˜ืื ืึธื™ึดื ืื•ืŸ ืืžืฑื™ืจืึธืœื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืึธืคึผืœืฑื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจืขืž- 
ืงืฒึทื˜--ื™ืื” ืขื ื™ื•ืชื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ:--ืึธืจืขืžืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืืกื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ: 
ื™ืื” ืขื ื™ื•ืชื ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ืื™ ื›ื‘ืจื–ื ืกื•ืžืงื ืœืกื•ืกื™ื ื—ื™ื•ืจื?---ืึธืจืขืžืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื 
ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ื“ืขืงืข ืคืืจ ื ืฐืฒึทืก ืคืขืจื“. 

ื“ื™ ืึธืจืขืžืข ื˜ืื ืึธื™ึดื ืื•ืŸ ืืžื•ื™ืจืึธื™ึดื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ื–ืึธืœ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืฒื™ื ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคึผืืกืŸ 
ืคืืจ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืจืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึธืจืขืžืงืฒึทื˜. ืึธืจืขืžืงืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜--ื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื•ืœืชืŸ?-- 
ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืึธืจืขืžืงืฒึทื˜ ืžืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ึดืขืก. 

ืžืืžืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืึธืŸ ื ืื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืคืฆืŸ. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืคืฅ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ื™ืคืฆืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ 
ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœืก ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจ, ืื– ืึธืจืขื ืื•ืŸ ืจืฒึทืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืกื™, ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื’ื•ื•ื™ืจ ืจืื‘ื™ ื’ืืžืœ;ืขืœ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื™- 
ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืฐืขื“, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื”ืืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืฐื•ืขืง ืฆื• ืจืื‘ื™ ื™ืขื”ื•ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืขืŸ ื›ืื ืื ื™ืข 
ื“ืขื ืฉืžื™ื“ ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื˜, ื–ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ึทืื–ื•ื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืžื™ื“ืขืจืฒึท ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข. 

ื‘ืื ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืฒื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืกื™ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืึธื ื‘ื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฆืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื“ืข- 
ืจื™ืงืขืจ ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข. ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืขื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืืจื™ื™- 
ื›ืขืจื˜, ืื– ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื“ื•ื›ื˜ืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืื–ืฉืข ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืขื ื’ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืฒืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืžื™ื“ืขืจืœื™. 

ืจืื‘ื™ ื’ืืžืœื™ึทืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ,ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ืก'ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขืฆืขืœื˜ืŸ, ื™ืื ืงืขื•ื•, ื“ืฒึทื ืข 
ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ื™ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ?, ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื›ื•ื™ื–ืขืง ืžืื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ืจืื‘ื™ ื™ืขื”ื•ื™ืฉืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืž'ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ืฐื™ืกื˜ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ: ;ื“ื™ ืฐืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืก, ืื– ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื ืฉืžื™ื“, ื ืึธืจ ืฐื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื–ื ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ", 

ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืจืื‘ื™ ื™ืขื”ื•ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืขืŸ ื›ืื ืื ื™ืข ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขืคืœืืงืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก 
ืคืฒึทืขืจ, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœืึธื–ื–ืืง ื‘ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืขืก ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจ, ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืฆืึธืจื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืืฃ 
ืจืื‘ื™ ื’ืืžืœื™ึดืขืœืก ืงืึธืคึผ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืงืœืืคึผ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืืžืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื•ื•ืื“ืœืข: ,ืื•ื™ ืœื• ืœื“ื•ืจ 
ืฉืืชื” ืคืจื ืกื• ื•ืื•ื™ ืœื” ืœืกืคื™ื ื” ืฉืืชื” ืงื‘ืจื ื™ื˜ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืฆืขืจื ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื 
ื‘ืžื” ื”ื ืžืชืคืจื ืกื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื” ื”ื ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื"*---ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจื–ืึธืจื’ืขืจ! ื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ. ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื“ืกื˜ืข ืื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆืืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืืœืžื™ื“ื™ื™-ื›ืื›ืึธืžื™ื, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขืคืืจื ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืคึผืฒึทื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, 

ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืื‘ื™ ื™ืขื”ื•ื™ืฉื•ืข ื‘ืขืŸ ื›ืื ืื ื™ืข ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื•ื•ื“ืข ืคืืจ ืจืื‘ื™ 
ื’ืืžืœื™ืขืœืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืคืืจ ืจืื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื“ื’ืื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ืจืื‘ื™ ืขืœื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื‘ืขืŸ 
ื›ืืกืžืข: ื“ื•, ืจืื‘ื™ ื’ืืžืœื™ืขืœ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืœืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืื– ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ื˜ืืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขืฉืืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื˜ืจืึธืคึผื ืก ืก'ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืื, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ, ืœืขืฐืึธื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืขื–ืฉืงืขืœืข ืืคืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ, ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืก ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื’ืขืœืื˜ืขื˜ืข ื‘ื’ืึธื“ื™ื. 

-- ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, -- ืงื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ื“ื™ ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ื ืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืืœืŸ ืึธืŸ ืืฃ 
ืื™ื–ืจืืœืœื™ื›ืข ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื•ื•ืืœื™ื›ืข, ืืฃ ืื–ืจื™ึทืขืœ ื“ืขื ืงืึธื•ื•ืืœืก ืคืจื•ื™, -- ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืื–ืจื™ืขืœ ืงืึธืŸ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืงืœืืคึผืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืืžืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ืฉื˜ื•ืžืขืจ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื–ืจื™ึทืขืœ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ 
ื ืฆืขื ื˜ื›ื™ื™ืœืขืง ืฆื•ื ื’ ืฐื™ ื™ืขื”ื•ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืขืŸ ื›ืื ืื ื™ืข, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธื‘ื™ืœืขืจ ื ืขื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื 
ืจื•ืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ื ืก ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืืจืœื™ืŸ. 

ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฉืžื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืžืึธืจืข, ืื– ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืขืœืขืš, ืื– ื˜ื• ืื™ื ื ืึธืจ ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืจืœื™ืžืœ, ืงืึธืŸ 
ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืจืึธื•, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืจืึธื•, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธื‘ื™ืœืขืจ ื ืขื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉืœื™ื™ืขืจ, ื ืœื™ืื“ืข ืงืจืขืžืขืจืœ ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก, ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืื–ื ืžืขื™ื•ื›ืขืก, ืื– ืž'ื˜ืึธืจ 


: ื™ืึธืข ืื ื™ื™ื•ืกืึธ ืœืขื™ืฒืกืจืึธืขืœ; ? ื™ืึธืข ืื ื™ื™ื•ืกืึธ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ืื™, ื›ื‘ืืจื–ื ืกื•ืžืงื ืœืกื•ืกื™ื ื›ื™ื•ืจื; * ื‘ื ื•ื™ืก ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ 
ื ืึธื•ืฑื™ืก ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฐืึธืœ ื”ืึธืื ื™ื™ื•ืก ืžืขื ืืฐืœืึธืกืึธืŸ. 

+ ืื•ื™ ืœื•ื™ ืœืื“ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืขืื˜ืึธ ืคึผืืจื ื™ื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ื•ืขื•ื™ ืœืึธ ืœื™ืกืคื™ื ืึธ ืฉืขืื˜ืึธ ืงืื‘ืืจื ื™ื˜ืึธ, ืฉืขื™ื™ืŸ ืื˜ืึธ ื™ื•ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืข- 
ืฆืืืจืึธื ืฉืขืœ ื˜ืืœืžื™ื“ื™ื™ ื›ืื›ืึธืžื™ื ื‘ืืžืข ื”ื™ื™ื ืžื™ืกืคืืจื ืกื™ื ืื•ึผื•ื•ืืžืข ื”ื™ื™ื ื ื™ื–ื•ื™ื ื™ื. 


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ืื™ื ื’ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ, ื ื‘ืืœืžืขืœืึธื›ืข ืื™ื– ื ืฉืื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข. ื•ื•ืข- 
ืžืขื ืก ื ืขื’ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ื–ื™ื ื“ืœ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ื›ืืกืขื ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืขืจ ื ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ? ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ื ืขื’ื™- 
ื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ืงื•ื•ืืคึผืขืŸ ืืฃ ื ืกืื•ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ? 

ื ื‘ืืœืขื’ืึธืœืข ืื™ื– ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™ ื ืœื•ื™ ื™ืึธืฐืฑ ื‘ืืงืึธื”ืึธืœ, ืขืจื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืจ, ื ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ, ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ, ื ืฉืžื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฆื™ื’ืฒึทื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ -- ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื’ืฒึทื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืžื™ื“ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ, ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื’ืฒึทื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืžื™ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื“, ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื’ืฒึทื ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืจืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืžื™ื“ ืคืืจืงืจืขืžืคึผืขืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผื™ื“ืงืึธืฐืขืก ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“ื™ืฉืข ืคื™ืก, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืกืคึผืึธื˜ื™ืงืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืขื–ืžืขืจ ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืืฑื’ืŸ ื•ื™ 
ืืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขื ืขืจ ืžืืžื–ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ,ืžืืžื–ืขืจื•ืง", , ื‘ืฒึทืกื˜ืจื•ืง?, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ---,ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจื•ืง", ื“ืขืจ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ --,, ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจื•ืง", ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืขื–ืžืขืจ --,ืงืœืขื–ืžืขืจื•ืง". ืื•ืงืขืŸ 
ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืื•ืงืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ, ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืคื”ืขืจืŸ. 


ื“ื™ ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ื ืงืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืืฑืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืืก ืืคืŸ ื ืึธืกื™ ืจืื‘ื™ ื’ืืžืœื™ืขืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธื‘ื™ืœืขืจ ื ืขื’ื™ื“ื™ื, ืื•ึนืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื ืึธืกื™, ื“ืขื ื ืึธืกื™ ืจืื‘ื™ ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืข. 


ืจืื‘ื™ ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜, ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื–ื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื“ืืจืคื˜, ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ,ืจืื‘ื™"; ืื– ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ,ืจืื‘ื™", 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืจืื‘ื™ ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืข ื”ืื ืึธืกื™. 

-- ืจืฒึทืš ืฐื•ื™ ืงื•ื™ืจืขืš. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืขืก? -- ื›ืืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ืื™ื ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ืึธืขืก 
ืื™ืŸ ื›ืขื–ืฉื‘ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜. -- ืจืฒึทืš ืฐื™ ืฆืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืงื•ื™ืจืขื›ืก ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ 
ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจืื‘ื™ ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืข ื”ืื ืึธืกื™, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื‘ืื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคืขืจื“ื™ืฉื˜ืืœืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืืฆื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืจืฒึทื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืขืจืกื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื ื™ื’. 

ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืขืจื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืื‘ื™ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜; ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืขืกืŸ, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืงืึธืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื›ืจืึธืžื˜ืฉืขืŸ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืžืฒึทืœื ืฐืฒึทื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ-ื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืื‘ื™ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคื•ืœ ืึธื ื’ืขืœืึธื“ืขื ืข 
ืฉืคึผืฒึทื›ืœืขืจืก ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื•ึผืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ืืœืข ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืงืข ืึธืคืŸ ื’ืขืžืึธืœื“ืŸ; ืืœืข ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืขืกืŸ ืฆื• 
ื–ืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืฒึทื– ืื”ื™ื™ื, ื›ื•ืฅ ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจืืฆื™ื. 


-- ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืื– ื“ื™. ืืžืขืจืืฆื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืฐืึธืจืœืึธื–ื˜ืข ื”ื™ื ื˜, ื–ื™ื™ ืžืขื’ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื‘-ืื•ืŸ-ืงื™ื ื“ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืขืœืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคืืจ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ื ืงืขืก 
ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื–ื ืจืืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื ื˜ื•ืžืœ, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืจืื‘ื™ืก ืคื•ืœ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ืœืึธื“ืขื ืข ื˜ืฐื•ึผืขื™ืฉืคึผืฒึทื›ืœืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื•ืืœื“ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ื’ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ื•ื™ืžืœ ืืคืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจ, --ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืจืื‘ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ 
ืื–ื ืกื™ื ืข ืฆื• ืึธืจืขืžืขืœืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจืืฆื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืฐืึธืœืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื˜ืฐื•ึผืขื™ืฉืคึผืฒึทื›ืœืขืจืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืขื’ื™ื“ื™ื --ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื ืึธื’ื™ื“ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ื ืขื’ื™ื“ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜, 
ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืžืื–ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืžืื–ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืจ ืขื ื™ื ืื–ืœื ืขื ื™ื•ืชื:--ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืึธืจืขืž- 
ืงืฒึทื˜, ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืžืื–ืœ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœื™ื-ืฉืœื™ืžืื–ืœ. ืจื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื‘ื“ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื?---ืจืื‘ื™ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืงืึธืฐืขื“ ืจืฒึทื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื™ื™ืฆืขื˜ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื ืึธื›ื˜ืึธืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ื ืงืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ-ื–ื™ืš, ื–ื™ื™ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืจื•ื™ืงืŸ, -- ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– 
ืขืก ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืข, ื ืจืื‘ื™, ื ื ืึธืกื™, ื ืคื™ืจืขืจ --- ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืืจื“ืึธืจื‘ืŸ, ืคืืจืžืึธื’ืŸ 
ืื–ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ. 

ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ืื™ื– ืืฃ ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข ืžืืคืกื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขื ืข ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ืงื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ืืฃ ืจืื‘ื™ืก ืืœืข ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืžืึธืก, ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ ืคืืจืžื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืคืืจื‘ืŸ? ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืจืื‘ื™ืก ืคืืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืขืจ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืจืขื‘ืข ืจืขื‘ ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜, ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื•ื™ืก ืจืึธืฉืข, ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืจืึธืฉืข ืœื™ื’ื˜ 
ืขืคึผืขืก-ืฐืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฆืื“ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืฆืื“ื™ืง ื‘ืื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืจืึธืฉืข, ืฐืึธืก 
ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืก-ืื™ื– ืœื™ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ื ืงืขืก, ืคืืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, 


1 ื‘ืึธืกืึธืจ ืื ื™ืึธ ืื–ืœืึธ ืื ื™ื•ืกืึธ: ? ืจืื‘ื™ ื”ืึธื™ืึธ ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขื“ ืืฉื™ืจื™ื. 


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ืื– ืจืื‘ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืฉื ืข, ื‘ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื˜ืืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืคึผืฒึทื–ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข. 

ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื–ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ? ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜? ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ, ืื– ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืงืขืจ--ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืงืจืื ืงืŸ ืžืึธื’ืŸ, 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืฆื™ื™ืŸ-ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืคืœืึธื–ื™ืงืฒึทื˜. ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื›ืืœืืกืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ื‘ืืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืœืึธืคึผืœืึธื–ืข ื ืขื›ื˜, ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืจืื‘ื™ืก ื’ื•ื•ืืœื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™- 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคืืจื”ื™ืœื›ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื›ืจืึธืžื˜ืฉืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืขืจื“. 

ื“ื™ ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ื ืงืขืก ืจื™ืจื˜ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขื ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืื›ืึธืžื™ื -- ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ื˜ื•ื™ื•ื•ืœื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ ื ืฉืขืจืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืืœืฆื™ื™ื ืก ืื•ืžืจื™ื™ืŸ. ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืคืืจื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื–ื™ื ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืฆื“ืึธืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืกื™ื-ื˜ื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื, 
ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืืœืฆื™ื™ื ืก ื ื’ืื–ืœืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ื˜ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื–ื›ื•ืก ืื™ืŸ ืจืื‘ื™ืก ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืคืืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืื‘ื™ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 
;ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืื ืึธืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืืฃ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ". 

ื“ื™ ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ื ืงืขืก ืฐืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ืื•ืคื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ --ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืื ืึธืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืœืึธื–ื˜, ืื– ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืื ืึธืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืื– ื ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื ืืงืขื˜ืขืจ 
ื–ืึธืœ ื ืืงืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืืžืึธืœ ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืจ. ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื’ื•ื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืจืื‘ื™ 
ืขืœื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื‘ืขืŸ ืื–ืืจื™ืข, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืขืก, ื•ื™ ืจืื‘ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ 
ืคืขืจื“. ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืžืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฐื•ึผืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขืœ- 
ื‘ืขืจ, ื‘ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืึธืงืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ืืฐื•ืขืง ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื”ืื ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืž'ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ืคืื ืื - 
ื“ืขืจื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื‘ืื“ืขืจืคื˜ื™ืงืข ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืืŸ, 

ืžื™ื˜ ืจืื‘ื™ ืขืœื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื‘ืขืŸ ืื–ืืจื™ืขืก ืจืฒึทื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜, ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, 
ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ื–ืขื˜ ืจืื‘ื™ ืขืœ;ืขื–ืขืจ ื‘ืขืŸ ืื–ืืจื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื›ืึธืœืขื, ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ืžื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืจืฒึทืš ืฐืขืจืŸ 

ื“ื™ ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ื ืงืขืก ืฉื™ืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ --ื ื™ืฉืงืึธืฉืข, ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจืื‘ื™ ืขืœื™ึทืขื–ืขืจ ื‘ืขืŸ ืื–ืืจื™ืข 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื›ืึธืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ื ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืกืื•ื•ื™ื•ื ืงืขืก, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืงืฒื™ื ืžืึธืœ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžืื˜ืจื™ืขืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผื ื™ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืขืจ ืคืืจื’ื™ื ื˜ ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื–ืึธืœ 
ื›ืืก-ืฐืขื›ืึธืœื™ืœืข ืจืฒึทืš ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ. 

ืื•ื ื“ื– ื›ืึธืœืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ,ื ืืฉ-ื‘ืจืื˜", ื ืจืื‘ื™ ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืคืจื•ื™ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืจื•ื™ื’ืขื ืขืก-ืงืœื™ื™ื“, ื ื›ืื ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื•ื™ืกืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื ื•ื’ื ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ื˜ืึธืคึผ ื‘ืึธืงืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืขื•ื•ื™ืฉืื‘ืขืก ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืจืื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื™ 
ืฉืžื™ื“ืขืจ ืจืื‘ื™ ื™ืขื”ื•ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืขืŸ ื›ืื ืื ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืจืื‘ื™ ื™ื™ึดืฆื›ืึธืง, ืจืื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืŸ ื ื•ืจื™, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืคึผืฒึทื–ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข ื–ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืขื ืข ื’ืืจื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื ืขื’ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืืจืฉื•ื™ื ืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ืคืืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืฒึทื›ืข, ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคืืจืžืขื’ื ืก, 
ืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื‘ื™ื– ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื’ืจืึธืฉืŸ. ืจืื‘ื™ ื™ืื ืื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ืคื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืฐืฒึทื ื’ืขืจื˜ื ืขืจ, 
ืจืึธื•ื•ืข ืื•ืŸ ืจืื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืคืืจืžืขืกื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืื‘ื™ ื™ืื ืื™, ืจืื‘ื™ ื˜ืืจืคืŸ, ืจืื‘ื™ 
ืขืœื™ึทืขื–ืขืจ ื‘ืขืŸ ื”ื•ืจืงื ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื•ื™ืจื™ื-ืื“ื™ืจื™ื. 

ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ ืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ื–ื™ ืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืœืื ื’, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืก. ื ืฉื˜ืขืจื ื“ืœ ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืคืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืืฑื™ืกืฉืคึผื™ืจืขืจ, ืฐื•ื™ ืืŸ ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ืขืจ, ืื– ื‘ืืœื“ ืฐื•ืขื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืคื•ืœ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ, ืืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ. 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืกืืš ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื™ืืจืฉื ื˜ ื‘ื ืžืฒึทื ืข ื–ื™ื™ื“ืขืก ืจืขื‘ ื›ืืฆืงืœ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื‘ ื™ืื - 
ืงืขื•ื•-ืžื•ื™ืฉืข, ื‘ื ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ื›ืื™ึดื ื›ืืฆืงืœืก, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืฐื™ ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขื™ืืจืฉื ื˜ ื‘ื ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ื‘ืืกืœ, ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืœื˜ืขืจื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืจืขื‘ ื‘ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื ื™ืขื ืข-ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืืฃ 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ-ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื ื’ืื ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: ื ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืื ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ... 


ื‘ื™ 


114 


ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง= ื“ืื˜ืขืก 


ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืฒืฃ 
(ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ 10-ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจืฆืฒึทื˜) 


ื ื•ื™ืขืš ืœื•ืจื™ืข 


(ืฆื•ื 790ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’) 


84 ืื™ ืคื™ืŸ = 2 - ื ื™ืข = 
(ืฆื•ื 80-ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’) 


ืขื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืขืจืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ื˜ื™ื™ืคืก 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ 


ืงื™ื›ืขืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืžืขืœืขืš 


ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ืึธืฐื ื˜-ืฆืฒึทื˜, 
ืฐืขืŸ ืขืก ืคืืœื˜ ื ืฉื ื™ื™ืขืœืข, 
ื’ื™ื™ ืื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจืงื™-ื’ืืก 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš. 


ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ 
ืงื™ื›ืขืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืขืžืขืœืขืš, 

ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืืก ืืจื•ื™ืก 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืœื™ื“--ื ื–ืขืžืขืจืœ: 


ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜! 
ืฉื˜ืฒื™ื˜! 
ืฉื˜ืฒื˜! 
ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืœื˜ ืื–ื•ื™, ื ื™ื˜ ืœื•ื™ืคื˜, 


ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื˜, 
ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืคืืจ ืืœืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ 
ืงื™ื›ืขืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืขืžืขืœืขืš, 
ืงื™ื›ืขืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืขืžืขืœืขืš. 


ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึธืคึผ ื ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืœืข, 
ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืฉืขืžืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง: 
ื˜ืฉื˜ืึธ ื˜ืืงืึธื™ืข ืงื™ื›ืขืœืขืš! 
ื˜ืฉื˜ืึธ ื˜ืืงืึธื™ืข ื–ืขืžืขืœืขืš? 


ืงื•ืง ืื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืœืข, 
ื’ืœืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ื˜ืขืจ-ื™ื”ื™ื˜ืขืœืข, 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืง, 
ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื ื’ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืœืข: 


ืฉื˜ื™ื˜! ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื˜, 
ืฉื˜ืฒื˜! ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืคืืจ ืืœืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ 
ืฉื˜ืฒื™ื˜! ืงื™ื›ืขืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืขืžืขืœืขืš, 

ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืœื˜ ืื–ื•ื™, ื ื™ื˜ ืœื•ื™ืคื˜, ืงื™ื›ืขืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืขืžืขืœืขืš. 

ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื˜, 

ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืคืืจ ืืœืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ืึธืฐื ื˜-ืฆืฒึทื˜, 
ืงื™ื›ืขืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืขืžืขืœืขืš, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืคืืœื˜ ื ืฉื ื™ื™ืขืœืข, 
ืงื™ื›ืขืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืขืžืขืœืขืš. ื’ื™ ืื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจืงื™ื’ืืก 


ื–ื™ื ื’ ืื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืื›ื˜, ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ, 
ืฐื™ ืขืก ื‘ืขื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืœืข: 

ื˜ืื˜ืข, ืงื•ื™ืฃ ื ืงื™ื›ืขืœืข, 

ื˜ืื˜ืข, ืงื•ื™ืฃ ื ื–ืขืžืขืœืข. 

ืฐื•ึผ ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื•, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืขืœืข? 


ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš. 


ื–ืข ืื™ืš ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ 
ืงื™ื›ืขืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืขืžืขืœืขืš, 

ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืื›ื˜, ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ 
ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื“ -- ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ืขืžืขืจืœ: 


ืฐื•ื•ึผ ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื•, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ? ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜! 
ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื“ื• ืฉืจืฒึทืกื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜! 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ-ืคืฒึทืขืจืŸ: ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜! 


ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืœื˜ ืื–ื•ื™, ื ื™ื˜ ืœื•ื™ืคื˜, 


ืฉื˜ืฒื˜! ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื˜, 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜! ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืคืืจ ืืœืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜! ืงื™ื›ืขืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืขืžืขืœืขืš, 


ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืœื˜ ืื–ื•ื™, ื ื™ื˜ ืœื•ื™ืคื˜, ืงื™ื›ืขืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืขืžืขืœืขืš. 


ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื‘ืกื•ืจืขืก 


ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืืฒึทืš ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื ื‘ืกื•ืจืข, ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜: 

ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืžืืœืงืข ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื˜, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืจ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ.. 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜, ื”ืขื˜-ืฐืฒึทื˜, 

ืื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื™ื’ืœ-ืจื•ื™ืฉื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื›ืื™ืœ 

(ืื•ื•ื•ึผ ืขืก ืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืจืขืžื“ื™ืงืข ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ) 

ืขืก ื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื ืข... ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืข... 

ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, 

ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืืจ, -- ื“ื™ ืกืึธืœืึธืฐืฒืขืŸ!-- 
ืฐืึธืก ื’ืึธื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ื˜ืข ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืžืื–ืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื™ืจืขื.. 

ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืจื™ื”ืืฉื™ืจื™ื? 
ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืืฒึทืš ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื ื‘ืกื•ืจืข, ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคืจืฒื ื˜: 
ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ื‘ 

ื“ืขืจ ืžืืœืงืขืก ืืฑืกืฉืคึผื™ืจืขืจ --ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืืœืŸ: 

-- ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืื•ืฃ! 

ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื• ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, 

ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื ืœื™ื“ -- ื“ืขื ืฉืœื™ืกืœ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ. 

ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืื•ืฃ! ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืžืืœืงืข ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ ื•ื•ืืจื˜, 

ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืกื˜ืข ื’ืขื‘ืึธื˜ 

ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ื’ืขื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ; 

ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืึธืคืŸ ืืœืข ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ 

ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ 

ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืื ื’ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืคืืจื‘ืึธื˜ืฃ 


115 


ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข, ื–ื•ืžืขืจ 1944 


ืืฃ ื’ื™ื˜ืงืข ื˜ืฒึทื‘ืขืœืขืก ื–ืืฐื•ึผืœืขืง 
ื˜ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจ ืึธืคืŸ.. 

ืคึผืฒึทืงืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืฒึทืงืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืง: 
ื”ื™ื™, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืฃ! ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฆื• ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ! 
ื”ื™ื™, ื›ืึธื›ืžืื˜ืฉืขืก, 

ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืœ-ื–ืึธื’ืขืจ, 

ืกืคืึธืจื™ื-ืฉืœื™ื ื’ืขืจ, 
ื˜ืฉืึธืœื ื˜-ืคืจืขืกืขืจ -- 

ืงื•ืžื˜, ื“ื™ ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ืขืŸ ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื ืข, 
ื™ืขื ืข ืืœืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงืขื ืขืŸ 

ื“ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืกืœืขืš ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ-ืขื ื’ืข, 
ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื ื™ืง ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ -- 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, 
ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืœื™ื’ืŸ 

ื ืฒึทืข ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื ื‘ืขืจื’ืก ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื‘ืืงืก. 


ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืฃ! 
ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฆื• ืœื™ื’ืŸ! 

ื›'ื˜ืจืึธื’ ืคืืจ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขื ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ืกื™ื ื™ื’ืŸ.. -- 
ื–ืึธืœ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ! 
ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜, ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ.. 

ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ืฉืœืึธืคื˜. 


ืงืœืืคึผ ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืฒึทืงืœ, 
ืงืœืืคึผ ืื™ืš... 

ืึธื˜! ืขืก ืฆื™ื ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคึผืฒึทืงืœื™ืฉื˜ืขืงืœ, 

ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ, 

ืก'ืจื™ื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื ืขื’ืœ.. 

ืื™ื– ืฐืึธืก ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ? 


ื”ื™ื™, ื›ืึธื›ืžืื˜ืฉืขืก, 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืœ-ื–ืึธื’ืขืจ, 
ืกืคืึธืจื™ื-ืฉืœื™ื ื’ืขืจ, 
ื˜ืฉืึธืœื ื˜-ืคืจืขืกืขืจ -- 

ืงื•ืžื˜, ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ืขืŸ ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื ืข, 
ื™ืขื ืข ืืœืข, 

ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ: , ืงืึธืžืขืฅื™ืืœืขืฃ" 
ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ ื‘ื ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, 
ืขืกืŸ ืกืงืึธืจื™ื ืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ื™ืง 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœืขืก -- 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื–ื™ื™ืœืข ื ืžืืคึผืึธืœืข. 


ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืฃ! 

ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฆื• ืœื™ื’ืŸ! 

ื›'ื˜ืจืึธื’ ืคืืจ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขื ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ืก-ื ื™ื’ืŸ.. 

ื–ืึธืœ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ! 

ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜, ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ.. 

ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ืฉืœืึธืคื˜. 

ืขืคื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ. 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ื˜ืข ืงื•ืงื˜. ืก'ืื™ื– ื–ื™! ื‘ืขืคื™ื™ืจืขืฉ! 

ื ื’ื•ื˜ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข, ื’ื•ื˜ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ! 

ื”ืขืœืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืคื•ื•ืขืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืื ืงืฉืฒื™ 
ืื•ื™ืจืขืฃื•... 


-- ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืงืกื˜ื•, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ? 
ืฐืึธืก, ื“ื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ื ืืจืขืœืข, ื“ื• ื ืืจ, 

ืื– ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜, 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืืฃ ืคึผืึธื ืืจ.. 


1 ืขื ืงืฉื™ ืขื•ืจืฃ -- ื ืคืึธืœืง ืคื•ืŸ ืืงืฉืึธื ื™ื. 


ืื ื ืคืจืื ืง 


ื”ื•ื™ืš ืืคืŸ ืขืจื“ืงื•ื™ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜, 
ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ืงืึธืŸ ื ืคื•ื™ื’ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื ื ืคืจืื ืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื ืœื™ื“, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื“ืขืจืœืื ื“ืŸ. 


ื–ืขื˜, ื–ืขื˜! ื–ื™ ื˜ืื ืฆื˜! ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ 

ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืขื ืข ืžืขื ื•ื™ืจืข.. 

ืคึผืืžืขืœืขืš! -- ืฉืจืฒึท ืื™ืš. -- ืื ื ืคืจืื ืง! 

ื–ื™ ืœืื›ื˜, ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืคืขืจืงืข. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื•ื™ืจืข. 


ื–ื™ ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜. ื ืฉื ื™ื™ ืงื•ืฉื˜ ืื™ืจืข ื”ืึธืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ื ืœื™ื“, ืฐืึธืก ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ.. 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜! ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ -- 


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ื ืœื™ื“ ื’ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืขืก ื’ืขืกืœ: 

ืื•ื™, ื›ืื ืขืงืข, ืื•ื™, ื›ืื ืขืงืข, 

ื ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขื•ื• ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ.. 

ื–ื™ ื˜ืื ืฆื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื“ืงื•ื™ืœ, ืงืœืืคึผื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจื ืข ืึธืคึผืฆืืกืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื™ืื --- ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ 

ืื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืฆื˜ ืืฃ ืืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืืžืขืจ ื’ืืกืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™-- 

ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื•ื™ืจืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜, 

ื–ื™ ื˜ืื ืฆื˜, ื–ื™ ืœืขื‘ื˜. ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ -- ืึธืคืŸ.. 

ื–ื™ ืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื“ืงื•ื™ืœ--- ืื ื ืคืจืื ืง! 

ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ.. ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ.. 


ื ืคึผืึธืกืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืื ืืš 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืจื˜ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื•ืฉืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ืคืฒึทืขืจื™ืงื•ื•ืืœ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ื•ื“ืขื˜ ืฐื™ ื ืฐืฒึทื˜ืข ืงืื ืึธื ืื“ืข, 

ืขืก ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืกื™ื’ื ืืœ 

ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืฉื˜ืึธืœื’ื™ืกืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜-ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ืข. 


ืืฃ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืข ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจื’ืื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืžืข, 

ื“ื™ ื˜ืื˜ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคืืจืฆื•ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ, 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืคืœืืžื™ืง-ืคืœื™ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื 
ื ื–ืขืฅ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉืžืขืœืฆื˜ืข ื˜ื•ื™ื˜-ืงืœืฒื™ื–ืฒึทืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขืฐื•ืขืงื˜ ื ืคึผืึธืกืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืื ืืš!-- 
ืฐื•ื•ึผ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ -- ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ.. 

ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืกืงื•ืœืคึผื˜ืึธืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธืœื’ื™ืกืขืจ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜, 
ื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ ื ื“ืขื ืงืžืึธืœ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึธืกืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขืฉืฒึทืข. 


ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืึทื›ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ: 
ืžื™ื ืกืง. ืคึผืจืึธืœืขื˜ืืจืกืงืื™ื. ื”ื•ื™ื– ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืื›ืฆืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื›ืฆืŸ! 
ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืก ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืงื•ืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ื’ืขื˜ื•ืœื™ืขื˜ 
ื ืžืืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืขืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืขืก ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืงืืคึผื•ืœื™ืข. 
-- ื‘ืจืขื ื’ ืžื™ืจ ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ืขืœืขืš ื‘ืขื–, -- ื‘ืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ื•ื™ื“ื•ืฉืข, -- 
ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ืขืœืขืš ื‘ืขื– -- ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืžืึธืœ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืš ืงื•ืฉืŸ.. 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืื ืฉืึธื›ืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืงื˜ืข, ืฐื•ื™ ื‘ืขื›ืขืจ, 
ื“ื™ ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ืขืœืขืš ื‘ืขื–, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื’ืŸ ืฆืขืคืขื›ืขืจื˜. 


ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื, ื‘ืืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืกื˜ืขืก ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืข, 


ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื ืฐืฒึทืกืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ. 


ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืŸ ืงืจืขื ืขืฅ, 
ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ, ื ืžืึธื›ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืืจืงืืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ. 


-.ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฉืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื ืคึผืืจืงืืŸ... ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ! 
ืื™ืš ืจืฒึทืก ื–ื™ื™, ื“ื™ ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ืขืœืขืš ื‘ืขื–, ื‘ื ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ. 
ืื•ื™, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืš ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืคืืจืฉืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ! 

ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ! ืขืจ ื–ืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœื˜: ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืขืง ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืจ, ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœ... 
ื“ื• ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜, ืก'ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืื ืง ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืฆืฐื•ืฒึทื’ืขืœืขืš ื‘ืขื– ืฆื™ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ? 
ืึธ, ื ื™ื™ืŸ! ืžื™ืš ืคืืจื“ืจื™ืกื˜ ื ืึธืจ, 

ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืขืงืจืึธื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ... 

ื“ื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืกื˜, ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, -- ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, -- 
ืฆื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ื•, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื™ึดืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ? 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื• ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืจืฆืœืขืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืข, -- 

ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ื“ื• ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื• ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืจืคืœืื ืฆืŸ. 


ื ืœื™ื“ ืื™ื– ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืคืœืึทื›ื˜ืŸ. 

ื“ื• ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ? ืื™ื– ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ืฉืข ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ 
...ืื•ื•ืขืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื˜ืขื’. 

ืื•ื•ืขืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื™ืึธืจืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ื˜ืข ืืฃ ืืฒื™ื‘ื™ืง ืคืืจืœืึธืจืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืื™ื– ืืฃ ืืฒื™ื‘ื™ืง ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ -- 

ืžื™ื ืกืง. ืคึผืจืึธืœืขื˜ืืจืกืงืื™ื. ื”ื•ื™ื– ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืื›ืฆืŸ. 


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ื ื•ื™ืœืจืš ืœื•ืจื™ื˜ 


ื ื ื™ื˜= ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืึธืžื–ืืŸ , ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœืš" 


ืืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™, ืฐื™ ื“ืื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืึธืš ืคึผื™ื™ืกืขืš 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ 
ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธืœื˜ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจืคืึธืจืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ื™ืึธืžื˜ืฑืฐื™ื. ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ, ื‘ื ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืืŸ 
ืืฒึทื ื‘ื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข--ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื ืœืขืจืขืจืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ -- 
ื ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืงืข, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืœืึธืจืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืื˜ 
ืืจื•ืคืฆื• ืคืืจืงืืžื˜ืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื”ืึธืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื 
ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืฉืขืžืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ. 

-- ื ื•, ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ?-- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื’ืข- 
ืคืจืขื’ื˜, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืง. 

ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžื- 
ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืก ื‘ืื 
ื”ืืจืฆืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ? 


ื“ื™ ืคื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืื ื™ืข ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืœืื ื’, ื‘ื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜. 
ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฐืึธื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืืกืขื ืขื ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœืฉืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืื ื˜ 
ืฆื•ืคื•ืก, ื”ืืœื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืฆืืจื’ืข. ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœืื ื’ืขืจ ืขืงืฉื˜ืึธื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืืก 
ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื•ืจืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืขืžืขืŸ, 
ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜. ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืืœืข ืžืึธืœ ื ืฒึทืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ -- ืึธืคึผืขื ืข 
ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืคึผืขื ืขืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืขืžื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืจื™ื™ื˜. ืื™ื ืขื 
ืคืืจืฐื•ืึธืจืคื ืกื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ืึธ. ืขืจ ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืจื•ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ื’ืืกืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก. ืฐื™ ืงื™ืฒื ืžืึธืœ ื‘ื™ื– 
ืื”ืขืจ ืฉืืจืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืื ื™ืข ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜, ื•ื™ ื“ื™ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ื™ื™ื˜, ืคืœื™ืกื˜, ืฐื™ ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืข ืžื™- 
ื ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจืคืœื™ืกื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื›ืื–ืขืจืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ. ืคืืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืงืœืข- 
ืžืขื ื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืžืึธืจืึธื–ืฉืขื ืข ืคืืจ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืึธืคึผืขืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ, 


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ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืึธืคืขื ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื 
ื‘ื™ื ื˜ืœ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืื ื™ืขืก ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ, 
ื’ืขื˜ืืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืงืขืฉืขื ืขืก, ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ืงืœื™ื™ื ื’ืขืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜, ื–ื™ืš, ืงืขื ื˜ื™ืง, 
ื’ืขืงื•ื•ืขื ืงืœื˜, ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืฆื™ ื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจืขืฅ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ืืฒึทื ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจื™ืฉ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืืจื•ื ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืžืึธืœื“ืŸ; 

-- ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข, ื ืขืžื˜ ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ืŸ. ืคืืจืืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• 
ื–ืขืŸ. 

ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืœืึธื– ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื•ื ืืจืœื™ื - 
ื’ืื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืื ื™ืข ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™. 

ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืฐืขื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจื ืข ื˜ื•ืžื‘ืขืก 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืฐืขืงืกืขื ืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืŸ ื ืืคึผืึธืœืขืึธืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืœืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืคืืจืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ 
ื“ืจื™ื™ืคื•ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืฐืึธื ืฆืขืก, ื™ืขืงืื˜ืข- 
ืจื™ื ืข ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขืœื•ืคึผืขื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื˜ืึธืคึผืœื˜ืŸ ื’ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืžืื“ืื ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ืœืขื›ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ -- ืคึผืึธืžืคึผืื“ื•ืจ, ื ื˜ืขื ืฆืขืจืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืื•ืžื ืื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ืคืืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขื ืขื ืคื•ืก, ืื– 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืจืื›ืžืึธื ืขืก ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ืงื•ืงืŸ. 
ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ืงืขืจืœืขืงืขื›ืœ ืื™ื–, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื™ื™ ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจื ืข ืงืืกื˜ื ืก ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื•ื‘. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืงืœืขืึธ- 


ืคึผืื˜ืจืข ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ ืฉืœืขื ื’ืœ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื - 
ืœืขืšื™ื‘ืœืืกืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ, ื ืืงืขื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื ื™ื“ืข- 
ืจื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื“ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงืœื™ื™ื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืึธืœื“ื™ืง-ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืŸ ืฉืคืคึผืŸ- 
ืคึผืื ืฆืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืขืง, ืฐื™ ื‘ื ื 
ืคื™ืฉ. 

ืฐื™ ืคืืจืงื™ืฉืขืคื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืื ื™ืข ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืคืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื ืคืืจืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื˜. ืื™ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืข- 
ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืึธื˜ืขืžื˜! 
ืคืืจ ืื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืจื•ืกืืœืงืข. 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึธืคืขืง ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ-- 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทืขืจ ื™ืื-ื˜ื™ืคืขื ื™ืฉ ืคืืจื ืืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืฒึทื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ืืฃ ืœืฒึทื˜ื™ืฉ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ 
ืื™ื, ืื™ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ. 

-- ื ืคึผืึธืจ ื“ืึธื“ื™ื... -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจืœ 
ืคืืจืฐื•ืฒึทืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข. ื“ืื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ- 
ืงืจื™ืžื˜. ืฐื™ ืžืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ื ืงื ื™ืคึผ 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ืงืืก, ืฐื•ื™ ื ื”ื™ื ื˜ืœ, ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืฉื™ืจืขื˜. 

-- ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ, ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš, --- ืื™ื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืœื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™- 
ืงืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืœืื›ื˜. 

ื ืฆืขืขืจื’ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืื ื™ืข ืคืืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืคึผืื ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ืงื•ื. 

ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜, ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืกืŸ ืกืึธื‘ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืจื™ื ืข ืงื•ืคึผืึธืœืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื ื•ื•ืื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™- 
ืžืขืจ, ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฆืืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืืก ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืื›ืขื˜ืŸ. 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜: ืก'ืื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ. ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืืœื™ื™ืขืก, ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื ืง ืื™ื– 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึธ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืข- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคึผืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืคึผืึธืœืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืงืœื˜ 
ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ, ื’ืขืคืœืื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืœ. 
ื“ืื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื˜ืจื•ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉ, ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜, ื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 
ืจืขื’ืข ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆืขืจืฒืฆื˜ืงืฒึทื˜, ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืฒึทื˜ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืงื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ืฉืงืœื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืจื•. 

ื ืคืจืขืš ืงืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึธื ึผื’ืขื™ืึธื’ื˜. 

-- ื ื•, ืฐืึธืก? ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืข- 
ืคืึธืจืŸ? 

ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืกื™ืึธืžืข, ื“ืขื ืคืขื˜ืขืจืก ื‘ืขื ืึธืง. 
ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืื 
ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื•ื™ื–ื™ื˜. ื“ื™ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืงื™ื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืงื™ืœื‘ืœืข- 
ื›ืข. ื ืึธืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืืžืึธืœื™ืงืข 
ืงืจื™ื’, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ, ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ื’ืขืกืŸ. 

-- ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืื ื™ืข ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ 
ืึธืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืฉืขืง, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’. 


-- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ 
ืืฃ ืคื™ืจ ืงืœืืกืŸ. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืฆืฒึทื˜. ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœื˜ืข ืฉื™ื™ืžืขืก. 

ื“ืื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ืืจืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ืกื™ื™ื›ืœ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืกื™ืึธืžืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข ืฉื™ื™ืžืขืก, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื, ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ื ืฉื˜ืึธืš ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•, --ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜,-- ื”ืึธืกื˜ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืืจ- 
ื˜ื™ืงื˜? 

-- ื ืึธืš ืคืืจืื™ืึธืจืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืกื™ืึธืžืข ื–ืึธืจื’ืœืึธื– 
ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ? 

--- ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื• ืืŸ ืืฒึทื˜ืขืจ. ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื•ืœื™ืขืŸ, ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื ื˜ืึธื’, ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ืฆื•ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ื 
ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜. 

ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ. ื’ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ 
ื“ืขื ืคึผืื ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ืงื•ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืกื™ืึธืžืข ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคื™ืœืฆื•ื–ืึธื’ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ืง ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคืขื ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ. 

-- ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืฉืขืง ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื›ืืคึผืŸ? 
ื ืคืขืจืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื ืงื•ืง. 

-- ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. 

-- ืก'ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœื˜, ื”ื? 

--- ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกืืœืงืข? 

-- ืก'ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™. ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ ื ืžืฑื™ื“ ืึธืŸ ื 
ื”ืขืžื“. 

ื“ืื ื™ืข ืื™ื– ืื–ืฉ ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 

-- ื”ืขืจืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ืจืขื“ืกื˜, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืืจืฅ, --ื–ื™ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื- 
ืกืขืจ. 

-- ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืกื˜ ื˜ืืงืข ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืขืžืขืกืŸ, ืื– ืกืื™ื– 
ื ืจื•ืกืืœืงืข? ืขืš, ื“ื•! ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืœืขืžืขืš 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืœืขืžืขืš. 

ื“ืื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ื’ืขืจืื ื’ืœื˜. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืกื˜ื• ืžื™ืจ ืžืฒึทืกืขืก!-- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ึดืขืŸ, --- ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง 
ืื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ; ื–ื™ ืื™ื–ืŸ ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข, ื–ื™ 
ืึธื˜ืขืžื˜! 

-- ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ืคึผืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผื•ืคึผืขืง ืื•ืŸ ื ื™- 
ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืขืง, ืฐื™ ื‘ื ื ืคื™ืฉ. ื›ื-ื›ื-ื›ื! 
ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืฐืขืจ ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ืœืื›ืŸ. ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื– 
ื˜ืืงืข ื“ื•ืจืš ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืขืง ืคึผืึทืžืคึผืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ืœื•ืคื˜, ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผ- 
ืœืึธื–ืŸ. ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืกื˜ื• ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ื™ืึธืœื“ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ, 
ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ืึธื˜ืขืžื˜? 

ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืืจืคืขืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื•ืžืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืกื™ืึท- 
ืžืข ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ื“ืื ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืืฉืขืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ื“ืื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜, ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื ื“ืกื˜ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืึธื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ, ื ืึธืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื, 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื’ืข- 
ื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’ ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื˜ืœ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 


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ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืกื™ืึธืžืขืก ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผืœื- 
ืคึผืœืขืจืฒึท, ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื•ืŸ 
ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ื ืฆื•ืจื•. ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืคืืจื“ืจืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืฉืคึผืึธื˜ ืคืืจ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ืœืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืงืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ. 
ื“ืื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืฆื™ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ืึธืคืขื ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ, ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ืึธื›ืืžืึธืœ ืึธื ืงื•ืงืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ืžื•ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืŸ, ืฆื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข 
ืื–ื•ื™, ื•ื™ ืกื™ืึธืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื- 
ื˜ืจืื›ื˜. ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืึธื‘ ื ืืงืขื˜ืข ืœื™ืืœืงืข, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืžื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืฐืึธืœ- 
ืฐืขืœืŸ ืงื•ื ืฅ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืึธื˜ืขืžืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื 
ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข. ,ืขืžืขืก, ื˜ืืงืข ื ืœืขืžืขืš" --ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื™ืื“ืขื˜. --, ืœืฒื™ืขื ืกื˜ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืกื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืงืืคึผืื‘ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืืฒึทื ืจืขื“ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืคึผืœืืฆื˜? 

ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ื™ื“ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืจื•ื™ืงืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืคืึธื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื 
ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ, ืกื•ื™ื“ืขืก- 
ืคื•ืœืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ื”ืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืืจื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ืฆื˜ ืžืขืจ: ื“ื™ ื›ืืจืคึผืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืฆื™ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื“ื•ื™ืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ืœืึธืจืŸ. 


2 


ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ 
ื˜ืึธื’. ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืกื™ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื“ืื ื™ืข ืื•ื•ืขืง ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจ. ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื– ื‘ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื 
ืฉืึธ-ืึธื ื“ืขืจื”ืืœื‘ืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ? 
ืืฃ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ื˜ื™ืฉืœ, ื‘ื ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืฆ- 
ื˜ืขืจ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœืขืจื ื‘ื™ื›ืœืขืš, ื ืึธืจ 
ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืฉืขืง ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜. 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ื™ืคืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืฃ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืจ --ื ืฉืžืึธืœืข, ื”ืืจื˜ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืข- 
ืจืื˜ืข ื‘ืืฉืœืึธื’ืขื ืข ืงืื ืืคึผืงืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื“ืื ื™ืขืก, ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘. ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ- 
ื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ืขืจืืžืข, 
ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืจืฒึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ. ืฐืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืื˜ืึธื’ื™ืงืข ืฉืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื’ืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืืœืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืืœืข ื–ืื›ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ื˜ื•ื ืงืœ, 


100 


ืฉื•ื™ืขืœ ื“ืขื ืืฒึทื ื‘ื™ื ื“ืขืจืก ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ืคืืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœืกื˜ืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืก-ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืฆืฒึทื’. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืจื•ืžืฉื ืฒึทื“ืŸ ื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ื•ืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืคืืจื˜ืึธืŸ, ืึธืคึผื’ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืŸ 
ื™ืขื“ืข ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’, ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืงืจื™ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืจ. 
ื“ืืŸ ืงืจืขืคื˜ื™ืง ืฆื•ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืฒื™ืฆืข, ื“ืึธืก ืžืข- 
ืกืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืคืืจืืžืึธืœ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ืคืืจื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืืจื•ืžืฉื ืฒึทื“ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื’ื™ื ื˜ ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข ืจื•, ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืฉืคึผืืงื•ืœืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื ืงื•ืง ืืคืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœ---ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœืขื ื“ื™ืง, 
ื“ืืŸ ื ืคืจืขื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ; 

-- ืก'ื‘ืขื ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื”ื™ื™ื? 

-- ื ื™ื™ืŸ. 

-- ื ื•, ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื“ื• ื“ืืจืคื˜ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื•ื™ืกืŸ. 

ื“ืื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื•ื™ื˜ืœื˜. ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืืจืฉืขืžื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขืš 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืืฒึทื ื‘ื™ื ื“ืขืจ. 

-- ื™ืึธ, ืขืก ื‘ืขื ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, -- 
ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ืš ืื”ื™ื ืฆื•ื˜ืึธืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืœื™ืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ืงืึธืœื™ืจืขื ืข 
ืฐืึธื ืฆืขืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ื ืึธื– 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื ืฉื•ื™ืขืœืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ ื ืฆืืคึผืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, 
ื•ื™ ื–ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืžืขืงื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื•ื•ื™ืœืก. 

-- ื›'ื•ื•ืขืœ ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื–ื ื–ืืš, --ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, --ืื– ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืืœืข ื“ืฒึทื ืข 
ืคืืจื“ืจืึธืกืŸ. ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ืœื™ื‘? 

-- ืก'ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก. 

-- ืข, ื“ื• ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ. ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, 
ืฐื•ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ืืœืขืจืœื™ื™. ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืจืขื›ื˜. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก, ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข 
ื–ืื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืื ืึธืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ. 

ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื•ื•ืขืง ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื - 
ืงืขืœืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฉืืคืงืขืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœืึธื–ื˜ืข ื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš, 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืฆื• ื“ืื ื™ืขืŸ. 

-- ืึธื˜, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืฐืฒึทื–ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ 
ืื•ืคืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืืคืŸ ื˜ืึธื•ื•ืœ. -- ืœืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ืึธื•. -- 
ืฆืขืขืคื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื•ืš, ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฆืขื’ืœืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ืœืึธื ื™ืข ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืืฃ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืฒึทืขืจืœืขืš ื’ืขืžืึธืœื“ืŸ: --,,ืžืฆื™ืจื™?. 

-- ืžืฆื™ืจื™? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืื ื™ืข ืึธื ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜. -- 
ื’ื™ื˜ ืื”ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜. ืื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ื“ืขื ืง. 

-- ืื ื• ื–ืึธื’ ืขืคึผืขืก, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื• ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืกื˜? 

-- ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง. ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉื•ืจืขืก. 

-- ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืฐืึธืก-ื ื™ื˜-ืื™ื–. ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื“ื• ืงืขื ืกื˜. 

ื“ืื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืืฃ ื ื•ื™ื™ืœืข, 
ืึธื ื’ืขื›ืžื•ืจืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืืจืฃ ืื•ื™ืกืจื™ื™ื“ื - 
ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™- 


ื ื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ืคึผืŸ 
ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ. 


4 8ืืฅื”32 2480 ืื–ืช:128, 
;0024 ืกืขื—ืžืžื”22 32 ืžื–ืฅื•ื”ื—ืชื–ื‘ื 
,3624 ืื” 2012ืงืืกืงื— ,5ื“32/ 

ื–ืžื–ืืžืงืก11 ืžืชื— ื—ื”ืกื ื’ื”ืช ,30218/ 
.ืžื–ืช ืคืกืขืขืชืกืง ?686 3170 112 


-- ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื”ื?--ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืขืœ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืจื•ืคืŸ. -- ื ื•, ื ืึธืš, ื ืึธืš! 

-- ืžืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ื‘ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึธืจื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืŸ 
ื“ืื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ืžืึธืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ 
ื ืฉื•ืจืข, ื ืฐืึธืจื˜. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืคืืจื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืงื™ืš ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื›ืฒึทืขื™ืœื™ื‘ืข. ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข ืื™ื– ื–ื™ 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™- 
ืœืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜, ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ืฉืืคื˜ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืงืืก, ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ: 

-- ืกื˜ืืจื™ ื™ืืง ืžืืœื™! ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืงื•ื•ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืขืžืขืฆื ืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืงื•ื•ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืฑื™ืขืœ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 

-- ืคืืจื™ื™ื“ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ. ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืฆื•- 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื“ืฐืึธืงืื˜ ืžืื›ืŸ ืืฃ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ. 

-- ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื›ื•ื™ืœืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื 
ื˜ืึธื’. 

ืงืขืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื•ื ื™ืข ืคืืจืŸ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื˜ื- 
ืงืข ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข. 

-- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจื ื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืขืŸ, --- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื›ืฒึทืขื™ืœื™ื‘ืข ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉ 
ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜,--ืื– ืืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืึธืกืœ- 
ืคืœื™ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื˜ืขื ืข ื”ื™ื ื“ืขืœืขืš ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ. ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืข ืžืฒึทื›ืึธืœื™ื, ืฐืึธืก 
ืžื™ืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืขืกืŸ, -- ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืงืึธืฐืขื“ืŸ. 

ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืกืึธืœื™ืขืก-ืกื•ืคึผ, ื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ ืืฃ ื ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืคึผืจืื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆื™ื‘ืขืœืข, ื ื’ืขืคึผืจืขื’ืœ- 
ื˜ืข ืืฃ ื‘ื•ื™ืžืœ, ืื™ื– ื“ืื ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืืคืงืข ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ืคื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื ืœืขืง. 

-- ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืœื™ื‘, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ืœึทื™ืข-ืœื™ื‘ืข 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขืœืขืจ. 

ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ื‘ื™ื ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืืฃ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ื”ืขืคื˜, 
ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืืงื•ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜. ืก'ืื™ื– 
ืื™ื ืืคึผืึธื ืขื ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. , ื˜ื™ืข-ื˜ื™ืข" -- 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, ื•ื™ ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ื - 
ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ื˜ืื ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื’, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืคืืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืš 


ืื™ืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื›ืฒึทืขื™ืœื™ื‘ืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ -- 
ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ืข ืžื™ืœืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืืจื˜ืึธืคืœ--ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ: 

--- ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื ืขืกืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜. 

-- ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš. ื–ืขืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš -- ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขื ื“ื–ืขื ืขืจ ืคึผืขืŸ. 

-- ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืง. ืœื™ื™ื’ 
ืขืก ืื•ื•ืขืง. 

-- ื ืœืขื‘ืŸ!--ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืขืœ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืคืืจ- 
ืžืื›ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ื”ืขืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื ืงืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฆื• 
ื“ืื ื™ืขืŸ, -- ื‘ื ืœืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืขื›ืขืจืขืฅ 
ืคืืจืŸ ืžืืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ... 

-- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ื• ื˜ืจืึธื’ืกื˜ ืขืก 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ. 

ื‘ืืœื“ ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืขืกืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืขืœ ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜. 

-- ื›ืืคึผ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืจืืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืฐืฒึทื‘, -- ื”ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ื“ื™ืš, 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉื•ืจืขืก ืื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืงืึธืžืคึผืึธื˜. 

-- ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ื˜, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธืžืคึผืึธื˜, 

-- ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืึธืŸ ื ื’ืจืึธืฉืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜. ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ื•" 
ืจืขืžืœ ื“ืขื ืจื•ื™ืคืขืก ืคืืจืžืืงืืคึผืขื™, ื’ืึธืœื“ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ. ืคืืจืืŸ ื“ืึธ ื‘ื ืื™ื ื˜ืืงืข ืžื™ืงื•ื™ืขืš ืขืกืŸ. 

-- ืืš, ืื•ื•ืจืขืžืขืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื‘ืืœื“ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜? 

ื›ืฒึทืขื™ืœื™ื‘ืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ืื•ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืœืึท- 
ื’ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœื˜. 

ืฉื•ื™ืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืืงื•ืœืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืึธื– ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื›ืฒึทืข-ืœื™ื‘ืข ืื™ื– ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืžืึธืœ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื“. 

-- ,ื–ืฒึท ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืงืื ืข ื“ืขื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืจ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืขื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ื•ื™ืš. ืงืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืกื˜ ืขืก ื ืกืืš, ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืื™ื– 
ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜?" 

-- ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืงื•ืคึผืข ืžื™ืกื˜. 

-- ,ืื– ื“ื• ืขืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืก, ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืขืก 
ื“ื™ืš. ืื– ื“ื• ืขืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืก, ืžื•ื–ืกื˜ื• ืขืก 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ". 

-- ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื’ืขืœืฑื‘ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืึธื˜, 
ื‘ืืฐืึธืจื ื˜. 

-- ,ืึธืจืขืžืขืœืฒึทื˜ ืงืจืขื ืงืขืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ื™ ืขืกืŸ ืฆื• 
ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง, ื’ื•ื•ื™ืจื™ื, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ื™ ืขืกืŸ ืฆื•ืคื™ืœ". 

-- ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืฆื• 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืจ... ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื™ืจืข ืขืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืก. 

-- ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืจืข, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืขืœ 
ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื˜, -- ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืืœื“ ืฐื™ ืžืข ื‘ืืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืžืื˜ื‘ื™ื™ืข, ืคืืจื’ืขืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึธืก. 

-- ืก'ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื•ื•ืจืขืžืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ืฒึทืข- 
ืœื™ื‘ืข ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. -- ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ื’ืขืจ ืคืขืœื“ืฉืขืจ, -- 


ื ืึธืจ 


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ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ื’ืขืฐื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืื ื™ืขืŸ, -- ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึท- 
ืคืขืกืึธืจ. 

ืฉื•ื™ืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืคื˜. 

-- ื›ืื™ื›ืื™ื›ื, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืœืื›ื˜.-- 
ื”ืขืจ ื ืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืืคืŸ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœ: , ื“ืึธืงื˜ืฑื™ืจื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื ืงืจืขื ืง, 
ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืŸ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืขืœ. ื˜ืฉื™ืงืื•ื•ืข ืื™ื–, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืฐื•ื™ืจืงื˜ ืึธืคื˜ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ, ื•ื™ ื“ื™ 
ืจืขืคื•ืข". 


ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืคื•ื ืขื ื ื™ื™-ื•ื•ืืจืฉื˜ืื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื”ื™ื™ื ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื ืคืขืกื˜ 
ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืึธืจ ืื›ืฆืŸ. ื‘ืจืฒื˜ืคึผืœืฒืฆื™ืง, 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ื‘ืืงื™ืง, ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืข ื˜ื•ื ืงืœ- 
ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ื‘ืจืขืžืขืŸ. ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื ื“ื™ืง, ืึธืŸ ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ, ืื™ื– 
ื–ื™ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืืฉืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื’ 
ืืฃ ื ื˜ืขืœืขืจ, ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื™ื‘ืขืœืข. ื“ื™ 
ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื˜. ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืึธืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“. 

ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ, ืื™ื– ืฆื™ืœื™ืข ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืึธืŸ ื‘ื- 
ื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜. ื ืึธืจ ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฆื•ืจืืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื ื˜- 
ืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ืื ื˜: , ืืœื™ื™ืŸ". 

ื›ืฒึทืขื™ืœื™ื‘ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ. 

-- ืคื™ืœืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ? 

-- ื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ืคืืœื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืืฒึทืŸ. ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืคืืจ- 
ืžืื˜ืขืจื˜. 

-- ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ืฉืึธ ื”ืึธืจืขื•ืื ื™ืข, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื“ืขืฉ 
ื ื™ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืงืขื ื™ืฉ ื“ืขืจืฆื•. 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜? 

-- ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜. 

-- ื ื•? 

-- ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ืฉื•ื™ืขืœ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืฆื•- 
ื’ืขืฉืึธืงืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ื•ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜: ,ืžืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ". 

ืฆื™ืœื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืืžืึธืœ 
ื‘ืื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื 
ืฆื™ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืคืขืก, ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืš. ื“ืขื ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืก 
ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื”ืึธื˜, ืงืขื ื˜ื™ืง, ื’ืขื’ืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, 
ืฐื™ ื ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ. ืื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ืคืืจืื•ื•ืืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ 
ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืคืจืขื’ื˜, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ, ืืฃ ืฐื™ ืœืื ื’. ืืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ 
ืึธืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ืึธื›ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื ืœืขื ื’ืขืจืข 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง. 


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ื“ืื ื™ืข ืื™ื– ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜, 
ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ื‘ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื 
ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืื ืืคึผืงืข. ื›ืฒึทืข- 
ืœื™ื‘ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืึธืžืคึผ. ื“ืึธืก ืจื™ื™ื ืข 
ืจื•ื™ึดืงืข ืคืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฐื•ื™ืฉื˜ืŸ 
ื’ืœืึธื– ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืฐื™ ื ื’ืขืœืข 
ื‘ืœื•ื, ื ืึธืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืง- 
ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ื”ืืœื‘-ื˜ื•ื ืงืœ. ื‘ื ื“ืื ื™ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืœืขืคึผื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ื–ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืื ืืคึผืงืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืจืขืžืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืขืœืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ื ืึธื– ืื™ื– ื”ืขืœ ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœื˜ 
ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. 

ื›ืฒึทืขื™ืœื™ื‘ืข ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืื ื™ืขืŸ ืคืืจ 
ืืŸ ืืงืกืœ. 

-- ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ! ืฐืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ืฐื•ื™ ืขืก ื“ืืจืฃ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. 

ื“ืื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉืึธืงืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ. ื ืึธื›ืŸ 
ืœืื ื’ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืคืืจื“ื•ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื“. ืฉื•ื™ืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืึธืžืคึผ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ื˜ืึธืฐื•ืœ ืื–ื•ื™, ืื– ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœืก ืฆื•ืงืึธืคึผื ืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืฉืึธื˜ืŸ. ื“ืื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืฆื•ึน ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืืจื ื•ืจืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืงื™ืฉืŸ. 

ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืœื“ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืŸ, ื ืึธืจ, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืก, ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืœืื ื’. ืฐื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืงืข ื ืึธืš ืืœืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืš. ืฉื•ื™ืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืš. 
ื›ืฒึทืขื™ืœื™ื‘ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจื™ืงื˜ ื ื–ืึธืง, ืื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืืฃ ื ืงืื ืืคึผืข, ืื–ื, 
ื•ื™ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืื ื™ืข ืื™ื– ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืŸ, ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืฆื™ืœื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืขืจ ืงืึธืžืคึผืื ื™ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืœื™ื“. ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ืฆื•ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฐืึธื›ืขื“ื™ืงืข ื–ืืš. ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืขืก ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืกื•ื™ื“ืขืกื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืฒึทืขืจืœืขืš. ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืงื™ื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืืš. ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืจ 
ืื•ื•ืขืง ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ืกืข ืฉืœืึธืคื˜ ื ืึธืš, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื ืงืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืกืข ืฉืœืึธืคื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ. 


ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ืข ื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืข ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืื ื™ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ ื“ืืคืงืข ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื ืึธืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื”ื™ืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจื™ื™ืฆื˜. 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืง ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืœืข, 
ื ื–ื ืขื ื™ื• ื’ืึธืจ ืคืฒึทืŸ 


ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš;;ื“ืขืจื–ืข. ืื™ื,. ื–ืื›ึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžึดื™ึดืš-= 
ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ. 

ื ืึธืจ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ, ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ, ื–ืข ืื™ืš ืื™ื, 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืฒื ืขืจ, ืฐื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื›ื˜. 

ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืขืฃ ืื™ื ื˜ืึธืžื™ืšื“ ืฉืœืึธืคึผื ื“ื™ืง, 
ืื™ืš ื–ืข ืื™ื ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜.. 


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ืกื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, ืื– ื“ืื ื™ืขืก ืœืขืจืขืจืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฆื•ื’ืขืงืจืขื ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืฃ ืขื˜ืœืข- 
ื›ืข ื˜ืขื’. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ, 
ื•ื™ ืืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“, ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ื–ื™ืš 
ืกื˜ืื ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืืœืข ื’ืืกืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืžืขืงื˜ ืืœืข ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ. 
ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืคืืจ ืืœืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืง ืื™ืŸ ืขืง ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืข- 
ื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืœืขื ื’ื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ื˜ืฒึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืข ื˜ืฒื™ืœืŸ; 
ื“ืขื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืืจืง-ืคึผืœืืฅ, ืฉื•ืœื”ื•ื™ืฃ, 
ืกืึธื‘ืึธืจ, ืงืึธืกื˜ื™ืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื’ืขื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืขื–ื“ื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื“ืข- 
ืจื™ืง ืœื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื–ืืžืึธืกื˜ื™ืข. 

ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฆืขื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื‘ืขืก ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ืืžื‘ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืฒึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ- 
ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ืก. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืึธื“ืข ื‘ืืคืขืกื˜ื™ืงื˜ืข ื‘ืจืขื’ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืฉ ื›ืœื™ื•ืคึผืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืคืœืึธืกืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’-ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืœืืกืขื ืขื ื’ืื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืื ื™ืข ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ื ื‘ื- 
ื”ืืœื˜ืขื ืขื ืงื•ื™ืขืš, ื“ืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ืง ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืฑื’ืŸ ืื™ื 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธื˜ืขื, ืื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ 
ื‘ืื ืฒึทืก, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื˜ืขื’, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ 
ืื™ื™ื ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืื™ื. 

ืืคืŸ ื’ืจืึธื–ื–ื‘ืื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืขื ืฉื™ืคึผื•ื™ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืขื’ื ื™- 
ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคึผืืฉืขื˜ ืฆื™ื’ืŸ. ืฐืฒึท- 
ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื–ืืžืึธืกื˜ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœืขืš, ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืœื˜- 
ืงืฒึทื˜ ืžืขืจ ืขื ืœืขืš ืืฃ ืฉื˜ืขืœื›ืœืขืš, ืฐื™ ืืฃ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืคืืจืกืื–ืฉืขื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ืœืขื›ืขื ืขื ืงื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืจืฒึทื–ืœื˜ ื ืจื•ื™ืš. 
ืืœืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืงืขื ื˜ืœืขืš.. ื ืึธืจ 
ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื‘ืืฉืœืึธืกืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ืื™ื ืืฐืขืงื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ืง ืื•ืŸ 
ืืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜. 

ื“ื™ ื’ืืก, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืงืขืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜, ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื•ืงื™ืจื˜. ื‘ืืœื“ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ืงื•ื–ื ื™ืข, ื”ืืžืขืจืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืึธืจื‘ืœื˜ 
ื”ื™ื ืขืจ. ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื™ืœืข 
ืคึผื•ืคึผืงืขืก. ืืฃ ืœืื ื’ืข ืฉื ื•ืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ 
ื”ืขืžื“ืขืจ, ื’ืื˜ื™ืขืก, ืฆื™ืฆืขื ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš. ื ื‘ื- 
ืœืขื’ืึธืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืคึผื˜ ื”ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ืœืื ื’ืŸ ืฐืึธื’ืŸ, 
ืฆื•ืจืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ืฅ ืžื™ื˜ 


ื ืงืึธืœื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื ืข, ืงืขื ื˜ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’. ื ื‘ืึธืจืฐืขืก ื™ืื˜ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืื ื’ --ื ืœืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžืึธืœ 
ื”ืขื›ื˜ืœ ืคืืจื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืื˜ืฉืขืง ืคืืจืŸ 
ืคึผื™ืกืง. ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื ื’ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื ืขื ืงืœื•ื™- 
ืžืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื ืงืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคื™ืฉ ืื–ื•ื™, ืื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื’ืขืฉืืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืืŸ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื™ืฉืขืจ. , ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ื 
ืคื•ื ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™", ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืื ื™ืข ื’ืขืฉืืฆื˜, ื ืึธื›ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื ืข. 

ืขืง ื’ืืก, ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ, ืืฃ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื’ืื ืฅ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืฒ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืœืึธื ืงืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคึผืืฉืขื˜ ื‘ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืขืก. ื“ื™ 
ื”ื™ืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืืงืŸ, ื ืžื™ืœื“ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงื™ืœื˜. 
ื“ืื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉืคืืจื˜ ืืคืŸ ื’ืจืึธื–, ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืฒึทืš, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื™ื ืขื ื–ื•ืŸ-ืคืืจื’ืึธืกืขื ืขื ื•ื•ื™- 
ื”ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื•ื - 
ืงืขืœืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ื‘ืื“ืขืงื˜ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขื ื™ืฉ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ื ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื’. ื’ื™ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื– ื–ื™ืš ืฉืคึผื- 
ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 
ื˜ืึธื’ ื“ื™ืš ืคึผืืžืขืœืขืš ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื. ื ืึธืจ ื•ื™ 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื, --- ื•ื™ 
ื ื›ืึธืœืขื. 

ื“ืื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ. ืขืคึผืขืก ืืŸ ืื•ืžืจื• 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืฒึทื ืœื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ. ืฐื™ ืคืจืขืžื“ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจื™ื™ืฆื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœืฒื™ื ืฐืฒึทื– ืื•ืฃ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืืคึผืŸ ืืœืข ืกื˜ืขื–ืฉืงืข- 
ืœืขืš, ืืจืฒึทื ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื‘ืื”ืขืœื˜ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ. ื“ืึธ, 
ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ืคื’ืขื•ื•ืื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืืฑืกืฉืคึผื™ืจืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื›ื™ื™ืฉืขืง ืึธื ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผื ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ. 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ, ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทื’ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืœืื ื’ืข ืฆืฐืฒื™ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ --ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื‘- 
ื˜ื•ื ืงืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืžื•ื™ืขืจื˜ืข ืึธื ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื ืขืกื˜ืŸ, 
ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขื ืข ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจืŸ. ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ 
ืืจื•ื ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื 
ืฐืฒึทืกื’ืขืงืืœื›ื˜ืข ืฉืœืื ืงืข ืงืึธืœืึธื ืื“ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ื’. ืคื•ืœ ื ืฒึทื’ืขืจ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืคืจืœื™, ืื™ื– ื“ืื ื™ืข ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉืึธื˜ืŸ. 
ืงื•ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื˜ื ืฐืึธื›ืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืขืจืœืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจืขืžืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื• ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื–ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจืœ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ื ืคึผืึธืจืขืฅ, 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื‘ืืคืืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ, ืื– ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ืฆืขื˜ื•ืžืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ: 


-- ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืขืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืคืกื˜ื•? ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื ืจื™- 
ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื•ื“ืขืจืŸ? 


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-- ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืจื™ืžืขืŸ. ื 
ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ื“ืืจืฃ ืขืจ, ื ื–ื•ืžืขืจื“ื™ืง ื”ื™ื˜ืœ. 

-- ืฐื•ื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ื™ื˜ืœ? 
ื ืžืขืกืขืจืœ--ืคืืจ ืื–ื ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจืœ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื•ื™ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืŸ. ืึธ, ืืŸ ืขืžืขืกืขืจ ื–ืื•ื™ืืœืึธื•ื•. ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืœื™ื ื’ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื ื’ืจืฒึทืฆืขืจ. 

-- ื ืงืขืžืขืœืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืจ. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื”ืึธืจืข, 
ืื–ื ื˜ืฉื•ืคึผืจื™ื ืข. 

-- ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืขืœืข, ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืงืขื ืกื˜ื•! ื–ืึธื’ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืžืึธืœ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื˜. 

ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš, ื™ื™ึดื“ืขื ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฆื•ืคึผื˜ ืคืืจ 
ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืœ, ื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ, 
ื’ืขืคืึธื›ื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืœื™ื™ืงืขืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ืงืึธืœื™ืจืŸ, ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืขืœืขืš, ื˜ืฒึทืก- 
ื˜ืขืจืœืขืš. ื“ืื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื”ืขื ื˜. ืขืจืฉื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ืขืง, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜, ืื– ื ืงืขืžืขืœืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ื‘ืื“ืืจืคื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืฉืขืง 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืฆื•ืงืขืจืŸ. 

ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ-ืจื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื™ืจืขืง --ื“ืขืจ ื™ืืจื™ื“-ืคึผืœืืฅ. ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืืžืข ื”ืฑื›ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืืกืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื ื™- 
ื“ืขืจื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืฆื•ื ื˜ืฒึทืš, ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืข- 
ืจืขืจ -- ืฆื•ื ืคื™ืฉืžืืจืง ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื”ื•ื™ืฃ. ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืฉื•ืœ, ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ-ืจื™ื™, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฅ 
ืืœื˜ืข ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข. ื’ืขืžื•ื™ืขืจื˜ืข ื•ืขื ื˜--ื ืงืœืืค- 
ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขื‘. ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ --ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื™ืงืข ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ- 
ืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข ืืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืขืกื˜ื•ื ื’. 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึธ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคืืจืฉืœืึธืกืŸ, 
ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืื ื™ืข ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืกื˜ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืื ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื 
ื”ืืœื‘-ืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขืงื˜ืข ืื•ืคืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื“ืื˜ืข-- 
ืชื‘, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืจืคื•ืจื›ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ื”ืืœื‘ื ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขื ื˜. ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื˜ืขืžืขื“ืจืึธืฉื™ื, 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงืขืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืึธืงืœื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืขืจืก ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืขืขืคื ื˜ืข ื’ืขืžืึธืจืขืก. 
ืฐื™ ืœืื ื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ืœืขืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืจื ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืœืขื ื“ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ื™ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืืจืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืœื ื˜. 

ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื•ืœ-ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืื ื™ืข ืคืืจืงืขืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœ--ื ืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื ื’ืข ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืฑืงืขืจื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ 
ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืงืœืึธื’ืขืจืฒึท, ื ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื ืฉื˜ื™ืžื™ืงืขืจ 
ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขืžืขืจืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืžืข- 
ื˜ืืœ. ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจื”ืฒึทื–ืœืขืš, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืขืฉ, ื ืงืœืืคึผืขืจืฒึท, ื ื’ืขื”ื™ืœืš, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜, 
ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 


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ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืกืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื–ืฉืขืจืก, ืคืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ื’ืŸ, 
ืงืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ื‘ืขืงื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืฆืŸ. ืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื‘ืืœืข- 
ื‘ืึธืกื˜ืขืก, ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข 
ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ื˜. 
ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืจื˜, 
ื ืึธืจ ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืืงื•ื•ืขื. ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืคืขื ืข ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ืžื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœ, ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืขืจ ื“ืืจืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื–ื•ื›ื˜. 
-- ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜ ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืขืจ ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ื˜ืึธื’, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. 
ื“ืื ื™ืข ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ื”ื™ื ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืกื™ื’ืขืงืœืื ื’. ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึธืคืขื ืข ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ืืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื ื˜ืจืขืงืึธื˜ืฉืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื™ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืก. 
ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืก ื’ืข- 
ื–ืขืกืŸ, ืืจื•ื™ืกืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืืฃ ื ืจืขื’ืข ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืง ืืฃ ื“ืขื 
ืื•ืžื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืŸ ืฐื•ึผืงืกื™ืงืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’. ืื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ: 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื–ื ื–ืืš, 
ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜. 
ื›'ื™ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, 
ืฆื•ื ืกืึธืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื ืื›ื˜. 


ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜: 
ืื•ื™, ืžืืžืข, ืžืืžืข, ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜.. 


,ื“ืึธ, ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข, ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื–ื™, ื“ืขื ืืฒึทื ื‘ื™ื ื“ืขืจืก 
ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ"-- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืื ื™ืข ื ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. 

ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื”ืืœื‘ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืื ื™ืข ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืœืข 
ืฉื˜ืฑื‘ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืกืœืขืš ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจื™- 
ื ืขืจ ื’ืืก --ื‘ืืคืœืื ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืึธื˜ืขืžื˜. 
ื“ืึธืก ืฉื™ืœื“ืœ ืืคืŸ ืจืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืึธืœื“ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ 
ื’ืืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืฐืึธืจื™ืื ืกืงืื™ื. ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจื ืข ื”ื™ื™ 
ื–ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื’ืขื•ืฐื•ืขืŸ ืจืื›ื•ื•ืขืกื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื’ืœืึธื–ื˜ืข ื˜ืขืจืืกืขืก, ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืคืขื ืฆ- 
ื˜ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืกืขื“ืœืขืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคืŸ. ื“ืื ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื ื’ืขื ืขื ืฆื• 
ืฉืคึผืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ ื‘ืื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ- 
ื˜ืข ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืžื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื–ืืžื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื˜, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืคืืจืœืขื ื’ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืจื’ืข- 
ื ื™ื’ืŸ. 

ื‘ื ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ื– ืืคืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื˜ื•ืืจ ื’ืข- 
ื–ืขืกืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ืคึผื•ื™ืขืจื™ื, ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœ- 
ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืข, ืืœืข ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘, 
ืžื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืึธืขื ืœืื ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืึธืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื˜ื•ืขื›ืฅ. 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฐืึธืจื˜. ื“ืื ื™ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจืคื™ืฉ ืœืึธืฉืŸ, 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืืœื‘ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืืจื’ืข ืึธื ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ื 


ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘. ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืื ื“ืœื˜, 
ื•ื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ืœืึธื“ืข- 
ื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืึธืจืขืฅ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืกืึธืคืขืงื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืœื™ืŸ 
ืขืจื“. ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ื™ืขืจื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืคืจื™ ื“ืึธ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืขื–ื“ื ืขื ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ 
ืื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™- 
ื ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžืึธืœื“ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ,ืื‘ืœืืงืื˜" ื”ืืœื˜ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืข, ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื•ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ืืŸ ืขืง. 

-- ืืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ืคึผื™ืกืง, ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉื™ื“ืึธืง! ืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ 
ื ืึธื›ืื ืื ื“, ืฐื™ ื ื“ืจืขืฉ-ืžืืฉื™ืŸ. 

-- ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคืืจ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืคึผืฑืขืจ. 

-- ื“ื™ ืึธื–ืขืจื ื™ืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืืคื™ืœืข ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืŸ ืื“ืขืจื•ืฃ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. 

-- ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจืขืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžืขืจ. 

-- ื ืงืœืึธืจืข ื–ืืš, 

ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜: 

-- ืกืฒึทืฐื™ืกืฒึท, ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืงืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–, 

-- ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืงืึธืŸ! ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืงืึธืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืคืŸ ืคึผืึธืจืขืฆืก ืฆืื“. 

ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ื™ืขืจื™ื ื–ื™ืš ื 
ืงืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืื ื™ืขืŸ; 

-- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•, ืคึผืื ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื“ืึธ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ? 

-- ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜, 

-- ืื•ื™ื‘ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜, ืื™ื– ื˜ืจืึธื’ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, 

ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืื™ื ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืฆื• ืึธืจื˜. 
ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื“ืึธ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ. 


ืื™ืœืฆืœืง ืงื™8ืคื 2ืก 


ืกืึธืฃ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืืžืึธืœ 
ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืก. 

-- ืฉืคึผื™ืœืงืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืŸ, --ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ืฒึทืขื™ืœื™ื‘ืข 
ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. 

ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืขืง 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื ื’ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืกืึธื‘ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ, ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืกืœื•ืคึผืขืก, ืื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืœืื˜, ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ื™ื– 
ืกืืžืข ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืงืจื™ื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืฒึทืกื˜ืœืขืš. 
ื ืึธืš ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืื ื™ืข ืคื•ื ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ 
ืงื™ื ืข ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜, ื•ื™ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข 
ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื™ืขืฉืืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืงืœืขื˜ืขืจืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืกืœื•ืคึผืขืก. ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ. ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืืฅ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื, ืืœืข 
ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ืคืึธืจืžืขืก, ื’ืขืคืœืึธื›ื˜ืขื ืข ืขืคึผืึธ- 
ืœืขื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืืงืกืœืขืŸ, ื‘ืืคึผื•ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื˜- 
ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืœ. ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืœืฒึทื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืง- 
ืคึผืขืจืฆื™ืงื™ืึธืจื™ืงืข. ืฐืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืึธืœื˜, ืฐื•ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉื•ื™ืจืขื ืข ื‘ืขืจื“ืœืขืš. ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื- 
ื ื™ืข ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ื™ื•ื™ืกืขืฃ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ, 
ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ, ืžืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื ืึธืคื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ื˜, ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืืŸ 
ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืฒึทื ื˜ ืคื•ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ืฐื•ึผืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืจืึธื–ืข ื‘ืืงืŸ, ืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ ื”ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืŸ, ืืœืขืžืึธืœ ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืขื ืขื. ืงืขื ื˜ื™ืง, ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืึธืœื™ืข. 


ื“ื™ ืื™ืœื™ืงืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืงืขืก 


ื ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืจื™- 
ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืœื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข. 

ืื™ืœื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ. ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ืžืฒึทืกืข, ืื– ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™- 
ืกืข ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืข ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜, ื–ืื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžื™ื ื™ื 
ื’ื•ื˜ืกืขืจืฒึทืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืข ืืฃ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืข ื›ืืœืึธืงื™ื. ืงืœืขืจื˜ 
ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืœื™ืข: 


-- ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืœื˜? 

ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข ืงืœืขืจื˜: 

-- ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืขืœื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ, ืกื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืขืจ. 

ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข ืืคืŸ ืžืืจืง ื”ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืœื™ืข 
ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฐื•ึผืข ืžืึธืœืŸ. ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึธืŸ 
ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืืŸ ืืœื˜ื™ื ืงืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื˜ืึธืจื‘ืข 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืฒืฆืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ: 


1259 


-- ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื ืงื•ืง, ืึธืฑืึธ ืกืืจื ื”ืึธืŸ ืขืก 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜? 

ืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ืœื™ืข: 

-- ื ื•ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืจ ืคื•ื™ื’ืœ, ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ืืœืข ื’ืื ืฆืคืจื™ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ืžื”ืž, ื ื•ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืจ ืคื•ื™ื’ืœ, ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ื ืงื•ื™"ื™ 
ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื™ื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผืงืึธื›ืŸ. 

ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ื™ื ืงืขืจ: 

-- ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’. 

ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™. 

ืงื•ืžื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธืŸ ื ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื ืขื 
ืœืฒึทืฐื•ื ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ?--- ืคืจืขื’ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืขืจ. 

-- ื ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืขืจื“, --ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืœื™ืข, --ื’ื•ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ื“ืึธืก ืคืขืœื“ ืืงืขืจืŸ. 

-- ื ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืขืจื“, -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข, -- ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ 
ืื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืคึผืืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื›ืืคึผืŸ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืจืขื•ื•ืขืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ ืฆื•ึน ื”ืื ื˜. 

ืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืขืจ: 

-- ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’. 

ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื•ืขืง. 

ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจืขื’ ื™ืื, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืฉื™ืฃ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขืง ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ื’ืึธืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ 
ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ. ื‘ืืงืœืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข, ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืฐืขืงืœืึธื–ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื ืขืกื™ืข, ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ืขื™ 
ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืกืืš ื’ื•ื˜ืก, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธื›- 
ื“ืขื ืžืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฉืขื“ื ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืืจืึธืคึผ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืœื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื ื›ืขื•ืฐื•ืจืข ื”ืึธืœืฅ- 
ื”ืขืงืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ: 

-- ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข? 

-- ืžื™ืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ. 

ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืืฐืขืง ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒื™ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืงืœืืคึผืŸ 
ื“ืจืื˜ื•ื•ืขืก. ื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ ื ื˜ืึธื’, ื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™, 
ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืงืœืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืื™ืœื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข: 

-- ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ, -- ืฉื•ื˜ืคื™ื, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืืฒึทืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง 
ืขืจื“? 

-- ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืืงืขืจื˜, --ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืข- 
ืงืขืจืก. 

ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื™ืœื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื’ืขืœื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ื”ืึธืœืฅื™ื”ืขืงืขืจ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ื‘ืืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ. 
ื˜ืึธืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคึผืœืฒึทืกื™ืง, ืฐื•ืืงืกื˜ ื‘ื ื–ื™ ื’ื•ื˜. 
ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ืึธืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ืืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ ื‘ื ื–ื™ 
ื“ืึธืก ืคืขืœื“. ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื ืึธื›ืืžืึธืœ 
ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืžืขืกืข ืคืขืจืžืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขื ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผืฒึทื›ืœืขืจืก, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืืœืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืึธืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ 


16 


ื ืžื™ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข, 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื”ืื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื 
ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืฃ ื‘ืื ื™ื™ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืœืขื ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื’ืขืฆืฒึทื’ ืคืืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ. 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ. ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืื•ื•ืขืง ืคืืจ ื ืงืœืขื–ืžืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคืืจ ื ืฉื•ืก- 
ื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคืืจ ื ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจืžืื›ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืคึผื•ื™ืขืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ื‘ืืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ. 

ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜. 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืคืืจืŸ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ื’ื•ื•ื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืคึผื•ืฆื˜ ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืข 
ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืขืคึผื™ื›ืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜, 
ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืกืืš ืžืขืฉืึธืจืกื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืจืฒึทื›ืข ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ 
ื’ืขืกื˜, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ืคืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 

ืืฒื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืžืึธืœ- 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคืืจ ืจืฒึทื›ืข ื’ืขืกื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืœืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจืฒึทืš ืงืขื™ืื“ ื”ืืžืขืœืขืš. ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืœืึธื–ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืœื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš. ืื•ืŸ 
ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ืงื•ื™ืกืข, ืจื•ืคื˜ 
ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ: 

-- ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ืืฐืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœืžืขืœืึธื›ืขืก, ื’ืจื•ื™ื™ 
ืกืข ืกืึธื›ืจื™ื ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™! 

ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ืžื’ืข- 
ื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืœื™ืฒื™ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ- 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜, ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื™ืขื“ืŸ 
ืฆื• ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืขืฉืึธืจืกื™ื ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืกืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก. 


8* 


ืงื•ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜-ืœื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืขืจืŸ: ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืœื™ื’ืขืจ, ืื™ืœื™ืข ืฆื™ ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข? 

ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืœื™ืข ื˜ื•ื˜ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ: 

-- ืžืขืœืึธื›ืข ืื™ื– ื‘ืจืึธื›ืข. 

ืคืืจืืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ืฉืžื™- 
ืœื™ืข ื˜ื•ื˜ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ: ืžื™ืกื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคึผืืจื ืึธืกืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืืจื ืึธืกืข ืื™ื– ืงืึธืฐืขื“. 

ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ, ืื™ืœื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ืืกืขื ืข 
ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ืืกืขื ืข 
ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ืื™ืœื™ืข ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ. ื“ื™ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคืืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฐื™ , ืžื•ืจืืฉืงืขืก" 
ืื•ืŸ , ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ?. 

ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ื™ ืื™ืœื™ืงืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ ืžื•ืจืืฉ- 
ืงืขืก ืืœืข ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืžื™- 
ืœื™ืงืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื ื”ืฑืฃ, ืฐื™ ื‘ื ื 
ืกืจืึธืจืข ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขืจืฒึทืขืŸ; ื ืžืข- 
ืฉืึธืจืขืก ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืžืขืฉืึธืจืขืก ืคืืจืŸ 
ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจ. 


ืžืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื˜ืึธื’, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื ืขืกื™ืข. ื ืขืžื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืืฃ ืืฒึทื ืœืฒื’ืŸ, 
ืื™ื™ื’ื ืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืง, ืคืืจื ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืขืง, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึธืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืคืก-ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฃ ืœืึธื–ืŸ 
ืคืจืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ 
ืงืขืจืขื•ื•ืขืŸ: ืคืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ืก, ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ 
ืืฒึทื ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื–ืฒึทื“ื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืงืืกื˜ื ืก ื˜ื™ื™. ืคืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ 
ืœื™ื ืงืก, ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ. 

ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืคืœืฒึทื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืึนืฃ ื ื•ื™ื ื˜. ืžืข ื•ืืจื˜ ื 
ื”ืืœื‘ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ื ื˜ืึธื’, ืขืจืฉื˜ ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืึธื ึท- 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืฐืขืงื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฃ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืœื™ื ืงืก. 

ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข ืฆืขื–ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธ- 
ื›ืข ื”ืืจืฆื™ืง, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื ืขืกื™ึดืข ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™, 

ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื™ืื ืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜, ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข -- ืืœืข ื˜ืึธื’ ื“ืื•ื•ื ื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืื›ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืกื™ืข. ืึธื˜ 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึธืŸ ื ืฐื™ื ื˜, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฆื• ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึธืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฆื• ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืึธื˜ ืคืึธืจืŸ ื–ื™ ืึธืคึผ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœืŸ 
ื’ืึธืจ ื™ืื-ืจื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืขื ื˜, ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ 
ืคืึธืจืŸ ืืฃ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืืจื•ืžืคืึธืจืŸ. ืคืึธืจื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื™ืื ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืคืึธืจื˜. ืื– ื“ื™ 
ืฉื™ืฃ ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืคื™ืœ, ืงืœืขืจื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข: ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืื™ืœื™ืขืŸ, 


ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืก: ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืฉืฐื•ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ืก... 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื– ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฃ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืง ื’ื•ื˜ --- ืงืœืขืจื˜ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข, ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข: ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืกื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืžืื›ืŸ ืคืืจ ืกืจืึธ- 
ืจืขืก. ื’ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืฒึทื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื™ื ืžืขืงืื ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ, ืื™ืœื™ืข, ืื™ื– ืฐืึธืก? ื ืคึผื•ืืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ, 
ืืŸ ืึธืงืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ืึธืš. 
ืคืึธืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืคืึธืจื˜. 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื‘ืื˜ืึธื’, ื“ื™ ืžืื˜ืจืึธืกืŸ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืืคืŸ 
ื“ืืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืฒึทื›ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื”ื™ืžืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืึธืคึผ ืฆื•ื ื™ืื 
ื’ืœืื˜ ืื–ื•ื™, ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ืื ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื’ืœืื ืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขืœืข, ื•ื™ 
ื ืคืจื•ืžืข ืงืืฅ, ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜, 
ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขืจ ื ืงื ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืฆื™ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื•ื•ืข, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ 
ื ืงืืฅ ืขื ืœืขืš, ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืœืขื ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื 
ืžื•ื™ืจืข ืืคืŸ ื”ืืจืฆ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืคืกืœืฒึทื˜ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืืคืŸ 
ื”ื™ืžืœ. ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื˜ื™ื ืงืขืœืขืจ, ืฐืขืจืŸ 
ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ. ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื™ืื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ, ืฐืขืจืŸ 
ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฃ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื ืข- 
ืœืขืจ, ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื•ื™ ืจื•ื›ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืคึผื˜. 
ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ืึธืŸ ื ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฃ 
ืืฃ ืงืื˜ืึธืฐืขืก, ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข, ื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ื ืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ. ื“ื™ 
ืฉื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืื ืื™ื– 
ื‘ื™ื™ื–. ืฐื™ืœ ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข ืคืจืขื’ืŸ, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืก 
ืื™ื, -- ืฆืขื ืขืžื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ, ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– 
ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืื˜ืจืึธืกืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืจื•ื™ึทืง, ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืš. 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืงืจื™ืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืข ืฆื™ื’ืœื™ื™ 
ื ืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืื ื˜ืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขื˜, ืฉื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืก 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื•ืฃ ื–ื™ ืฉื™ืฃ, ืฉื™ืกื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื›ืืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื˜'ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ, 
ืฐื™ ื ืงืืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžื•ื™ื–. ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื•ึน ื ืื›ื˜-ืฆื• ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืฉื‚ื™ืฃ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึผืœืืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ืื•ืค- 
ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื›ืœื™ื ืขืŸ. ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ื•ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื™ื ืงืœ ื 
ืคืืจื˜ื•ืžืœื˜ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœื˜ืข ืฉืึธ. 
ืื– ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™, ื“ืขืจ ื™ืื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœืื ืฆื˜ 
ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผื•ื˜ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืข- 
ืฉืžื™ืจื˜. ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ืคึผืึธืจ ืžืื˜ืจืึธืกืŸ ืœืขื ื‘ืจืขื’ ืืฃ ื ื‘ืจืขื˜. ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœืขืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ, ืฐื™ ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ 
; ืงื™ื ื“, ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง. ื“ืึธืก ื’ืื ืฆืข ื’ื•ื˜ืก, 
; ืื™ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืก, ืื™ ืคืจืขืžื“ืก, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• 


ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ = ื’ืจื•ื ื˜. ืืจื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜, ืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืžืื˜- 


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ืจืึธืกืŸ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ื•ื˜ืก. 
ืึธืจืขื ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืœ, ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒ 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืง ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš. ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืื•ื•ืขืง ืฆื• ื ื™ื™ึทืฉืขืฐ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืขืคึผืขืก ืขืกืŸ 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืืฃ 
ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืขืŸ. ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืึธื’ืŸ;: ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ- 
ื”ืื ื“ืœื˜, ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคืืจืคืึธืจืŸ. 
ื“ื™ ื”ืฑื™ืฆืึธืข ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืจื•ื™ืก, ื‘ืึธืจื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ, 
ืžืข ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ืื– ืฉืžื™ื™ 
ืœื™ืข ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืืฆืึธืœืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืžืื˜ืึทื ืขืก ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคืืจ ืฆื•ื’ืึธื‘. 

ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืงื˜ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ, ื’ืขื‘ืึธืจืขื ืข 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•, ื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึธื ืขืก, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขืจืก ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ, 
ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจืก ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืึธืŸ ื 
ืฉื™ืจ, ืื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืขืœืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืึธืจืขืจืก 
ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ. 

ื“ืึธ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™. ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข ืœื™ืืคึผืขื˜ 
ืื•ื ืฆื•ืคื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฃ ืฆื• 
ื“ืึธืจืฃ. ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜. 

ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ืข. ืื– ืื™ื ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืฒึท ื ื˜ืฒึทื›ืœ, ื•ื•ืืฉื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ืขืžื“, ื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืฉ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื ืื•ืŸ 
ื™ืึธืจืŸ. ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืขืœืคืŸ? ืืฒื™ื ืžืึธืœ 
ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืืžืึธ- 
ืœื™ืงืŸ ืืœื˜ื™ื ืงืŸ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ. 

ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ื™ื ืงืขืจ: 

-- ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืกื˜ืฑืคึผืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืขืก ืึธื˜-ืึธ 
ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜? 

ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข: 

-- ืก'ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืกื˜ืฑืคึผืขืก, ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื”ื™ื™ื. 

ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืจื™ื™ื ืขื ืœืฒึทืฐื ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจื˜ ื ืคืขืจื“ 
ื‘ื ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื™ื. 

-- ืึธ, -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข, -- ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืืจืžืึธื’ 
ืื–ื ืคืขืจื“... 

-- ื˜ืึธ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ? 

-- ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื ืคืืจืคืึธืจืŸ. 

-- ื ืขื ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ื, ---ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืขืจ,-- 
ืžื™ื ืืกื˜ืื ืฐืขื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืก ืืฃ ื“ื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืคืืœืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ. 

ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืคืŸ ืคืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ. 

ืคืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื˜. ื’ืจื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ ืืคืŸ ื•ืขื’, 
ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข: 

-- ื•ื•ืขืžืขืก ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืขืก? 

ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื: 

-- ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ืœื™ืงืขืก ืคืืจื–ื™ื™ื˜. 

ืคืึธืจื˜ ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ--ื‘ืœื™ืขืŸ ืกืขื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืง, ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข: 


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-- ื•ื•ืขืžืขืก ืกืขื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื™ึดืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ? 

ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื: 

-- ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ืœื™ืงืขืก ืคืืจืคืœืื ืฆื˜. 

ืคืึธืจื˜ ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ -- ืคึผืืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืฉืขืจืขื“ืขืก 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืึธืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจ. 

-- ืฐืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื“ืึธ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืคื™ ืฆืข- 
ืคื™ืจื˜? 

ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื:; 

-- ืก'ื“ื™ ืื™ืœื™ืงืขืก, ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืขืจื“ ื ืึธืš ืฉืข- 
ื ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืข. 

ืคืึธืจื˜ ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืข 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื™ืฒื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข 
ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืืœื˜, ืืจื•ื ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืืœืข ื‘ืึธืจืฐืขืกืข, ืื™ืŸ ืœืฒึทืฐื ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ืขื ืข ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืงืขืคึผ. 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ, ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข: 

-- ื•ื•ืขืžืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ? 

-- ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืœื™ืงืก ืงืึธืœืึธื ื™ืข. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื”ื•ื™ื– ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก? 

-- ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ืžื™ืจ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš. 

ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืจ ื–ืขื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื’ื•ื˜ืก. ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜. ืคืึธืจื˜ ืขืจ 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ. ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื”ืฒึทื–ืœืขืš, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ืฒึทืข ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ืขื ืข ื“ืขื›ืขืจ. ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ: 

-- ื•ื•ืขืจ ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืึธ? 

ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื: 

-- ืก'ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจืืฉืงืขืก. 

ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘. 

-- ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขื. 

-- ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขืื™ืฉืึธืœืขื. 

-- ืžื™ื‘ืขื˜ ืขืกืŸ. 

-- ืขืกื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืŸ, -- ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘-ืœืฒึทื˜, -- ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฐืขืง ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืืฉื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืกื˜ ืžึดื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–. 


ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืง ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข" 
ื•ื•ืืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืขืกืŸ. ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืขืกืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 
ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ โ€ ื ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก 
ืคืขืจื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืคืขืจื“ ืืฃ ืคึผืืฉืข ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜. 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื˜. ืืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืึธื ื‘ืฒึทืกืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจืืฉืงืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืœืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืึธื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืจืขืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืคืŸ ืคืขืจื“ ืื•ืคื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜, ื‘ื" 
ื“ืื ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืคืึธืจื˜ ืขืจ ืึธืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื- 
ืฆื™ืจืŸ, ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข ืึธืคึผ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ืขื ื˜- 
ืคืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜. ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ: 

--- ื•ื•ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืก! 

ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื: ืก'ื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืงืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ื•ื™ืฃ. 
ืคืึธืจื˜ ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจ 
ื ืคืืจืคึผื•ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื ืคืจืฒืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜. 
ืคืึธืจื˜ ืขืจ ืึธืŸ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจื˜, ืฐื™ ืงืœืขื–ืžืขืจ 


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ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืื™ื ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจืก ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. 
ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืžืขืฉืึธืจืขืก ืคืืจืŸ 
ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื ื™ืฆื˜ืข ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ืžืขืฉืึธืจืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ 
ืžืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง. 

-- ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืืจื•ื™ืก, -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ,--ื“ื™ ื‘ื- 
ืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ื. 

-- ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืง 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืข ื”ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜. 

-- ืึธ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืขืก ื˜ืืงืข, -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฉืžื™- 
ืœื™ืข, -- ื˜ืึธ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ื ื’ืจื•ืก. 

ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื ืืจืฒึทืŸ. ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ 
ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ืื™ื ืืจื•ืžื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉืึธืจืกื™ื ืงื•ืงืŸ ืขืก ืึธืŸ. ืงื•ืžื˜ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืžืขืฉืึธืจืขืก 
ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ. 

-- ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืจืฒึทืŸ, -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ, -- 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ื ื’ืจื•ืก. 

ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืข: ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉืึธืจืกื™ื ืืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืจืขืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืึธื–ืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื›ื™ื ื ืขืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื˜'ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืก?! -- ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื. 

-- ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜, ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ื™ืš. 

ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ื ื ืขื“ืึธื•ื•ืข, ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 
ื ืึธืš ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ. ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื ืืจื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ 
ื ื ืขื“ืึธื•ื•ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืึธืŸ, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ, 

ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ: 

-- ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขื“ืึธืฐืขืก ืงืœืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก. 

ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก 
ื’ืื ืฆืข ื”ื•ื™ื– ืื•ืคื’ืขืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™- 
ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคืจืขื’ืŸ. ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ืš 
ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืขืก 
ืฐืฒึทื‘. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ื 
ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜. 

-- ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืœืึธืฉืขืก. 

ืื– ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ืื–ื ืžืฒึทืกืข, 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืจืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืฐืึธืจืขื ื–ื™ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธื˜ืขืจ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืคื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ. 

ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืžืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜: ื˜ืื˜ืขื™ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืข-ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™: 

-- ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื ื™ื˜ ืžืฑื“ื™ืข ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ 


ื“ื™ืจ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืœืขื–ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก 
ืคึผืืจืื“. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜- 
ืคืขืจื˜. 

-- ืก'ืžืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ. 

ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืื– ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข ืื™ืŸื– ื“ืึธ, 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœื›ื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืก ื ืœืึธื– ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ 
ืื™ืžืคึผืขื˜ ื ืงื•ืง ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื’ื•ื˜ืก. ืžืื›ื˜ ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœื›ื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ืื–ื•ื™ ืึธืŸ: 

-- ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜ืก ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื 
ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื ืึธืš ืคืจืขืžื“ืก ืื•ื™ืš. 
ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ืื˜ 
ืืฒึทืš ืžืฒึทื ืข ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืงื™ื™ืœื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ื ืื˜ 
ืืฒึทืš ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื˜ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืคึผื™ื›ืขืจ, 
ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื›ื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืก: ืฐื•ืขื˜ 
ืกื˜ืฒึทืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ 
ืื•ื™ืกืฆืึธืœืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืจืขืฉื˜. 

ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืขืœืขืš ืฆืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืคืืจ ื›ืืจืคึผืข. 

-- ื˜ืึธ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ, ื˜ืื˜ืข? -- ืคืจืขื’ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ. 

-- ืžื™ืจืŸ ื”ืึธืœืฅ ื”ืืงืŸ. - 

-- ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ?--ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ. 

-- ืžื™ืจืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืงืŸ, 

ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฆืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข 
ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ 
ื˜'ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ื’ื•ื˜, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ื’ื•ื˜ืก ืื™ื– ืฆื• 
ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ 
ื”ื™ื ื˜ ืฆืขืคื™ืจื˜, ืื– ืžืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืืก ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ. ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืืฒึทืš! ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’. 

ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื–ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ึผืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืขืจ ืืฐื•ืขืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจืืฉืงืขืก 
ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืœืึธื ื™ืข. 

ืื™ืœื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื’ืขืกื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•- 
ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืฉืึธืœืขื 
ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธ, ื–ื™ ืื™ื– 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ. ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœืขืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื“ืขืก ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืงืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ 
ืฆืขื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ืœื™- 
ืงืขืก ืคื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื•ื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงืึทืœืึธื ื™ืขืก, 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคึผืืงื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืกืขื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ-ื ื™ื˜-ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืจื•ื™ึทืงืขืจ ืฉืึท ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื 
ื’ืจืฒึทื–ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ืœื™ืงืขืก 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืงืขืก. 

ืืžืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ื ืคึผืึธืจ. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืœื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืข. 


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ืžื™ื™ืขืจืœ ื“ืขื ืงืืฆืขื•ื•ืก 


ืœืืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐื•ึผืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื 
ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืขืจืœ. ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผื™ื™ืกืขืš- 
ืฉืžืขืจืœืก. ืืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืจื•ืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 
ืคึผื™ื™ืกืขืšื™ืฉืžืขืจืœืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืœืฑื˜ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืžื™ื™ืขืจืœ! ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื 
ืžื™ื™ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืืœืข. ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื”ืึธืจืข, ื ืงืืฆืขื•ื•, ื ื˜ืื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข. ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืื‘ืขืก ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืขืกื˜ืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ 
ืกืฐื•ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืืจื˜, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืจื•ืคืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืŸ, ,, ืžื™ื™ืขืจืœ". ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื”ืื˜ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธื ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืžื™ื™ืœืข ื ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ 
ืฉืื‘ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืฐืึธืš. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื•ื ื’ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ. ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืงืข 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ. 

ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจื™ื™ื“ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ืžื™ื™ืขืจืœ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืืฆืขื•ื•, ื ืึธืจ ืงืœืขืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืคื•ืŸ 
ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ื•ื˜ ืืคืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ, ืงืœืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืจืŸ. ืื™ืฆื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื- 
ื‘ืขืกื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืื•ื•ื ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ืงืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื– ื ืึธืขื ื˜, ื˜ืืงืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื™ื•ื ื’ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฒึทื ื˜ ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื•ื•ื™ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืืง 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืฆื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืฉืœืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคืขื˜ืข ืฉืื‘ืขืกื“ื™ืงืข ืžืฒึทื›ืึธืœื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื˜ 


ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืขืœ ื“ืขื ืจื™ื™ืขืš ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ. ื“ื™" 


ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืืœืžืึธื ืข ืจืึธื›ืœ ืคึผื™ื™ืกืขืšื™ืฉืžืขืจืœืก, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื•ื•ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข. ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืคืืจืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ ื‘ืื ืืฑื‘ื ืึธืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืื ืืคึผืข ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืงื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 


ืจื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงื•ืžืื˜ืฉืึธื•ื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื›ืœ. ื–ื™ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 


ื›ืื ืข ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื˜ื™ืœ. ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทื›ืึธืœื™ื ืฆืขื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืื™ื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื. 
ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœืขืš-- ืฉืžืขืจื˜ืฉื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืœืข -- ื–ื™ืฆืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืกืคึผืจื•ื–ืฉื™ื ืขืก. 
ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ ืื–ื•ื™?! ืึธื–"ืึธ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืœื•ืกื˜ืขืก ืงื•ื’ืœ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ืกืงืขืก. ืื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ 
ืฐื™ ื ื˜ืื˜ืข ื“ืืจืฃ, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื™ืœืข, ื›ืืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจื™ืึธืจ. ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉืžืึธืœ. 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ืงืœืขืคึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ืื™ื ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ืžื™ืจืขืก. ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ืžืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ื‘ืจื•ืžืงืขื˜ ื•ื™ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืœื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื•ื™ืคื™, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื 
ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ื˜ืืงืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ.. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื•ื™" 
ืขืก-ืื™ื– ืคืืจื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงื•ื’ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข 
ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ื ืžืืžืขืฉ ืขืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคึผืŸ, ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ 


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ืžืื™ืื™ืื›ืจื•ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜. ืžื™ื™ืœืข, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜, ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ืœืข ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืฆื™ื›ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ. ืื•ื™, 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜! ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืš ืืคืŸ 
ื‘ืื ืงื‘ืขื˜ืœ. ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฉืฐื•ืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ื ื ืึธืš 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืฐืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืœ ืœืขื ืฐืขืจืคึผื™. ื•ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืฑืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืœื™- 
ื˜ืฉืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฉืขืจืขื“ืข. ื ืงืืจื˜ื™ื ืข! ื™ื•ื ื’ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜... ื’ืึธื˜ ื–ืึธืœ 
ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ื“ืขื ืคึผืฑืขืจ.. ืžืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืžืึธืœ ื ื•ื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ! ืื•ืŸ ื ืงืืฆืขืฐ! ื 
ืงืืฆืขื•ื• ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ื ื’ืื–ืœืขืŸ. ืื–ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื˜ืฉืงืข, 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืึธืคึผืœื•ืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงืขืœื‘ืขืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื‘ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืข- 
ืœืข... ืืฐื•ืจืึธื ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ื›ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื 
ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื’ืื–ืœืขืŸ. ืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืึธื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื›ื- 
ืœืขืฃ -- ื›ื™ืง... ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื‘ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืข- 
ืœืข... ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืขืœืขืš ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ื–ืฉื•ืงืขืก: 
ืฉืžืขืจื˜ืฉื™ืงืœ ืื™ื™ื ืก... ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืœืข -- ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™... ื›ืื ืข 
ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืื™ื ื ื‘ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืขืœืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึท- 
ื ืขืŸ ืงืขืœื‘ืขืœืขืš. ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืขืจ ืฉืœืึธืคื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืขืจ. 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคึผืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœื‘ืœืขื›ืข 
ืฐืึธื ืฆืขืก ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜. 

ื“ื™ ืžืืžื–ื™ื™ืจื™ื... ืฐืึธืก ืจื™ืคึผืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง? ืึธื˜ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื’ื™ื‘ ื˜ืึธืฃ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœืึธืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
ืฉืžืืงืขืจ. 

ืคืืจืŸ ืื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื ืฉืฐืขื‘ 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืœ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ื˜ื" 
ืงืข ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืืคืŸ ื’ืื ืขืง, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ 
ืงื•ื™ื ื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืืœืข ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืงื•ื ื“ื™ื™ืกื™ื 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื•ื™ ืืคืฆื•ืœืึธื›ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ืึธ, ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ 
ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืืฐืขืงื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ, ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ื ืคืœืขืฉืœ ืคื™ืืœืงืข, ื ื™ืฉืงืึทืฉืข ืžืข ืžืขื’ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืืจื’ื™ื ืขืŸ. 

ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืื ืงื‘ืขื˜ืœ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืฆื™ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืœ. ื“ืึธืก ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืœื‘ ืคืืจ- 
ื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืืœืขื›ืœ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื’ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฆืขื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ืขื˜, ืฐื™ ื›ืื ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื– ื ืจืขื’ืข ืื ื“ืจืขืžืœื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื ืขื ืึธื ื˜ืึธืŸ. ื“ื™ ืคืืจื‘ 
ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื‘ื ืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืงืŸ. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื”ืึธืจืข, 
ื ืฆื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืขืœืข. ืœืขื ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื’ื˜ 
ื˜ืขืžืขืœืข ืฆืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ืขืœืขืš, ื“ื™ ืคื™ืกืขืœืขืš, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ื˜ืขืœืข ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื›ืื ืขืก 
ื‘ืืง. ืฐื™ ืœืื ื’ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– 


ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืฐืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 
(ืื›ื˜ ืฐืขืจืกื˜ ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ) ืึธื ืงื•ืงืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื›ืื ืขืŸ?! 
ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ! ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš, ื ืขื‘ืขืš, 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื ื™ืขืกื•ื™ืžืข. ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืจืข 
ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืื™ื ื“ืขื 
ืกืืžืึธื•ื•ืืจ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœ, 
ื ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜! ื˜ืืงืข ื ืึธืš ื’ืึธืจ ื ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜!. ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื”ืึธืจืข... ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื 
ืงืืฆืขื•ื•. ืื•ืŸ ื ื˜ืื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ืฉืžืขืจื˜- 


ืฉื™ืงืœ, ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืก, ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืœืข-- 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™, ื˜ืขืžืขืœืข--ืึธื•ึฐืึธ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™, ืฐื™ ื 
ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืœื‘ืขืœืข ---ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืจืฒึท, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ื•ื™ืš ื™ื™ืžื™ืจืฆืขื”ืืฉืขื --ื ื™ื˜ ืคื™ืจ. ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ 
ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขืก ื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ.. ืžื™ืจืŸ ืขืก ื 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœื™ื˜ืฉืงืข. ื˜ืคื•, ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืš --ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฐืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืจ ืžื•ืžืข. ื›ืื ืข 
ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ ืงืขืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ื›ืื ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื ื™ืขืกื•ื™ืžืข... 


ื ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ 


ื”ื•ืžืึธืจืขืกืงืข 


ืฉึธื‚ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืฒึทืš ืฐืขื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืฉื™ืงืก 
ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข. ืื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืขืจ -- ืขืœื˜ืฉื™ืง ื”ืึธืจื ื–ื™ืก, ืฐื•ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืจื™ื‘ื ืข ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ืฐื•ึผืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืกืœื™ 
ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ื–ืื›ืŸ. ื“ืขืจื•ื ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ืืฒึทืš ืึธืคึผืจืขื“ืŸ, ืื– ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธ ืฆื•ื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ, ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืงืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ืืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ื ืึธืจ 
ืฐื™ ืืฃ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœ ืฆื• ื ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืจ-ื™ 
ืฐืึธืก ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. 

ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืฉื™ืง ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ- 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœืขืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข 
ืืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืื™ื ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื - 
ืœืขืš. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื’ืข- 
ืจืขื“ื˜. ืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืžืขืจ --ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืคื™ืœืข 
ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื. ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจืžืื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜, ื›ืืกืขื ืข 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืคืืจ ื ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคื™ืœ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืฉืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื. ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ 
ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืก, ืื– ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื 
ืคืืจื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ืขืžืขืฆื ืก ืฐื•ึผืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืขืžืขืฆื ืก ืฉื™ื™ื - 
ืงืฒึทื˜, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ 
ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ืืกืขื ืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืคืืจ 
ื ืฐื•ืงืกื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ. 

-- ื›'ื•ื•ืข, -- ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืœื“ ืคืืจ ืืฒึทืš 
ืคืืจืงืจื™ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื ืขืžืœ,--ื 
ื“ื™ื ืกื˜... ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ?.. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืขื ืขื ื ื“ื™ื ืกื˜.. 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืœืื ื’ ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 
ืคืืจืงืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ืคึผื™ืกืงืขืœืข, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืข- 
ื ืขื ืืงืกืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืขื ื•ืžืขื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜, ื‘ื™ื– 


ืื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ื˜ ืื™ื ืกืึธืคืงืึธืœืกืึธืฃ ื ืึธื›ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื™ 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜: 

,ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš, ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžืขืฆื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืื ื“ืœื˜, ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื 
ื™ืขื ืขื ื ื“ื™ื ืกื˜!" 

ื™ืึธ, ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ืขืกื•ื™ืžืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ื‘ื 
ื™ืขื ืขื. ื ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืึธื“ืขืจื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฆืขืคึผ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ 
ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื 
ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ. 

-- ืคืจื™ื“ืข, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜,--ื“ื• 
ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข! ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืคึผืจืขื“ืกื˜ืืฐื™ื˜ืขืœื ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืื–ื ื”ืขืœื“, ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขื ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื 
ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืข ืืฃ ืืœืขื ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ืืจืคืกื˜ื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืงืขืจ, 
ื•ื™ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ, ืื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ 
ื ืฐืฒึทื‘, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืฐืฒึทื‘ืœืขืš ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ืื™ื ื‘ื ื“ื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืึธืคึผืจืขื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจ 
ื ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื“ืึธืš ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ื‘ืืฐืึธืจื ื˜. ื–ืึธื’, 
ืื“ืขืจืื‘ืข, ืฐื•ึผ ื ืึธืš ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ื• ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืžืฒื™- 
ืœืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜? 

ืคืจื™ื“ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืื›ื˜ ืคืืจ ืฆืึธืจืขืก, ืฐืึธืจืขื 
ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ 
ืขืžืขืก. ืื™ืจ ื‘ืืฉืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ืขื‘ืขืš ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก ืฐื™ ื 
ืคืœื•ื™. ื ืฆืฐืขืœืคื™ืึธืจื™ืง ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื. ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื ืžืืŸ, ืื–ื ืžืืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืืงืข 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ. ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, 
ื‘ื ื’ืื ืฅ ืคืึธืจื ืขืžืข ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ื, ื ื•, ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ 
ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืข ื ื˜ืขืœืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืงืึธืคึผ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขืžืขืŸ? ื˜ืืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. ื“ืืคืงืข ื ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืจ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข, ื ืึธืจ ื 


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ืกืคึผื™ืœื˜ืฉืขืฐื•ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™, ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืจืื“ืข ืœื™ื‘ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื‘, ืื– 
ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ื™ื™ืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ืง, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืืฃ ื ื“ื™ื ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืืจืฑืกื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื˜ืืงืข ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืจืขื“ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืจืขืจ... ืื™ืจืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืฐืฒึทื‘ืœืขืš ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื™ 
ืจืขื“ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ืœืข, ืื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื•ื™- 
ืจืข ืืฃ ืื™ื ื ืงื•ืง ื˜ืึธืŸ.. 

ืขืจ ืื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืืคืงืข ื ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืžืขืœืึทื›ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื•ืขืง, ืขืจ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึธืคึผ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ืžืื’ืื–ื™ืŸ, ื”ืืœื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืขื“ื•ื ื’ืขื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, 
ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก ื–ืฒึทื ืข, ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืขื ืขืžืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืก... ื•ื•ื™ื™, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™, ืฐื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืœืคึผืข (ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื ื•ืžืœื˜ืŸ 
ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืจื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ) ื”ืึธื˜ ืื–ื ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขื˜- 
ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืงื ื™ื™ื˜ืฉื˜ ืคึผืขื ืขืžืœ, ื•ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืก, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ 
ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืงืจืืกืืฐื•ื™ืฆืข! 

ื™ืึธ, ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื”ืขืจื˜, ืขืœื˜ืฉื™ืงืœ ื”ืึธืจื’- 
ื–ื™ืก ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ื–ืื›ืŸ. ืื™ 
ืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจืข, ืื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ื- 
ืกืขื ืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืคืืจ ื ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ, ื˜ืืงืข 
ื’ืึธืจ ื ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ื ืก, ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ืืกืงืขื˜, 
ื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืฆื™ืคืขืจื‘ืœืื˜ ืืฃ ื ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขื 
ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืจืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืกืข ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ื ืžืขืฉื•ื’ืข- 
ื ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ืจืข- 
ื’ื•ืœื™ืจืŸ. 

-- ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืงืจืขื ืงืขืŸ, -- ื˜ืฒึทื ืขื˜ ืขืจ, ---ืื•ื™ื‘ 
ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘... 
ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ ืžื™ืš ื’ืึธื˜! 

ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืš, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ืฆื•ื’ืืกื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขื•ื• ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืœืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืื‘ืขืก ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื 
ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจืŸ. ื ื™ื™ืฃ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื ืึธืจ ืคืืจ- 
ื“ืจืึธืกืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ! ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืจื™ื™ื - 
ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ -- ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜!--ื ื“ืขืžื‘ืขื ืข ืฉืืคืข ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœ. ื™ืึธ, ื™ืึธ, ื ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื™ืฉืืคืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื•ืจื˜ืข ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื - 
ืฆื™ืงืข ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ! ื ืฉื™ื™- 
ื ืขืจ, ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ื“ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืึธืœืขื ืข 
ืคึผืจื•ื–ืฉื™ื ืขืก, ืžืข ืงืจื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข, 
ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื‘ืืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื ืงืœ-ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืฆื™ืจืื˜. 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™, ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืกืข ืจื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ 
ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜! ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื˜ื™ื•ืœืขื ืข ืคืึธืจื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืœืื ื’ืข, ืื– ื–ื™ 
ืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืคึผืึธืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืคืืจืœืฒื™ืกืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ, ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืจืฒึทืกืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ 
ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ, ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜! ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื™ืŸ, 


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ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืื ื˜-ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ื ืฉืืคืข-ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืฉื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข. ืึธื ืงื•ืงืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ืžืจื•, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืื ื’! ื ืึธืจ 
ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜... 

ืืœืขืžืึธืœ, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ 
ืขืกืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืžืขืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื‘ืฒึทืกืŸ, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ื•ื™ 
ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื–ืึธื’ ื˜ืึธืŸ; 

-- ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ, ื”ื? ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืืคืงืข ื“ืขืจ ืขืžืขืกืขืจ 
ื“ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ! 

ืึธื“ืขืจ: 

-- ื ืฉืืคืข, ื”ื? ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืืคืงืข ื“ื™ ืขืžืขืกืข 
ืฉืืคืข! 

ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื–ื ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ, ืื– ื–ื™ 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื›ืจืืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืฒึทืขืŸ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืจื™ื™ื“: 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™, ืงืจื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื”ืืœื“ื–. ื“ื™ ืฉืืคืข... ืงืจื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื“ื–. 

ืื–ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ!.. ืื–ื ืฉืืคืข! 

ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ... ื“ืึธืก ืžืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ืงืขืกื™ื™- 
ื“ืขืจ, ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื ื- 
ื˜ื•ืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ, ืขืœื˜ืฉื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜.. ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก, ืื’ืขื•ื•, ื ืึธืš ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื›ืขื˜ ืœื™ื‘, 
ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขืจ ืขืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜.. ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื‘, ืื– ืกืข ื•ืืœื’ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื 
ืงื ืขืคึผืœ, ืžืขื’ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœืฉ, ืžืขื’ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืฐืœื™- 
ื‘ืขืจืฉ, ืžืขื’ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื™ืงืก, ืžืขื’ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื 
ืคื™ืจืขืงืขื›ื™ืงืก, ื ืงืึธืงืกื ืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืคึผืขืจืœืžื•- 
ื˜ืขืจื ืก, ื‘ื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืขืก ืื•ืฃ. 

ืื– ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื”ื™ื™ื, ืื™ื– ืฐื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืึธืคึผ ื“ืึธืก ืงื ืขืคึผืœ:! ื“ืขื ืฐืฒึทื‘. ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื‘ื™ื™ืก- 
ืžืฒึทืกืข ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ, ื•ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜: 

-- ื˜ื• ื ืึธืจ ื ืงื•ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 
ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื˜ืืงืข ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื˜ืขื’ 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื›ืืกืขื ืข, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืงื ืขืคึผืœ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื•ื•ืขืง- 
ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื•ืจื˜ืฉืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ? ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื ืจื™ื™ื“ ื 
ื›ืืคึผ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงื ืขืคึผืœ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฉืžื™ืฅ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ 
ืงืืก ืืคื™ืœืข ืคืืจ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 

ืคืข! ืก'ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜, ืื– ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื–ื ื›ื- 
ืจืืงื˜ืขืจ! ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ืคืืจ ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ 
ื–ืืš? ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ืคืฒึทื ื˜ ืฆื• ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ!. 
ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืื–ื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ื ื‘ื™- 
ื›ืœืืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืœืฒึทื“ืŸ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ (ืื– 
ืžืข ืจืขื“ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืจืขื“ืŸ ืึธืคืŸ: ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืžืขืฉืึธืจืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืื’ืื–ื™ืŸ), 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืจื™ื’ื˜. 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ (ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืขืคึผืขืก ืึธืคึผื ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื ื˜ืขืจืขืฅ), ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืื™ื– 
ืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืึธ ืืจื•ื, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืกืข 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 


ื“ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืŸ ืœืึธืžืคึผ, 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฆืฑื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ื•ื™ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื–, ื‘ื- 
ืงื•ืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื 
ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืข ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืข, ืื™ื– ื–ื™, ืืŸ ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืข. 
ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืืฃ 
ืื™ื ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื ืฉื˜ืฑื‘ืขืœืข, ื‘ืื”ื™ื˜ ื’ืึธื˜! ืื•ืŸ 
ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืก'ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ืกืฒึทืฐื™ ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืžืขื’ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš; 

-- ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ, ื”ื? ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืืคืงืข ื“ืขืจ ืขืžืขืกืขืจ 
ื“ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ! 

ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ื–ื•ืžืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืจืฒึทื›ืŸ ื–ืืงืื–ื˜ืฉื™ืง ืื”ื™ื™ื ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืืžืฐืฒึท ืืคืŸ ื“ื™ืœ, ืฉืฑืŸ 
ืคืืจืŸ ืกืืžืข ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืื ื’, ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืฉืืคื˜ ื ืงื ืขืคึผืœ, ื ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื“ื™ืงืก, ื 
ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœืฉ ืงื ืขืคึผืœ. ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ืงืจืขื›ืฅ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื‘ืฑื’ืŸ, ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื- 
ืงืข ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงื ืขืคึผืœ. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ืงื ืขืคึผืœ: 

-- ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ, -- ืงืœืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ,--- 
ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื ืึธืŸ ื ืงื ืขืคึผืœ.. 
ื›ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืืžืฐืฒึทืขืŸ ืื™ื–, ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœ- 
ื›ืึธืžืข, ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืŸ ืขื ื’ืฉืืคื˜, ืื– ืกืืงืึธื ืขืก. 

ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืคืืจื’ืขืกื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื›ื- 
ืจืืงื˜ืขืจ, -- ืก'ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืฉื™ื™- 
ื ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ, -- ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ ื“ืึธืก ืงื ืขืคึผืœ. 

-- ื ืึธืจืฐืึธืก, -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ, -- ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื˜ืจืืžื•ื•ืœื™.., 

ืื– ื–ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืก ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื 
ืฉืœืฒึทื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืงื ืขืคึผืœ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืฆืขืขืคื ื˜ืŸ 
ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืื– ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืžืืžืขืฉ ืึธืคึผื’ืข- 
ืจื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ. ื ืึธืš ื ื ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ื’. 

ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ 
ื–ืืš ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืœืื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ื™ืฒืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ืึธืš ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืืกื˜ืขืจืกืงืื™ื, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขืคื˜ืœ, ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืขื ืขืจืขืจ ื‘ืื”ืขืœืคืขืจ ื–ืฒึท- 
ื ืขืจ, ืžืื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื: 

-- ืจืขื‘ ืขืœื˜ืฉื™ืง, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ืขืก ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ืจืŸ ื 
ืงื ืขืคึผืœ? 

-- ื‘ื ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ, ื‘ื ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ืกื˜ื•, ืคืขืœื˜ ื 
ืงื ืขืคึผืœ, ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ? 

-- ื‘ื ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืจืขื‘ ืขืœื˜ืฉื™ืง, 
ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ? 

ืื•ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืฉื™ืง ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ืงื•ืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขื˜, ืฆื• 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึทืžืื›ืฉืžืฑื™ื ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜, ื™ืึธ, ืก'ืื™ื– ืงืœืึธืจ, 
ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’, ื‘ื ืื™ื ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืคึผื™ื“ื–ืฉืืง, 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืœืืฅ, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ื ืงื ืขืคึผืœ! 


ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืงื ืขืคึผืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ? ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืืžืฐืฒึท ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืงื ืขืคึผืœ. 

ืึธื˜ ื ืžืฒึทืกืข! 

ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืื›ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš, ื ืึธืจ ืืžืึธืœ 
ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื“ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื˜ืึธื˜ืฉืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืงืœืฒื ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, 
ืขื’ื‘ืขืจื˜ ืขืก ื“ื™ืš ืฐื™ ื ืฐืึธืจืขื: 

..ืื™ื– ืขืก ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ 
ืงื ืขืคึผืœ, ื ืึธืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืก ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืก! ืื•ืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื ืึธืŸ ื 
ืงื ืขืคึผืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ 
ืืœื™ื™ืŸ?.. ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™, ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทืžืื›ืฉืžื•ื™ื ื™ืฆืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ื”ืืจืฅ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ! ื ืึธืš ื ื ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜. 


ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืื™ื ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื ืึธื›ื•ื•ืืจืžืขืก 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืจื™ื–ืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืŸ. 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆืขืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ืขืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืืจื™ืฉ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจืœ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืฆื•" 
ื ื•ื™ืคืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืืขืกื˜ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืจืฑืกืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ.. ื–ืึธื’ 
ื–ื™ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืื ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš.. ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจ 
ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืึธ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื– 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคึผืืžืขืœืขื›ืŸ, 
ืคึผืืžืขืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฑื™ืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ื˜ืืงืข 
ืฆื• ืื™ืจ: ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื– ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ืฆื• 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืื•ืŸ 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ.. 

ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื ืก, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ 
ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืงืจืึธื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืื– ื–ื™ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ื“ืขื ืขืœ- 
ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืึนืฃ 
ืงืขืกื˜. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืกืฒึทืฐื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืึธืกื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื•ื•ืขืœืขืจ. 

ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืื›ืŸ, ืื– 
ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงื ืขืคึผืœ, ืงืึธืŸ ืขืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ! 

-- ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ? -- ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืืคืŸ ืœืขืฆืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผื™ื“ื–ืฉืืง... 

-- ืฐืึธืก? 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฐืึธืก? ืึธื˜-ืึธ! ื–ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜! ื”ืึธืกื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ? 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืก ื’ืข- 
ื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ? ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ื“ื™ืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื 
ืงื ืขืคึผืœ? 

-- ื ืงื ืขืคึผืœ, ื ืงื ืขืคึผืœ! ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ืึธืจ 
ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ื•! ,ื›ื-ื›ื-ื›ืืฅ? 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืœื™ืื›ืขื˜, ืฐืึธืก? ื“ื• ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, 
ืื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื‘ื ื“ื™ืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืคึผืจืืฐืข ื“ื™ืš ืคื™ืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ืจืึธืฐื• ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื 
ื’ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš?! 


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ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื, 
ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืจืฐืึธืก ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืคืืœืŸ! 

ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื ืึธืš ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš? 

ืืžืึธืœ ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ื ืฐืฒึทื‘ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ 
ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ! ืœืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื™ืจืข, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜! 

ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™, ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทืžืื›ืฉืžื•ื™ื ื™ืฆืข? ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ? 

ื–ื™ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืืงื•ืจืื˜ ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฐืฒึทืก 
ื˜ื™ืฉื˜ืขื›ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒื™ืกืžืฒึทืกืข ืึธืŸ 

-- ืกืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜, ืื– ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืŸ, ืฐืขื“ืœื™ืง ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืŸ 
ืขืœื ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืขืกื•ื™ืžืข, ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืขืคึผืขืก 
ื ื™ื˜. 

ืขืœื˜ืฉื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืึธืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜, ืฐื•ื™ ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึนืฃ ื ื•ื•ืขื’, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžืข- 
ืจืขืจ ื›ื™ื™ืฉืขืง: 

-- ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืžืื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ื›ื- 
ืจืืงื˜ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื ืขื, -- ืžืื›ื˜ ืขืจ, --ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื•ืงืŸ, ืฆื™ ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• ื ื™ืขืกื•ื™ืžืข, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืขืกื•ื™- 
ืžืข, ื“ื• ื“ืืจืคืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, 

-- ืžืฒึทืŸ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืจื™ื“ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืœ 
ืฆื• ืื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืกืžืฒึท- 
ืกืข ื ื’ืœืื ืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, --ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืžืื›ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 

-- ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืžืื›ืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืœื˜ืฉื™ืง ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜,-- 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืื ื“ืœ, ืื“ืื ืง ื’ืึธื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื - 
ืฐืฒึทื– ืื•ืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื 
ืฉื˜ืื ื“, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืœืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ, ืื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– 
ื ืฐืึธืจื˜. 

-- ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื– ื“ื•.. ืžื™ืจ?. ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ 
ื•ืขืœืŸ ืึธื ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื–ื ื–ืืš?.. 

-- ื ืึธืš ืืคื™ืœืข ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, --ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืœื˜ืฉื™ืง 
ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 

-- ื”ืฒึทื ื˜? ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื ื‘ืืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื™ืŸ 
ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ? 

-- ื™ืึธ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืœื˜ืฉื™ืง ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- 
ื ืขื ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื!. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ืึธืœ- 
ืกื˜ื•, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืืก ืฆื•ื’ืข- 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, --- ืื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ืœ- 
ื“ื™ืง, ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ. 

-- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ืฆื™ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืขืก ื’ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืคืจื™ื“ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืข- 
ื˜ืึธืŸ, -- ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื’ืึธืจ ืคืืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ ืืฑื’ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ. 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื–ืืš, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืœื˜ืฉื™ืง 
ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืืฃ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ- 
ื•ื•ืืกื™ืœืงืึธืฐืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืึธืฐื•ืก ืฉื˜ื•ื‘. ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขืงืœืขืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืœ 


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ืคื™ืจื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืืคื™ืœืข ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืจื“ืจืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงื ืขืคึผืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื–, ืื’ืขื•, 
ื ืึธืš ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื™ื™ื˜, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืจ 
ื’ืขืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื– ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ? 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืึธื ืœืขืจ- 
ื ืขืŸ, ื‘ืื ืจืึธืฐ ืงืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืงืึธืกื˜ืŸ ื ืคื™ื ืฃ- 
ืื•ืŸื™ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืขืก ื“ืึธืš ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜. ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื”ื™ื™ื, 
ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื ื›ื•ืคึผืข, ืื™ื– ืขืก ื ืึธืš ื ืคื™ื ืฃ-ืื•ืŸ-ืฆื•ื•ืื - 
ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืŸ... ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืฐืฒึทื‘ 
ืฐืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืฐืขืจืŸ?--ื ืคึผื•ื˜ืขืจ! ื 
ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื’ืึธืœื“... ืื–ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ืืฃ ืื–ื ืฉืืคืข!. 

ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืฐื• ืื™ื– ืืงื•ืจืื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืึธืš 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ื“ื™ ืฉืืžืึธืกื™ื, ื“ื™ ื“ืื™ืึธื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื‘ื™ื ื˜ืœ ื‘ืื˜ืœืึธื ื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืึธืจื˜, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืกืข ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื ื›ืข ื“ืื•ื•- 
ื ืขืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืกืืžืข ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™- 
ื ื™ื˜ืฉืงืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจืžืื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ืœ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืื˜ืฉื™ื™ืœืงืข ืืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ืจ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืจืขื‘ืขืฆืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ื‘ืขื ืงืœืขืš. 

-- ื–ื™ืฆื˜, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืฐื• ื”ืึธื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคืืœืŸ, ื ืคืจืขื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ: 

-- ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื˜ืŸ? 

-- ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜, ืจืขื‘ืข! ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืขืจ 
ื”ื•ื™ื˜, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืจื™ื“ืข ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ื™ื›ืœ ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื›ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืฉื™ืง, ื ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืขื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืกืข 
ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ 
ืืฒึทื–ืŸ: 

-- ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ืจืขื‘ืข, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜! ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื˜ --ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื ื”ืืœื‘ืขืจ ืฉืึธ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื˜ื™ืง ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ 
ืคืืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขื ื“ื–ืขื ืขืจ ืคึผืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื™ื“ืขืก ื’ืขื›ืืกืžืขื˜! 

ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืœืข ืคึผื- 
ืคึผื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ื ืคืจื™ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืข 
ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ื”ืขื ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืคืืจ ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื ืขืคืขืฉืœ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฉืžืืง ืื•ืŸ 
ืืฃ ืืŸ ืขืžืขืก ื ืงื•ืฉ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืง 
ืืจืฒื™ืŸ. 

ืขืœื˜ืฉื™ืงืœ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขืœื™ืข ื”ืึธืจื ื–ื™ืก, ืฐื•ื™ ืขืจ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื‘ืœื™ืฆืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ 
ืคืืจืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื˜, ืื™ ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ื˜, ืื™ ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืŸืŸ-- 
ืืœืข ื“ืจืฒึท ื–ืื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ. 


-- ืžืขืฉื•ื’ืขื ืข! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ ื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจ- 
ืฐื•ึผืจืฃ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜, --- ืื™ืฆื˜ ื˜ืึธืจ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืŸ? (ืื– 
ื–ื™ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ื 
ื–ืฉืขื ืฉื˜ืฉื™ื ืข ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ื–ืฉืขื ืฉื˜ืฉื™ื ืข!) ื“ื• ื–ืึธื’ 
ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืฆื•, ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ืคืืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ืื– ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื ื›ื•ืคึผืข. ืžื™ืš ืืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืจืขื‘ืข ืฐืขื˜ ืคืืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ืคื™ื ืฃ-ืื•ืŸ-ืฆื•ื•ืื - 
ืฆื™ืงืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืœื˜... ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžื•ื– ืคืืจ ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฑื™ื’ืŸ.. ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื 
ื‘ื™ืกืœ?.. 
ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื•ื’ืขื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 

ื”ืขืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื˜, ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ืฉื•ืจืขืก, ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™ ื ื–ืืš, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืžืขื’ 
ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื ื˜ืœืึธืคืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ. 

-- ืฆื• ืฐื•ืขืžืขืŸ? ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ? 

ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืฉืึธืจืขืก, ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืฑืขืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื‘ืข- 
ื“ื™ื™ืข ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขื™ืืฉืขื•ื• ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื ื ื™ืกืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื–ืื’ืึธื˜ืึธืฐืฉื˜ืฉื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™, ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทืžืื›ืฉืžื•ื™- 
ื ื™ืฆืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืื”ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื›ื•ืคึผืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜. 

ืืžืขืจ, ืื– ืžืข ื•ื™ืœ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš 
ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฒึทืœื˜. ื–ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜, ืืฃ ืกืึท- 
ื ื™ืžืก ืงืขืคึผ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืงืจืขื ืงืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– 


ื–ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืืฃ ื ื’ืขื˜. 
ื ืึธืจ ื ืงื•ืง ื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ, ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดืžืื›ืฉืžื•ื™- 
ื ื™ืฆืข, ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื•ื™ืจืข, 
ืื– ื–ื™ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื 
ื’ืขื˜. ืื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืื–ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ื–ื™ 
ื’ืึธืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ!.. 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืฆืขืŸ 

ื™ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื•ืจื˜ืข ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื™ืฉืืคืข ืึธืŸ ื ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืข, ืืžืขืจ, ื–ืึธืœ 
ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื ืงื•ืง ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ืคึผื•ืฉืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื™ืจื•ื ื’.. 
ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข 
ืžืฒึทืกืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ืื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื 
ืงื ืขืคึผืœ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืคืฉืขืจ, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง? ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื‘ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืืคืงืข ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืฆื™ืจื•ื ื’. 

ืืœืขืžืึธืœ ืฉืื‘ืขืกืฆื•ื ืื›ื˜ืก, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื™ื– 
ืื™ื ืจื•ื™ึดืง, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืกื˜ืขืœืข 
ืฆื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ. ืื– ืขืจ ื“ืืจืฃ ืขืก 
ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜! ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉืขื ืงื˜, ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืจืก! ื ืึธืจ ืื– ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืื™ื ืขื 
ืงื ืขืคึผืœ, ืฐืขืจื˜ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืงืืœื™ืข ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ 
ื’ืขื“ืื ืง... ืกืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธื˜ื•ืคึผืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ื•ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ืืฒึทืŸ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ?! 


ื“ืขื ืจืึธื•ื•ืก ื’ืื ืจื– 


ื ืื–ื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ื”ื•ืกืื˜ืฉืึธื•ื•ืงืข, ืื™ื– ืขืก 
ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขื ื“ื–. ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื•ื™ืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืฑื™ืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืฉืข- 
ืจืขื“ืขืก ื’ืขื ื“ื– ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืœืึธื ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื˜ืฒึทืš. 
ื’ืขื ื“ื–ื ืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ืฐืึธื›ืขื“ื™ืง ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ืคืขื“ืขืจืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื’ืขื ื“ื– ืคืืจืœื™ืจืŸ 
ืืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืฉืข, ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืข 
ืงื™ืฉื ืก. ืืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜, ืื– ืžืข ืžืื›ื˜ ื›ืืกืขื ืข 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืคืขื“ืขืจืŸ ืืฃ 
ื‘ืขื˜ื’ืขื•ื•ืื ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืคืึธืœืงืก ื•ืขื’ืŸ. 

ืก'ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ื™ืง ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜, ืก'ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืกืื™ื– 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื“ื–ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืกืื˜ืฉืึธื•ื•ืงืข 
ืืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขืคื•ืข. ืื– ืžืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื‘ืื“ืืจืคืŸ 
ืื–ืขืœื›ืก, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ื‘ืื“ืืจืคืŸ ื‘ืืฆืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืขืจื’ืขืฅ. ืฐื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืืงืข ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื”ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืืฒึทื ืงื•ืžืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจืฒึทื›ืงืฒึทื˜? 

ื ืึธืจ ืื– ืžืข ืคืจืขื’ื˜, ื“ืขืจืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš. 
ื˜ืืงืข ื‘ื ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืึธื“ืข ื ื™ื˜ 


ืืœืข ืžืึธืœ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ืกื™ืžื›ืข, ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข 
ื ืขืžื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืœืขื–ืขืœืขืš ืžืืฉืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทืกื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขื ื“ื–ืขื ืขืจ ืคึผื•ืœืงืข. ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืคืขื˜, ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคึผืŸ, ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ื‘ืืงืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ืฉืžื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขื˜ืก, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆืข- 
ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื’ื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืง. ื“ืืŸ ืžืขื’ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืฒึทื ื”ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ืคืืจื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืกื™-ื™ 
ืคึผืขืจ-ื”ืืžืฒึทืกืข, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืžืึธืœ 
ืคืืจืœืึธืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืืžืข, ืกืืžืข ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘, ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืึธืฐืก ื’ืื ื“ื–. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ืกืื˜ืฉืึธืฐืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืžืึธืœ, 
ื ื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจืขืจ ืืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข ืœืฒึทื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืื™ื, ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืืŸ ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ื™ื™ึธื“, ืฉืœื•ื™ื™ 
ืžืข-ื ื™ืกืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ. ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืœืขื›ืขืจ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉืžืึธืœืขืจ ื‘ืึธืจื“, ืืŸ 
ืขื•ื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื ื“. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื›ืื™ื•ื ืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ 
ืขืจ ืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืข ื“ืขืจืคืขืจ 
ืืฑืกื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ืื™ื™ืขืจ, ืืŸ 
ืึธืฃ. ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืคึผืึธืจ 


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ืคืืจืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืข ืงื•ื™ื ื™ื ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ. ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื™ื™- 
ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคืืœืŸ, ืคืœืขื’ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ ื ื”ืขืจื™ื ื’ืœ ืืฃ ืฉืื‘ืขืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ื˜ืืงืข ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืœืข ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืš. 

ืกืฒึทืฐื™, ื–ืžื™ืจืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ืฉ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืข- 
ื”ืึธืœืคืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ืœ- 
ื“ื™ืง, ืื™ื ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืก ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ. 

ืืฒื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื ื“ืึธื ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืง, ืกืคื™ืจืข-ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– 
ืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืš ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’, ืื™ื– ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข- 
ื ื™ืกืŸ ืืฐืขืง ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืึธืš ื“ืื•ื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฃ 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ืœืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื›ื˜ ื ืžืึธื’ืขืจืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ืžืึธื’ืขืจืขืจ.. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜, 
ื˜ืจื•ืงืŸ ืฐื™ ื ื‘ืจืขื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผื•ื™ืขืจื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ, ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ื ืคืขื˜ ืึธืฃ, ื˜ืืงืข ื ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืžืื™ืึธื ื˜ืขืง, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืึธืš ื’ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ื ืืกื˜ืื ืขืคึผืขืก ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึธื“, ื ื“ืึธืจืคืก-ื’ื™ื™ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก 
ื‘ื ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื˜ืืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ-ืื•ืŸ" 
ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืคึผืจื™ึดืขืจ. ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข-ื ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืฒื˜ 
ืืจื•ื ืคืืจืฉืžืื›ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื‘ืืจื•ื™ื’ืขื– ืืค ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ, 
ืขืจ ื”ืืœื˜, ืื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื’ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื“ืืจืฃ ืื•ื™ืš ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 

ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข-ื ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ื”ืืœื‘ 
ื“ืึธืจืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืง ืžื™ื˜ ืœืฒื™ื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืฆื•" 
ืจื™ืง ืื”ื™ื™ื. ื’ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืข- 
ืžืื›ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื ื“ืขืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื“ืขืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ื ืื™ื, ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืขืก 
ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ืฉื•ื•ึผืขืก, ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืขืœืงืึธื ืขื›ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื ื™ื˜ืงืจืขืžืขืจืก, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฆื• 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืืฃ ืฉืื‘ืขืก. ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืฉื•ืฐื•ึผืขืก ืื™ื– 
ื ืึธืš ื’ืึธื˜ ื ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ. ืฆื• ื‘ืื˜ืึธื’ื™ืฆื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืืงืŸ. ืืคืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืงืืœืข- 
ืžื•ื˜ื ืข. ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื 
ื‘ื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœื™ืืš ืื™ื– 
ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืง, ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜, 
ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ืื™ื– ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ. ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื, ื–ืขื˜ ืขืจ, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื’ืื ื“ื–, 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉืงืึธืฉืขื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืื ื“ื–, ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ืฆืขืขืคื ื˜ืŸ ืคึผื™ืกืง, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข, 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™, ื ืขื‘ืขืš, ื ื˜ืจื•ื ืง. 

,ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื ื‘ืืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉ", --ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœืื ื’- 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข-ื ื™ืกืŸ ื ืงืœืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืึธืจื‘ืข ื“ืึธืก 
ืคืœืขืฉืœ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืจ 
ื˜ืจื™ื ืง ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ืฉืžืขื ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืขืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ื“ื–ืก 
ื–ืฒึทื˜. ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื’ืื ื“ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืฆื• ืืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื, ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื–ืขื˜, ืฐื™ 
ื“ืขื ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื‘ืืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื 
ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื›ืฒึทืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืื™ื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื. 


16 


ืื– ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข-ื ื™ืกืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื”ื™ื™ื, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื’ืื ื“ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ื˜ื›ื™ืœืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื•ืฐื•ืขืŸ ืืจืฑืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ืŸ 
ืืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื•ื•ืขื’ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ- 
ืžืึทื ื˜, ืื– ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขืจ ืขืก ืื–ืขืœืขื›ืก! ืกืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืš ื ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ื’ืื ื“ื–! ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ; ืžืขืจ ืคึผืืกื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื™ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื 
ืžื™ึดืขืกืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืจืคืกืœืฒึทื˜!. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื“, ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ืขืจ, ื•ื™ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ 
ืคืึธืจื˜ ืจืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืง, ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืึธืจ ืื ื˜ืคืืœืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ืฐืขืจ ื“ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืคืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ื“ื–?! 

ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืฉืœื™ืืš, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืืฃ ืื™ื ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืงืœืขืจืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ื“ื– ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ื ืก. ื“ืขืจ 
ืจืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื•ืฐืขื’ืก-- 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืฑืขืจ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: ืคึผืึธืžืึธื”ืฒึท ื‘ืึธืš, ืคึผืื ืข ื ื™ืกืขืœ. 

ืื™ื– ื“ืขื ืึธืจืขืžืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผ ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื”ืืจืฆืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืืคืจื™ึดืขืจ, ื“ื™ 
ื’ืื ื“ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš. 

ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ืžืึธืœ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขืจ ื ืงื•ืง.. ื–ื™ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื ื ืึธืš. ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืกืืžืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ, ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ 
ืกืืžืข ื”ื•ื™ืฃ. ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืขื™ื ื™ืกืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืœืขื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœื›ืœ. ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉืคึผืืจืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ. 

ื’ืื ืฆืคืจื™, ืก'ืืจื˜ ืื™ื ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข- 
ื ื™ืกืœืขืŸ, ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ. ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ. 
ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื™ื ืงืขืœืข, ืื•ืŸ 
ืœืขื ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™, ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ื 
ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืฉืœื™ืžืขื™ื ื™ืกืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืขืกืŸ, ื–ื™ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืœ 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ. ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืขืกืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืื– 
ื“ืึธืก ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืกื˜ืข ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืจืึธืฐ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ื ืฉืฒึทืœืข. 

ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืฐื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ื˜ืจืฒึท. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื™ืคืขืจ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื‘ื ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข- 
ื ื™ืกืœืขืŸ, ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื’ืื ื“ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื 
ื“ืึธืจืฃ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ. 

-- ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืืžืข ืžื™ื˜, -- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข-ื ื™ืกืœ ืืฑืกื’ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง. 

ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืกืคืึธืจื™ื, ื–ื™ืš ื ื ืขื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธืจื“ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื: 

-- ื™ืึธ, ืžืข ืžืขื’ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ื’ืื ื“ื–. 

ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข-ื ื™ืกืœ ืื™ื– ืืฐืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ื“ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงืœื•ื’- 
ืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ืžืขืกื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ 
ืื™ื™ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื ื“ื–ืขืœืขืš --ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืข 
ื˜ืฉืขืจืขื“ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜. 


ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข-ื ื™ืกืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘, 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืขืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ 
ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืฉืœืึธืกืŸ, ืื– ืฆื• ืึธืกื™ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข 
ื’ืขื ื“ื– ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข 
ื’ืื ื“ื– ืื•ื•ืขืงืฉืขื ืงืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืึธื•. ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืขื ื™ืกืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ืŸ ืจื•ืคืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš: ,ื“ืขื ืจืึธื•ื•ืก ื’ืื ื“ื–". 

ืกื•ืงืขืก-ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืข- 
ื‘ืขืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ื“ื–, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธื“ืขืฐืขื˜ ืืฃ 
ืฉืžืืœืฅ ืืฃ ื›ืื ืขืงืข, ืฐื™ ืืœืข ื˜ื•ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ 
ื’ืขืœืึธื–ืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ื™ื™ืŸ. ืฐืขืกื ืข-ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ื“ื– 
ืคื•ื ืกื ืฒึท ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื‘ื 
ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื‘ืขืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืข ื˜ืฉืขืจืขื“ืข 
ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขื ื“ื–. ื“ื™ ืจืขื‘ืขืฆืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืœื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ื›ืขื˜ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืื™ืึธืจ-- 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉืืžืขืกื˜ืข.. 


ื‘ื ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข-ื ื™ืกืœืขืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืืœืข ื–ื•ืžืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ืฉืขืจืขื“ืขืก ืฐืฒึทืกืข ืื•ืŸ ืจื- 
ื‘ืข ื’ืขื ื“ื–. ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข-ื ื™ืกืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืื•ื™ืกืจื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ื“ื™ 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข-ื ื™ืกืœืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•" 
ืกืื˜ืฉืึธื•ื•ืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืืžืขืœืขื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ืฉืขืจืขื“ืข ื’ืขื ื“ื–. 
ื’ืขื ื“ื–ื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืขื“ืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื‘ื- 
ืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืกืื˜ืฉืึธืฐื•ืงืข ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ 
ื ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืŸ ืขืง. 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืึธื•ื•ืก ื’ืื ื“ื–, ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜, ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืื ื˜ืœืฒึทื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ึนื™ืฃ 
ืฆื• ื”ื•ื™ืฃ, ืื– ื ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ื›ืขื˜ 
ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก. 


ืฉืฒึทืข ื”ื™ืจืฉืžืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื ืฒึทืข ืงึธืืœืึธืฉืŸ 


ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืฆืฐืขืœืฃ ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืฆื•ืฐื•ืขืœืฃ ืœื™ื ืงืขืจ 


ื ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผืขื ื™ืฉ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืœืขื ื“ืขื ื˜ืจืืžืฐื•ืฒ, ืื– 
ืกืืงืึธื ืขืก. ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜ ืคืืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืฃ ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืืก ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืงื•ื™ื˜ื™ืง, ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื™ืขื“ืข- 
ืจืขืจ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืืžืฐื•ืฒื™. 

ืกืฒึท ื™ื•ื ื’, ืกืฒึท ืืœื˜, ืกืฒึท ืืฃ ื ืกืืš ืคืึธืจืŸ, ืกืฒึท 
ืืฃ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืง. ืžืข ืงื•ืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืฆื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืฆื™ 
ืฐืฒึทื˜, ืžืข ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืืžื•ื•ืœื™. 

ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ืงืืœืึธืฉืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืฆืฐื•ืขืœืฃ ืœื™ื ืงืขืจ ืืฃ ืฉืฒึทืข ื”ื™ืจืฉืžืื ืก 
ืคื™ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืืžืฐืฒึท 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ. 

ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืฒึทืข ื”ื™ืจืฉ- 
ืžืืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืกื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื”ื™ื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืืคืŸ ,ืคื™ื ืฃ', ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ืืคืงืข ื 
ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืื’ืึธื ื“ืœ. ื ืึธืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืขืก ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ืึธืคื˜. ืื™ื™ื ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืืฐืขืงืคืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื“ืึธ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืขืจืก ืงืœืขืงืŸ ืคืืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื- 
ื’ืึธื ื“ืœ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ. ืฐืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ืกืคึผืจื™ื˜ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืืจืฉืœืึธืคืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก ืืŸ 
ืึธืจื˜. ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืืœืึธืฉืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืฆืฐืขืœืฃ 
ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ืœื™ื ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข ื ืึธืš ื’ืข- 
ื’ืœืื ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื ืฒึทืงืฒึทื˜, ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ 
ืฉืžืฒึทืขืŸ ืื•ื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืฒึทืข ื”ื™ืจืฉ- 
ืžืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•" 
ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ. 


ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืื’ืึธื ื“ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ื ื“ื™ืง 
ืงื™ื™ื ืข ืจืขื›ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš, ืžืขืฉืืœื™ื™ืขืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ- 
ืฉืžืฒึทืขื˜ืขืจื”ืฒื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืฉืœื™ืึธืคึผืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืื’ืึธื ื“ืœ 
ืคื•ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืคืึธืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ. 

ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื•ื™ 
ืก'ืคึผืืกื˜ ืคืืจ ืกื˜ืื˜ืขื˜ืฉื ืข ืคืึธืจืขืจืก, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื˜ืืงืข ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื ืคืืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงื˜. ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืฉืฒึทืข ื”ื™ืจืฉืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ืขื ื˜ืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื’ืึธืŸ. ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผื˜, ื“ืขื ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืก ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœื™ื ืงืŸ ืงืืœืึธืฉ 
ื™ืืงืึธืก ืื•ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ืคึผื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืŸ 
ืคื•ืก?.. 

ื ืึธืจ ืฉื, ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืงืœื™ื™- 
ื ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉืฒึทืข ื”ื™ืจืฉืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืงื•ืงืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืืฉืขืง ืื™ื– 
ืื™ื ืคืืจื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ืื’ืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ 
ืฆื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ- 
ื ืขืจ ืžืื˜ื‘ื™ื™ืข ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ. 

-- ืงืึธื ื“ื•ืงื˜ืขืจืฉืข!!! ืขืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืš! ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ื‘ืืœื™ืขื˜, ืขืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธื•.. ืขืš 
ืคืึธืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ!.. ืขืš ื“ืืจืฃ ื ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืœื™ืขื˜ 
ื’ื™ื›ืขืจื˜, ืขืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ื ื•ื™?! 


157 


ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื™ื ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืขืœื ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื™ื ื ืคืจืขื’: ,ืงื•ืงื˜ ื ืึธืจ 
ืื™ื ืึธืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜??, ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืขืจ: 

-- ืขืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ืžืื›ื˜ ืขืก ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืก? 
ืขืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ, ืขืš ืคืึธืจ ื“ืึธืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืœ 
ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืœื™ืขื˜. 


ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืื’ืึธื ื“ืœ ืคืึธืจื˜, ื ืึธืš ื ืžื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ, 
ืื– ื ืฐื™ื ื˜ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ 
ื’ืืก. ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ื ืฉื˜ื™- 
ืœืขืจ ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื“ืืคืงืข, ื ืึธืจ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืึธืจืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื–? ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื–? 

-- ืืš, ื’ืึธืจ ืื–ื•ื™! 

ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืงืืœืึธืฉ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืฆืฐืขืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืฒึทืข 
ื”ื™ืจืฉืžืื ืก ืœื™ื ืงืŸ ืคื•ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืืจื•ืž- 
ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื˜ืจืขืคึผืœ, 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™ ืืฃ ืฆืขืคึผื™ืงืขื ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื™ืœ, ื ืืงืขื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ืฆืขืขืคื ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื ื˜ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ 
ืงืืœื˜ืŸ, ืฐื™ื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืื’ืึทื ื“ืœ 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื•ืžืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ 
ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ ื’ื•ื•ืืœื“, ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืืœืึธืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื”ื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ื•ืžืขื ืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก. ื•ื™ ืœืื ื’ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืขืก 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆืข ืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืžื˜ืจืขืกื˜ 
ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืขืก- 
ื˜ืขืจืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ! ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ืื–ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœืื ืฆื˜ 
ื•ื™ ื ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœ, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ืฆื•ืงื•ืงืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื–ื ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขืžื“ื™ืงืข 
ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืข ืฉืคึผื™ืœ. 

ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฉืคึผื™ืœ. 

ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืœืฒึทื˜, ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš! ื›ืืคึผื˜ ืื™ื ืึธืŸ 

ืคืืจืŸ ืงืึธืœื ืขืจ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจืœ!. 

ืื•ืš! ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืขืก ืžื™ืš ืืจืึธืคึผ.. ืื•ืš! ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆืขืจื™ืกืŸ.. ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ืคืืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ืืจืึธืคึผื•.. ืื™ืš ืคืืœ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืขืจ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืื›ืžืึธื ืขืก, ื”ืืœื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืื’ืึธืŸ? ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ืึธืคึผ ื“ืขื ืงืึธื ื“ื•ืงื˜ืึธืจ!. 

ืื•ื™, ื•ื•ื™ื™, --- ื•ื•ื™ื™, ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ! 

ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš. 

ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฉื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืืœืึธืฉ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืฆืฐืขืœืฃ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจืคืืœืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืข ื’ื•ืžืขื ืข ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืื™ื ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืœืฃ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืืคืŸ ืคื•ืก. 

ืงื•ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืึธืจืขืก ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืกืึธืคึผืขื˜, ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื™ 
ื’ืขืขื˜ืขืžื˜, ื‘ืืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ื–ืื›ืŸ, 
ื ื ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ, ื ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ. ืื™ื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืืžืฐืฒึท 
ื’ื•ืคืข ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืงื•ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ --ืœื™ื ืงืŸ 


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ืงืืœืึธืฉ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืฆืฐื•ืขืœืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ื•ื•ึผ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืกืืงืึธื ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ืึธืจืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืงื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื›ื- 
ืจืึธื˜ืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜. ืžื™ื™ืœืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ืงืœืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืืžืฐืฐืฒึท ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื–ื ืขื ื’ืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื–ื ื’ืขืžื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœ, ืงืืจืืงื•ื–ืŸ, ืคึผื•ื™ืฉื˜ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืœื™ืงืขืก, ื‘ืึธื˜ื™ื ืงืขืก, ืงืืœืึธืฉืŸ, ืืœื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืฒึทืข, 
ืžืขื ืขืจืฉืข, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจืฉืข, ืื– 
ืกื•ื•ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืฒึทืฐื™ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืืฒึท, ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•- 
ืžืขืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืขืœืข, 
ืœืขื ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ ืงืืœืึธืฉืŸ ืืœืฅ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืคึผื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขืฐืงืขืก, ืื–ื•ื™ ืื– 
ืกืข ื–ืึธืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืืคืงืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื”ืขืจืŸ. 

ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืงืืœืึธืฉ 
ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜, ืื– ืžืข ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื ืืจืึธืคึผ. ืขืคึผืขืก ืฆื• ืคืจื™ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื™ืœืข, 
ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื - 
ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืืงืข ื‘ื ืื™ื 
ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืขืก ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื‘ืื ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืงืืœืึธืฉ 
ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ื“ืขืจืฉืžืขืงื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืึธืจ- 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืฒึทืข ื”ื™ืจืฉืžืื ืก ืœื™ื ืงืŸ ืฉื•ืš, ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืืฃ ื ืงืืœืึธืฉ, ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ืืฃ ื ื‘ืœืึธื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื•! ืืฃ ื ืงืฑื˜ื™ืงืŸ!. 

ืคืข, ืก'ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜, ืคืข, ืก'ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ืก'ื ื™ื˜ ื”ื™- 
ื’ื™ืขื ื™ืฉ, ืก'ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ืฃ ืก'ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง! ืก'ื ื™ื˜, 
ืก'ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื ื™ื˜!.. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืœืึธืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื ื™ื˜ืงืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืก'ื’ืขื”ืขืจ 
ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืขืจืฆื ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืข ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืก 
ืื™ืŸ ืขืžืขืฆื ืก ื ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืคืขืจ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืงืืœืึธืฉ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืก ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ืื ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืคื•ื˜ื‘ืึธืœืขื•ื•ืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืก, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื ืขื ื’ื•ืžืขื ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœ, ืื–ื•ื™, ืื– ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื ื•- 
ืžืขืจ ืฆืฐืขืœืฃ ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืœืฑื’ืŸ ืืฃ ืฐืึธืกืขืจืข 
ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ืฉืคึผืืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืจืืžืฐืฒ-ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœ, 

ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืืžืฐืฒึท ืื™ื– ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืงื- 
ืœืึธืฉ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืฆืฐื•ืขืœืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืฑืœ 
ืืฃ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืฆืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ, ืคืืจืฉืžืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืคืจื•ื™ืจืŸ, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ืฐื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง 
ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ืขื ืžื™ื ื“ืกื˜ืŸ ืงืจืขื›ืฅ ืืจืฑืกืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืŸ: 

, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืคึผืึธื˜ืขืจ! ืื•ื™ืก ืงื•ื ืฆืŸ! ื‘ืืฉืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ? ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื–ื ืฆืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืขื ืขื ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก, 
ื•ื™ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฒึทืข ื”ื™ืจืฉืžืืŸ ืื™ื–.." 


ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฒึทืข ื”ื™ืจืฉืžืืŸ ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืจืฒึท 
ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผ 
ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืฒืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื“ืืคืงืข ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื’ืจื™ื ื’. ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื ืึธืจ --- ืืคืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื˜ื•ืืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืก ืคึผืจืืฐืขื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก 


ืฉื˜ื™ืง. ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื™ื ืงืขืœื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก -- ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ื“ืจื™ื˜ื ืก -- ืงื™ืจ- 
ืฆืขืจ, ืคืขืจื˜ื ืก, ืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจ?! ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืก ื˜ืึธืคึผื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื’ื•ื˜, ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื ืงืขืจ-- 
ื ื”ื™ื ืง ืื•ืŸ ื ืงืœืืคึผ ืื™ื ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื”ื™ื ืง ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืงืœืืคึผ ืื™ื ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ 
ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืฆื•ื ืœื™ื ืงืŸ ืคื•ืก ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทื ืขื: 


-- ื˜ืื˜ืข ื™ื•ื™ื ืข, ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื ืกืืš ืื–ื•ื™ื ืข!?? 

ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื ืขืžื˜ ื‘ืื˜ืืคึผืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืŸ ืคื•ืก ื‘ื- 
ื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืœืื ื’-ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขื˜ืืคึผื˜, ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก 
ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื›ื™ืœืขืง ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืคื™ืก, ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืืงื•ืจืื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ืขืจ ื›ื™ืœืขืง ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜. ื‘ื™ื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืคืืจื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึท 
ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืžืื›ื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื• ืฉืฒึทืข ื”ื™ืจืฉืžืืŸ: 


-- ื’ืจืื–ืฉื“ืื ื™ืŸ, --ืžืื›ื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื• ืื™ื, -- ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืคืืจืœืึธืจืŸ ื ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืงืืœืึธืฉ? 

ืฉืฒึทืข ื”ื™ืจืฉืžืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืืจื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืืฉืขืง 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ื ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ; 

-- ื•ืขืจ, -- ืžืื›ื˜ ืขืจ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืœืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืงืืœืึธืฉ! ืื™ืš?! ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื›- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืก! ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืืœืึธืฉ ืฆื™ ื ื™ื™ืŸ? 

-- ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืืœืึธืฉ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›- 
ื’ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, --ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก 
ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ. ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืŸ ืงื- 
ืœืึธืฉ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืก, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ 
ืงืืœืึธืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืขื›ื™ืœืข ืคืืจืœืึธืจืŸ. 

-- ืคืืจืœืึธืจืŸ? -- ืžืื›ื˜ ืฉืฒึทืข ื”ื™ืจืฉืžืืŸ.-- 
ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื–ืฉืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ืคืืจืœืึธืจืŸ?! 

-- ื•ื•ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื ืืกื˜ืื 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืŸ ืคื•ืก. ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืžืื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืืš 
ืจื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ ืฆื•ื ืืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืืจืื–ืฉ, 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืงืืœืึธืฉ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ ืึธืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜, ื ืึธืš ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ 
ื ืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื“ืจื™ืคึผืขื˜, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ื“ืืคืงืข ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืงืœืขืจ 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืžืื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืืœืึธืฉ! 


-- ื ื ืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ื˜,-- 
ืžืื›ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืฒึทืข ื”ื™ืจืฉืžืืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื•ื ื‘ื- 
ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ืŸ, -- ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜, ืื– ืก'ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืืœืึธืฉ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ ืึธืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืืจื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืžื™ืจ ืื”ืขืจ?. 

-- ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืื– ืกืื™ื– 
ืืฒึทืขืจืขืจ? 

-- ื•ื•ืขืžืขืก ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ, ืืฒึทืขืจืขืจ? 

-- ืืœ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืืœื“ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจ. ืื™ืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ื˜ ื ืœืขืงื™ืฉ. 

-- ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืœืขืงื™ืฉ? 

-- ืฐืขืจ? ืจืขื‘ ื“ืขืจ, --ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืฉืฒึทืข ื”ื™ืจืฉืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜, ืืฃ ื™ืขื ืขื ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง, 
ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืฉืคึผืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื’- 
ื’ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืก. ื“ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืŸ ืคื•ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื ื˜. ืืœืข ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืก ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ื ืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื–ืขื˜ 
ื ืžื™ืœื™ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจ, ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ: 

-- ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื™ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจ, ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืงืจืขื›ืฆืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืงืืœืึธืฉ 
ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืฆืฐืขืœืฃ? ื ืึธืš ื’ืึธืจ ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ, ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™ 
ื“ืขืจ... 


ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืœืขื ื’ืืจืื–ืฉ ื˜ืืงืข ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ืกืืžืข 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืขืœืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืืœืึธืฉ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืืคื™ืœืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืขืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ืงืจืขื›ืฆืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื ืงืขืจ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ 
ื ืฒึทืขืจื”ืฒื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื›ืืคึผืŸ ืฆื• ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฆืขื˜ืจืึท- 
ื’ืขื ืขื ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืฉืœืึธืกืŸ, ืื– ืคื•ืŸ 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืึธืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืฒึทืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืš, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคึผืืกื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ืฐืขืจืŸ 
ืืœืข ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขื. 

ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉืขืจื˜ ื•ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ืึธืกื™ืึธ ืคืืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ 
ืคืืจ ื ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜. 


ืฉื™ 


ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืžืืจื’ืึธืœื™ืŸ 


ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ-ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง | 


| | ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ึดืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข 
ืคืจืื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ 


ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืืฐืจืึธื ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ 


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ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1971 ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื ืœื™ื“ืขืจื™ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืืฐื•ืจืึธื ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืืฃ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืž. ื™ื•ื ื’ืžืืŸ. ืืคืŸ ืฉืืจื‘ืœืื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึธื ื˜ืฒื™ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš: ืก'ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจืืŸ 
ื ืกืžืืš ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
ืžืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืืกืงืึธืžืข, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืข ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ืืจื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก 
ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜, ืกืข ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืขืก 
ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฑื™ื˜. ื•ื™ ื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜, ืื™ื– 
ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1973. 

ืฐื™ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืขืžืขืก, ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื, ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื™ื™ื’ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืฐื™ ื ืžื™ืŸ ืจื™ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืข- 
ืžืึธืงืจืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืข ื ืขืฐื™ึทื™ึดื, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืœืก ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžืืกืข ื“ืึธืก ืกืึธึทืฆื™ืืœื™ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข, ืคืืจ- 
ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜-ื™ืฉื˜ืจืึธืคื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฒื˜ื™ืง, 
ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฐืึธืจื˜. ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“- 
ื–ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืืœืฅ 
ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืง 
ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืฒึทืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืืŸ ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืจืื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื ืขืžื˜ ืึธืคึผ ื“ื™ 
ืจื• ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืกืึธืคืงืึธืœืกืึธืฃ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจื˜ืจืขื’ืœืขืš 
ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืžืึธืก, ืื– ืกืข ืžื•ื– ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ. 
ื“ืืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ื›ื•ื™ื•ื•, ื ืžื™ืกื™ืข. ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึธื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ,ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื- 
ื‘ืึธืจืื˜ืึธืจื™ืข". ืื“ืขืจืื‘ืข: ืืœืก ื”ืืงื“ืึธืžืข ืฆื• 


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ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ืŸ ืึทืจื™ื’ื™ื ืืœ, ื•ื™ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืงืœืืจืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืœื™ื“ ,ื”ื™ืกื’ืืœืขืก" 
(,ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื•ื ื’"); 


ืขืžืขืฅ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžื™ืš: ื”ืขืจ! 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก. 
ืฐืึธืก? ื•ื•ืขืจ?. 
..ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืขืจ! 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš. 
ืฐื™ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš!? 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื ืฐื•ึผื ื“ื™ืงืข, 
ืฐื™ ืฉืงื™ืข, 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื˜ืฑื™ื˜ืข ื›ืžืืจืขืก ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ื ืขืŸ. 
ื ืึธืจ ืึธื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜. ื–ื™ ืฐื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜, 
ื ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ-ื‘ืœื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ 
ืจื•ืคื˜: 
-- ืจืขื“, ื’ืึธื˜, ืขืก ื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืงื ืขื›ื˜! 


ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ,ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื•ื ื’" 
ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜-ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืข, ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืžื™ื“ื‘ืขืจ-ื“ืึธืจืŸ (,ืกื ื”"), ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ื™- 
ืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืœื™ื›ืขืก. ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคืึธืจื ืืœืก ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉ-ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ืœ 
ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืื™ื™- 
ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’, ืฐื™ ืฆื• ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึท- 
ืจื™ืฉ ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ืขืจ ื ืฑื˜ืฐืขื ื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜. ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™, ืื™ืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื˜ืข, ื’ืขืคึผืจืขืกื˜ืข ื›ืขื•ืœื™ื™-ืœื™ื™ื“ืข 
(ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜-ื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืŸ) ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื ื•ื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš- 
ืืฒื™ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืึธื ื- 
ืฆื™ืข, ื”ืื’ืื ืกื•ื–ืฉืขื˜ื™ืฉ-ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ืœืขืš ืื™ื– ื–ื™ 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืก ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ 50-ื™ืึธืจื™- 
ืงืขืจ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ. 


ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืืžืข ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ 20-ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ- 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ (1900) ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉ 
ื“ืขืจืคืœ, ืื™ื– ืืฐืจืึธื ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคืœืึธื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื’ืขืฐืฑื ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืŸ, 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืข 
ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื•ื˜ืขืจืก ืฆืื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ 
ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœ-ื“ืขืžืึธืงืจืื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืก ื˜ืจืื“ื™- 
ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœื™ื”ืขื‘ืจืขืœืฉืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื•ื ื’. ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžืข, ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก 
ืœื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืฉื•ืจืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ ืคืืจื˜ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื™ื ืขืก ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืฐืฒึทื˜ืข 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ื™ืึธืจืŸ; 


ืึธืฐื•ื ื˜ ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืงืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืคึผืืŸ 
ื“ืขืžืขืจ'ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื™ืš ืคืืจืฉื˜ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืจืขื‘ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืžืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืž'ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื 
ืจืืžื‘ืื, 
ืงื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ื ื™ืŸ 


ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืœื“ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆืขืฉืžืขืงื˜? 
ืฐืึทืกืขืจ ืกืึธื“ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืฐื•ื ื˜ ืคืืจื”ื™ื™ืžืขืŸ? 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคืœื™ื’ืœ ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ ื–ืขื˜ ืคืืจ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ: 
ืขืก" ื“ืข, 
ืฐื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืืžืขืฉื™ืก ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฉืฒื™ื ืขืŸ 


ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืืœืงืขืจ, ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืกื•ื™ื“ืขืก 

ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ื˜, 
ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืึธืจ: , ื”ื™ื™ ืื•ื›ื ื™ืขื".. 
ื˜ืื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ---ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ ืคืืจืงืœืขืžื˜: 
ื”ืฉืœื—'. ื—ื‘ื“?. ืžืจื›ื– ืจื•ื—ื ื™ 
ืื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืื–ื•ื™ ืžืึธื“ื ืข, ืื–ื•ื™ ืกื•ื™ื“ืขืกืคื•ืœ ืื™. 
ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ ื”ืขืจื˜ ืžืืžืขืฉ ื‘ืขื›ื•ืฉ, ื•ื™ 
ืื™ืŸ ืืœืžืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืžืคึผืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึฒื“ื™" 
ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ืกืขืจื’ื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืคึผื•ืฉืงื™ืŸ 

(ื–. 105) 


ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืขื˜ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ,ืื™ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื ืงืœ ืคืืจืงืœืขืžื˜", ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
ื ื•ื’ ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธืœื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื˜ ืึธืคึผ ื“ื™, ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ,ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก-ืคืืจื”ืขืœื˜ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ? ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›- 
ื˜ืขืจืก ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข. ืฐืขืจ ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืฉืคึผื•ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื-ืื˜ืžืึธืกืคืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืก ืคึผืจืึทื’ืจืขืกื™ื•ื•ืข 
ืกืึทืฆื™ืืœ-ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืขืก. ื•ื™ ื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืคืข- 
ืจืขื ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึธืœืขื-ื‘ืื•ื•ืข- 
ื’ื•ื ื’ -- ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข, ื‘ื•ื“ืืคึผืขืฉื˜, ืฉื˜ืึธืงื”ืึธืœื 
ืื. -- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’: , ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื’ืขืจ ื•ื™ืœ ืฉืึธืœืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืขืžืึธืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืœืื’ืขืจ, ื‘ืขืจืึธืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ 
ืกืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืงืจืื˜ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ 


1{ ,ื”ืืฉื™ืœื•ื™ืืš" -- ื ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, 2 ,ื›ืื‘ืื“" -- ืจืึธืฉืขื˜ืฒื™ืฐื•ืขืกื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืึธ- 
ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื›ืกื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกืขืงื˜ืข. 5 ,ืžืขืจืงืื– ืจื•ื›ื ื™" 
(,ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ") -- ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื›ืื“ื”ืึธืึธืžื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. + ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜: ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืกื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืจืขื‘ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืœืื“ื™. 


ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ื". ื‘ืื ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคืืงื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืœืขื˜ืืจื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื™ืžืŸ ,ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื ืืฆืœืึธื ืืœ" ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™- 
ืงืฒึทื˜. 

ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืคืึธืจืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ ื•ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ื™- 
ืงืขืจ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœืขืŸ 
ื ืคืืจืฆืฐืฒึทื’ื˜ืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉ-ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืขืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจืงืจื™ื’, 
ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ืฆื™;ืึธื ืขืจืข ืื ื˜ื™- 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธืžืขืŸ. ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธืžืขืŸื™ื˜ืขืžืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืฒึทื˜ืข ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืงืฐื•ื™ื˜ืงืึธ, ืžืืจ- 
ืงื™ืฉ, ืคื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ ืื. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึทื˜ื - 
ื“ื™ืงืข ืฐื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืข ื ืฒึทืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึท- 
ื ืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธ- 
ืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืคื‘ื•ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืื™ืžืคึผืขื˜ 
ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืื ืฆืข ืœืื ื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’: ื ืฒึทืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ--ื ืฒึทืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืื ืฅ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ืก ืจืขืืง- 
ืฆื™ืข. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืง, ืฆื• 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื–, ืงืขื ื˜ื™ืง, ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืขื•ื•ืข 
ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืขื ื™ื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืœืขื‘ื ืกืœืื ื’ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืงืึธื ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืึธืจืŸ 
15--1928 (ื“ื”. ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ 
ื ืึธืš ื™ืขื ืข ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ) ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื“ืขื ืึธืคึผืงืœืื ื’, โ€ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืจื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืก ื•ื•ื™ื™. ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“ , ืฆื•ื 
ืงื™ื ื“" ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ; 


..ืคืœื•ืฆืœื™ื ื’ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืงืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื’ืœ ืื•ืŸ 


ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจ, 
ืื•ืžื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืข ื”ืื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ืืงื˜. 
ืื™ืจ ืฐืฒืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืึทื™ืข, 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืึธื˜ืจื’ืขื™ืขื’: ื ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ-- 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืื˜. 
ืืฒึทืš ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืืคื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืงืขืก ื“ืึธืก ื–ืึธื’, 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, 
ืื™ืš--ืงืึธืœื–ื—ืืŸ ืื™ืš ืœืขื‘, ืฐื™ ืืฉ ืฐืขืœ 
ืขืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืกืจื™ื™ืคืข ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ื”ืฒึทื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœืึธื’: 
ื•ื•ื™ื™, ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ.. 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก , ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืฃ" 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืึธื ื•ื ื’, 
ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืœ, ืคื•ืŸ ืคืื›ืขื“ 
ื‘ืืฉื•ื•ืขืจื˜, 
ื’ืึธื˜ื•ึผ ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืฐื™ ืกื“ืึธื ืื™ื–, 
ืงืึธืœื•ืžืืŸ ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, 
(ื–. 122) 


ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืื - 
ื“ืขืจืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ 


141 


ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจืขืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ, ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื 
ื‘ืืคึผื•ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืข- 
ืกื™ืข ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1921. ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœ- 
ื‘ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ื›ืืœื•ืฆื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืขื ื˜ื•ื–ื™ืืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜: 


ืื•ืŸ ื ืงืืคึผืฆืŸ, ื•ื™ ืื™ืš, ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ 
ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื 

ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืœื™ื“ืœ: 
ืืคืŸ ืขื’ ืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ื ื‘ืฑื™ื, 
ืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ื™ื’ืŸ 
ืคืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื™ื“ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืขืฅ-ืฒื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ, 
ืฐื™ืฒื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
(ื–. 60) 


ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ืก ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜. ื ืฉื•ื•ืข- 
ืจืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคื•ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ. ืขืจ ืฉืœื™ืกื˜ ืืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ื“ ,ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืขืœืข ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืŸ", ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืกื™ืžืคึผื˜ืึธืžืื˜ื™ืฉ: ืฉื™ืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ: ื ื’ืจื•ืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ, 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฉืฐื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ.. ืœืขืžืื ืืฉืขื ื’ืขื“ืขื - 
ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ืคื™ืœืข ื˜ืึธืŸ ืคืืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ". ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทื’ืฒื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข , ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’", ืื™ื– ืฆื• 
ื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจื™ 
ืฆื™ืงืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจ-ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ ,ืœืš ืœืš" (ืœืขืš 
ืœืขื›ืึธ) ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ ,, ืื•ืžืงืขืจ", ื•ื•ืขืœ- 
ื›ืข ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืจืขื ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื- 
ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜, ื ืคืืจืงืขืจืคึผืขืจื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™- 
ืคืœื˜ืข, ืคึผืขืกื™ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉื™ื˜ืจืฒื™ืกื˜ืœืึธื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ: 
,ื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืืžืข ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข, ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ืžืข ืฉืœื™ืื›ืŸ, ืืฃ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ. ืคืืจืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ 
ืงื™ื ื“... ืžืืžืข ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข, ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืึธืจืขื-- ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื‘ืื ื•ืžืขืŸ. ื ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ -- ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืข- 
ืžืข, ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ื ืขืกื˜. ืžื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืฑื’ืŸ 
ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืืฒึทื ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ 
ื˜ืจืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜" (ื–ื•. 66--67). 

ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ืก ืœื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืžืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื•ื™ื ื’ืข- 
ืงืึธื ื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื‘ื•ื›ืฉื˜ืขื‘ืœืขืš. ื–ื™ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื ืœื™ื˜ืข- 
ืจืืจื™ืฉ-ืคึผืกื™ื›ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืขืจ, ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืคืืจื‘ื˜ืขืจ 
ืขื˜ื™ื•ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื ื˜ืฉืคึผืจืึธื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›- 
ื˜ืขืจืก ื‘ืื“ืขืจืคืขื ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื˜ืืคึผื›ืขืก-ื”ืื ืข- 
ืคืขืฉ, ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืืฒึทื ืจืฒึทืก, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ 
ืืฃ ืืฒื‘ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื™ื“ืœ-ืคื™ืœื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืจืก. 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐืึธืจืฆืœืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ 
ืื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื“ืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– ืงืœืึธืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื, ืื•ืž- 
ืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืกื™ื‘ืขืก, ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข. ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืื– 
ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืืœืก ื 


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ืจืื“ื™ืงืืœืขืจ ื‘ืื ืฒึทืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื 
ืื•ืŸ, ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก, ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, 
ื•ื™ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ื, ื‘ืืจืฒึทื›ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืง-ื™ 
ืจืื˜ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืžืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ื’ืข- 
ื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื•ืคืœืขื‘ื•ื ื’ ืืœืก ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืืจืง, ืคื•ืŸ ืืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’. 

ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืคื‘ืจื•ื™ื–, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืข- 
ื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ื‘ืืฐื•ื™ืจืงื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืง" 
ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ-ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“. ืขืก ืจืขื“ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜, ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ืื™ื“ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉ-ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื ืืขื ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ -- ืฉืœื™ืึธื - 
ืกืงื™ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืืจืงืกื™ืกื˜, ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจ. โ€ ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื•ืขืงืžืื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ึผื ื’, ืฆื• ืื•ืžื‘ืขืจืื›ืžืึธ- 
ื ืขืกื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœื˜ืข ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜-ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื 
ืื™ื ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืก ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืœืึธืงืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืคึผืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืื ื’ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื˜ืจื•ื™ืžื˜ืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืฉืœื™ืึธื - 
ืกืงื™ืก ืกื™ืžืคึผืื˜ื™ืข ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ 
ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข 
ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜-ืจืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืžืึธืฆื™ืข, ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื™ืคืข ื’ืขืคื™ืœ, ื‘ืข- 
ืกืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืฆื• ืืœืข ื“ืขืจื™ 
ืฉืฒึทื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ื™. ืก'ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื›ืืจืืง- 
ื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืœืก ืขืคึผื™ื’ืจืืฃ ืฉื•ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืื™ื- 
ืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืš ืืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืฒึทื›- 
ื˜ืข ืกื˜ื™ืœื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐื•ืขืจืง. ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ ,ืฉื™ืจ 
ืœื›ืช" (,ืžืืจืฉ") ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœืก ืขืคึผื™ื’ืจืืฃ ืžืื™ื- 
ืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืก , ืœื™ื ืงืก, ืœื™ื ืงืก, ืœื™ื ืงืก" ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ: ,ื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื•, ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ืœืื ื“ ื“ืขื ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจื™ืžืืจืฉ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืื. ื”ืืœื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืœื™ืคึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ืžื•ื™ืœ -- ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืกื˜ 
ื“ื•, ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืื ื˜". ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืื™ืืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืก ื ื•ืกืขืš: 


ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก ืงื•ืงื˜, ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื: 
ืฐืขืจ ืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืื ื˜ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜ืก? 
ืœื™ื ืงืก! ืœื™ื ืงืก! ืœื™ื ืงืกื™' 


ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืึธืงืŸ, ืžืื™ืืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื™ืขืกืขื ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ืก ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ, ืืฃ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจื™ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืคืจืื˜ ืื™ื– 
ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืฉืขืคึผื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ื ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืืงืื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื•"ื™ 

1 ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ , ืฉื™ืจื™ืœื›ืช" ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื–ืืžืœื‘ื•ืš ืืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืคืจืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ (ืž. ืž.) 


9* 


ืจื™ื˜-ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™- 
ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ืŸ 
ืคึผื•ืฉืงื™ืŸ, ื’ืึธื’ืึธืœ, ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึธื™, ื’ืึธืจืงื™, ื‘ื•ื ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืœืึธืง, 
ืฉืึธืœืึธื›ืึธืฐ, ื‘ืื‘ืขืœ, ื‘ืจื™ื•ืกืึธื•ื•, โ€ ืžืื™ืืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™, 
ื™ืขืกืขื ื™ืŸ, ืคึผืืกื˜ืขืจื ืืง, ืžืื ื“ืœืฉื˜ืื, ืคึผืจื™ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, 
ืกื™ืžืึธื ืึธื•ื• ---ืื–ื ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืœืข ืฆืขื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืขืžืขื ืก ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ื•ืฐืขืจืง 
ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืคืืจืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ. ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืึธืœ-ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกื™ืึธื ืขืœืข 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืื•ืคื˜ื• ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ื”ืขื›ืขืจืข ืฆื™ืœืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’, ื‘ืืงืขื ืขื - 
ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ืก ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื ืขื 
ืืœื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก. ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ,ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ-ื–ื•ื›ืขืจ" 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ: ,ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ! 
ืžื™ืจ ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื ื–ืขืœ- 
ื˜ืขื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ื ืฉืืคื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื - 
ื“ืขืจืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืึธื“ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืง ื ืึธืขื ื˜. ืฐืฒึทืœ ืคื™ืœืฆืึธ- 
ืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื ืืจื˜ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื- 
ื˜ื•ืจืŸ, ืฐื™ ืคื™ืœืฆืึธืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื ืืจื˜ื™ืง ืกืข 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืื ืื - 
ื“ืขืจ! ื“ืขืจ ืžืืกืฉื˜ืื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉืขืคืขืจ? 
ื“ื™ ืžืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืื™ืคื•ืœืงืึธืžืขื ื”ืฒึทื˜! ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืœืฒึทืฐื ื˜? ื“ื™ ืคืืจื‘ืŸ-ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืื ื’ืขืŸ-ืจืข- 
ื–ืึธื ืื ืก! ืžื™ืจ ื“ืื›ื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ- 
ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืกื™ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– -- ื•ื™ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ -- ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืืžืขื ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขื ืคืืœ--ื“ืขืจ 
ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืืžืขื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ืขืกืึธื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธืœืง". 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืžืื›ื˜ ืขืจ ืงืœืึธืจ ื“ืขื ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืฃ , ืœึตื™- 
ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ-ื–ื•ื›ืขืจ", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ: ,ื–ื™ 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ื ืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ , ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืกืขืง", ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœื ืขืžื•ื ื’, ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ 
ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืืžืฃืฉ, 

ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ื ื˜ ืืฒื™ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง 
ืืœืก ืงืจื™ื˜ืขืจื™ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฉืืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืึธื - 
ืกืงื™ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืกื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉ-ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขื˜ื™ืฉ-ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜-ืึธื ืฉืฑื•ึผื ื’, 
ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ืฐื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืื’ื™ืกื˜ืจืืœืขืจ ืœื™ื ื™ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’. 


ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืข --ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืงื•ืจืฆืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ืก ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’-- 
ืื™ื– ื‘ืื“ืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืคืืจืฉืžืขืœืขืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ,, ืžืึธื“ืขืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข", 
ืืœืคึผื™ืจืึธื•ื• ืคืจื™ืกื˜ืข ืฐืขืจืง, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก- 


: ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืœื•ื˜ ื. ื‘. ื™ืคื” ,ื. ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™. ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ 
ื•ื•ื–ืžื ื•", 6, ( 18--149, 


ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื ืœืขื‘ื”ืืคื˜ืข 
ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืง, 

ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืข- 
ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ืก ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืืœืก ืžืึธื“ืขืจ- 
ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš ื ืฒึทืข, ืฉืืจืฃ- 
ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืึธื›ืขื ืข ื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ืฅ ืฆื•ื ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ืœื“, ืฆื•ื ืื•ืžืงืœืึธืจืŸ ืึธื ื“ืฒึทื˜, ืฆื•ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ืจืขืžืขื–. ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืขื›ืœืขื›ืŸ 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืขื ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ืฉื™ืงื™ืจืขืงืœืืžื™ืจื˜ืข ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐ-ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืขื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ืคืืจืจืขืฐืึท 
ืœื™ื•ืฆ;ืึธื ืขืจืŸ ืžืึธื“ืขืจื ื™ื–ื, ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึธืจืžืืฆื™ืข. ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฉื" 
ื˜ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ื ืฉืืคื˜ -- 
ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืืœืขืจ ื•ื™ืจืง- 
ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ื ืขื˜ื™ืข ืฆื• ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืื•ืคืืกื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ื“ืขืจืฉืœื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืึธ- 
ื“ืขืจื ื™ื–ื ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ ื’ืึธืจ- 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืก, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืคึผืึธื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ื•ื™ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ืกืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื™ืฆ- 
ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืฆื•ื ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ืžืึธื“ืขืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ -- 
ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ื™ืืžืขื˜ืจืืœ-ืงืขื’ื ื–ืขืฆืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืืคืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ืงืึธืœ. 


ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืŸ ื”ืขืคื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ,ื”ื“ื™ื" 
(,ืึธืคึผืงืœืื ื’ืขืŸ"), ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืื™ื– ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ 
ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงื•ืจืฅ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ, ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธืœืฉืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ื ืคืืงื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ 
ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืงืžืื›ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืขื’- 
ืœืขืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื ืฒื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืจื™ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืœืขื’ืื‘ืข ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ: ,ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื“ืขืŸ ืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœืขืก ืฆื•" 
ืจื™ืง! -- ืจื•ืคื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ 
ืขืจ: -- ืื™ืŸ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืŸ ืฉื˜ื•- 
ืจืขื ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื”ืขืœื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ ืคืืจืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜- 
ืœืขืจ! ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืš- 
ื•ื•ืขื’, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืื›ื ืข, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ,ื•ื•ืืจืข- 
ืžืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื", ืฆืขืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข: ื›ืืคึผื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืจื•ื, ื›ืืคึผื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืจื•ื, 
ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื-ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืŸ"?!. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื™- 
ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื ื˜ืืจืŸ. ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ืก 
ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื ืจืื“ื™ืงืืœืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืขืจืขื ื™ืฉ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ 
ืื™ืจ ืคืืจื’ืœื™ืฐืขืจื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜, 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืื“ื™ืงืืœืข ืขื - 
ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื•ื•ืขื–ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืงืœืื ื’ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืจื•ืžื™ืงืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื“ืขืจื™- 
ืงืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ื™- 
ืงืขืจ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธืš ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœืข- 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜, ื–. 29, 


143 


ืžื™ืง ืงืขื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงืŸ -- ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืฅ ื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ืข -- 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืกื˜ื™ื›ื™ื™ื™ึทืฉืŸ ื“ืจืื ื’ ืฆื• ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืœืขืฉืขื 
ื“ืขื ื‘ืื ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ื™. 

ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืข ืื™ื–: ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจืง- 
ืœืขืš ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืึธืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทื™ื’ืขื‘ืฑื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜? ืื™ ืืึธ, ืื™ 
ื ื™ื™ืŸ. 

ื™ืึธ --ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผืคืจืขื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขื 
ืืœื˜ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื ืกืืจื˜ ืืœืก ืื–ืขืœื›ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผื™ึดืขืœืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ืคื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ. ,ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉืฑืŸ 
ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื ื•ื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™- 
ื ืข ืคืึธืจืžื•ืœื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ืฐืขื’ืŸ ,ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ", 
,ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜-ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื•ื ื’", ,,ืจืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจ" ืืื•ื•. ืกืข 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืฉื•ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืื-ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืœื™ื™ 
ื‘ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืขืจื˜ 
ืื•ืคื’ืขืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืงืœืึธืจืข ื˜ืฉื•ึผื•ื•ืข, 
ื™ืขื“ื ืคืืœืก -- ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ"ืฉ. 

ื ื™ื™ืŸ -- ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืงืึทื ืงืจืขื˜ืข 
ืคึผืึธื–ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืคื‘ื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ื•ื ื’. ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ ื ื™ื›ืฉืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ,ืกื˜ืื", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ืึธืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ , ืกื˜ืื" ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืืจืคืข ืื•ืžืฆื•- 
ืคืจื™ื“ื ืงืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื•ืœืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืข- 
ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจื“; ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ 
ืื‘ืกื˜ืจืืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก -- ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœ. 
ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ืก ืงืจืืคื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืž- 
ื”ืฒื™ืœื‘ืืจืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืง, ืคืืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืคืข. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืืœืก ,ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืง-ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ", ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื–, 
ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜. ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ-ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืœืึธื ื™ื ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืง 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืขื›ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืืฐืขืงื–ืขืฆืŸ. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืจื™- 
ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ , ืื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜" ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืขืกื™ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืข- 
ื ืขืจ ื‘ื ื‘ืึธื“ืœืขืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืจืœืขื ืขืŸ, ื ื™ืฆืฉืข, ืœืขื ืื• 
ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืกืžืืš ื’ืขืฒึทืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืื›ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื’- 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืืงืขื ืข, ื ืึธืจ ืื‘ืกืึธืœื™ื•ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข, 
ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ. ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืขืžืขืกืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื ื“ืขืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืœื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืกื•ื•ื™- 
ื•ื•ืข ืื•ืŸ ืืœื˜ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆ;ืึธื ืขืœืขืจ ืงื•ืœ- 
ื˜ื•ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื‘ื•ื™- 
ืœืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื™ืขื ืข ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผืจื•ื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื‘ืฒึทืงื•- 
ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื• ืคึผืืกื™ืงืข 
ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’. 

ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ, ืงื•ื™ื“ืขืžืงืึธืœ, โ€ ืื™ื–ืŸ ืื ื˜ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ 
ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ืก ืกื˜ื™ืœ, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ื ืขื˜ื™ืข ืฆื• ืกื™ืž- 
ื‘ืึทึธืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืืœืขื’ืึธืจื™ืข. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื–ืขื ืข 
ืฉื˜ืจื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ืืฉื˜ ื‘ื 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜, ื–. 94. 


144 


ื“ืขืจ ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ--ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ 
ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืขืจื•ืฉืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืœื™ื’ืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื•ื ื’, ืคื•ืŸ ,ื˜ืื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืข- 
ื˜ืขืจ -- ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ ืคืืจืงืœืขืžื˜", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜: ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ืืœื˜ืŸ ,ืžืื™ ืงื ืžืฉืžืข ืœืŸ" 
(;ืฐืึธืก ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ืึธื ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืŸ"), ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื“ืขื ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ืŸ ,ื•ื“ื™ ืœื—ื›ื™ืžื ื‘ืจืžื™ื–ื" (,ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืœ- 
ืงืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื ืฐื•ึผื ืง"). 

ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืขื ืข ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื“ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜-- ื“ืึธืก, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ืคึผืึธืขื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืึธืจ--ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, 
ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื™ื›ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™, ืฉื ื™ื™ื•ืจ ืื -- ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก, ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜, ืกืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืืŸ ืขื•ืŸื™ื ืข- 
ื’ืขืฃ. ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื 
ืจืขื“ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื•ืกืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืœืึธืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื ื˜ืฉืคึผืจืึธื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืขื ืข 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ. 

ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืขืจ, ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื“ ,ื•ืขืŸ 
ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™": 


ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ื™ืฒืกื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืฒึท ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, 
ื–ืขืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืก, ืฐื™ ืกื˜ืขื–ืฉืงืขืก 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืœื“. 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ื˜ืฒึทืš ื“ืึธ ืจื™ื ืขืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ื™ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืขื’ืŸ, 
ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืœืขืงืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜. 
(ื–. 182) 


ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ, ืึธืคืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ืกื˜ืขืจืขืึธื˜ื™- 
ืคึผื™ืฉ-ืึธืจื˜ืึธื“ืึธืงืกืืœ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืึธืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’. ื ืึธืš 
ืžืขืจ: ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื•ืฐืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืจืฒึทื›ืขืจ ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืืœื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื“ืขืงืึธืจืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆืฐืขืง ืื™ื– ื“ื™ 
,ืฉืฒื ืงืฒึทื˜? ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ (ื ื–ืืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ืก ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข, ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ 
ืคืจืขืžื“): 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขื›ื˜--ื ืคืืจืืฉื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ 

ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืžืืœืขืš ืคืœื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื ืงื™ืฐื•ืฑืึธื›ืœ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืื ื’, 
ืฉืจื•ื™ืคื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจื•ื™ืคืŸ ื–ื™ืฒืขืจืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืœื“, 
ืก'ื–ืึธืœืŸ, ื›ืึธืœื™ืœืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืืจื•ื™ืกืคืืœืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ, 

ื•ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื– ื’ืฒืกื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืฒึท ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. 

(ื–. 182) 


ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ืžืคึผืจืขืกื™ืึธื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืžืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืงืœืืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึธืจื, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ 
ืขืก ืฆื• ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืงืคื•ืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืจื’ืข ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ: 


ืึธืกื™ืขืŸ. ืจืขื’ืŸ. ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฆืขืœื˜ืœ. 
ืื•ื™ื”ื•ื™ื”ื• -- ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจ. 


9--00 


ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜? ืฉืืงืืœ? ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ? ื”ื•ื ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜? 

ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื˜ืจืขืจ. 

ื˜ื™ืฃ-ื˜ื™ืฃ-ื˜ืืฃ ---ืื–ื•ื™ ืึธืŸ ืกืึธืฃ 

ืจื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธืคึผ ื ืึธืš ื˜ืจืึธืคึผ. 
(ื–. 64) 


ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ืžืคึผืจืขืกื™ืึทื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืกื•ื‘ื™ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•. ื ืึธืจ ืฉืœื™ืึทื ืกืงื™ 
ืฐื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื ื’ืึธืจ- 


ื ื™ื˜-ื–ืึธื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ 
ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืคืึธืจ; 
ืืฐื™. ื”ืฒืžืœืื˜. - ืชื’ ืขืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜ ื ึตืึธื“, 


ืืฐื™ืฐืฒื ื˜ ื ื™ืึธืกืขื ื ืึธืจ, 
ื•ืขืŸ ื ื”ืื ื˜ ืคืืจืœืขืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ 
ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ื’ืึธืœื“-ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜. 


ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธ ื˜ื™ื™ืงืขืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข ื˜ืขืžืข -- ื”ื™ื™ืื™ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜. 

ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ,ืฆืืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ" ืืคืŸ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ; 


ื”ื™ ื™ื™ืจ - ืฆืื•ืœื•ืื’ืŸ ื™ื‘ื™ืขืข;ืืื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ +-- 


ืื– ื ื™ื˜. 

ื ื™ื•ื™ืจืขื“ ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื•ืžืข 
ื˜ืคื™ืœืข. 

ืฐืฒึทืœ ืฐืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ืฆืขื’ืœื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืžืคืขื˜ื“ื™ืง, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืืฉื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืขื ืคื•ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ืฆืขืฉืคื™ืœืŸ?.. 

ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ, ื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืฃ! ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ 

. ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜, 

ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื”ืืงืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืจืื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืคืืจ ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ. 
(ื–. 88) 


ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืืŸ ืื ื“ืข- 
ืจืขืจ ื˜ืงื•ืคืข, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง. ื“ื™ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข 
ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื’ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ื™ืจ- 
ืงื•ื ื’ ืืคืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜, ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืคืึธืจืžื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืง. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ 
ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืื•ืคืงื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืืœืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ื‘ืื ืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืืœืฅ 
ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื˜ืข ืื•ืž- 
ืจื•ื™ึทืงืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ืจืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื’ื ื–ืขืฆืœืขื›ืขืจ ืจื™ื›- 
ื˜ื•ื ื’, ื‘ืื“ืจืึธืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืกื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื”ืฒึทื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ 
ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื›ื•ื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ืงืขืžืคืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืกืึทืฆื™ืืœืŸ ืื•ืž- 
ืจืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกืืœืข ืžืืกืฉื˜ืื‘ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืข ื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ ืื™ื– ืคืืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึดืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื- 
ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœ-ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธืจื™ื–ืึธื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฑื˜ืฐืขื ื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืงืขืžืคืŸ ื 
ื‘ืขืกืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
ื ื•ื’ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืขืคื ื˜ ืื•ืฃ 
ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœ ,ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฒึทืœ" (,ื‘ื—ืคื–ื™") ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ 
ืืœืก ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผื™ึทืขืœืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ืคื™ืจ ืฆื• ืื™ื: , ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 


ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจืฉืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜ ื ืึธืš 
ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ืœื’ืœ, ื“ืขื ื’ื™ืœื’ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืฃื™ื™. 


ืคืืจ ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, 
ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืืœื˜ืขืจื˜ื™ืžืœืขื›ืข ืงืฐืขืœืŸ, 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื˜ืขื ืข ืื™ื“ื™ื™ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืืžืึธืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ื“ืื›ื˜, ืื– ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืขืคึผืึธื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืขืงืœืืจืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ-ืจื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื‘ืกื˜ืจืืง- 
ื˜ืข ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ืก-ืœืึธื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจ, 
ืœืื ื’-ืคืืจืฉืฐืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜. 


ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคืึธื“ืขื ืื ื˜ื“ืขืงืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ-ื™ืกื™ืก- 
ื˜ืขื, ื“ื™ ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื•ื–ืฉืขื˜, ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข 
ืœืขืงืกื™ืง ื’ื•ืคืข ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ืืœื˜ืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข 
ืžืขืงื•ื™ืจืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ื–ืขืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืก, ืฐื•ื™ 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆื™ื˜ืื˜ืŸ. ืืžื‘ื•ื™ืœืขื˜ืกื˜ืŸ ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืœื™ืึธื - 
ืกืงื™ืก ื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคืจื™ืกื˜ืข 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ-ืฆื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื“ื•ื•ื™? (,ื“ื•ื•ืื™"--ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืง), 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคื•ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืจืขืžืึธื–ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืืœืขื’ืึธืจื™ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 
ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื™ืขื“ืขืจืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืืง 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืข. 

ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฒึทื ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข ืื™ื– ืื•ืž- 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ ื”ืึธืคืขืจื“ื™ืง ื’ืข- 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜: ,ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืึทืข- 
ื–ื™ืข ืื™ื– ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื ื™- 
ื“ืขืจื™ืงืข ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข. ื“ื™ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืข ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื 
ื–ืืš, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜, ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืฐื™ ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื ,ื ื™ื“ืข- 
ืจื™ืงืขืจ ืจื™ื–" ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ,ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืœื™ืœื™ืคึผื•ื˜?-- ื–ื™ 
ืื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ื ืึธื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข"?, 

ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ืคืืจ 
ื ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืง, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™- 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง. ื™ืขื“ื ืคืืœืก ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืื ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ, ืื– 
ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ืก ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืœ-ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ 
ืืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœ 
,ื“ื•ื•ื™", ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืงืข ื–ืืš. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™- 
ืกืขืจ ืžืึธืก ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืžืึธื“ืขืจื ื™- 
ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืขืงืกื˜ืจืขืžืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื”ืื’ืื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืž- 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืจืง- 
ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ื ื–ืื›ืœืขื›ืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ-ืžืืกืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื 
ืฉืคึผืืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ืก ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืืง- 
ื˜ื•ืขืœืข ื“ืฒึทื’ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™, ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื•ื ื’: 


:,ื. ืฉ ืœื•ื ืก ืงื™. ืฉื™ืจื™ื. ื›ืจืš ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, 1965. 
,ื‘ื—ืคื–ื™", ื–. 25. ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื•ื•ืืœ-ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ (ืž. ืž.). 

? ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขื ืขื ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื. ื‘. 
ื™ืคื”, ื–. 101. 


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ืฉืคึผืื ื˜ ืืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ื‘ืึธืจื™ืขืก! 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืขืก ืฆื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ืื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก. 

ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืฅ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขืœื ื™ืข! 

ื ื ื ื™ ื™ื™ 

ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืœืึธืคึผืขื˜ืข, ื ืคื™ื ืงืœืขื 'ื™ 
ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืืœ, 

ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืš-ื‘ื•ื™- 
ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. 

)28--27 ( 


ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืขืจืขืจ ืคึผืจืืฆืข ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ืก ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื™ืงืœ , ื’ื™ืœื‘ืึธื". ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ ืืฒึทื ื“ืจื•ืงืกืคื•ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืก-ืคืึธืœืง. ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืžืข 
,ืขืจื“", ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ื“ืœื™" 
ื’ืข --,ื˜ืจื™ืงืขื ื™ืฉ" (, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืืžืขื– ืงืœืืคึผื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืœืขื›ืฆื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ื’, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืข ืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืžืขืŸ: ,ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ! ื•ื•ื- 
ืกืขืจ!"). ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ 
ื˜ืจื™ืงืขื ื™ืฉ ื“ืืจืฃ ืื•ืคื’ืขืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืขื›ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืจืขื’ืŸ-ื’ืขื•ืœืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืœื’ื’- 
ื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื˜ืืงืข ืื–ื•ื™: ,ืจืขื’ืŸ" (, ื˜ืคื™ืœืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจื“, ืฐืึธืก ื›ืืœืขืฉื˜. ืืœืข ื•ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ื™ืขืจืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“.. 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืฒึทืœื™ืงืข ืืจื•ื™ืก. ืื•ืŸ ื ื’ืข- 
ืžื•ืจืžืœ ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ, ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ ืฆื• ืฆืฐืฒึทื’: ื’ืขื›ืืœืขืฉื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืขืจื“. ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื•ื™ื ื˜ืŸ.. ืฆื•ืฆื•ืฒึทืœืŸ 
ื”ื™ืœืฃ. ื ืจืขื’ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืื›ืขื“ ืคืืงืขืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืกื˜ืื“ืข ืึธืงืกืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ื•ื ืขืจืก: ืจืขื’ืŸ"). (ื–ื–. 23--40). 


ื“ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืžืึทื ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืึธื“ื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืึธื - 
ืกืงื™ืก ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ื’ืขืžืขืœืŸ. ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธื ื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื‘ื ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืืœืข ืขืœืข- 
ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ืŸ, ืœืขื›ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืžืคืŸ 
ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงื™ึดืขื, ืฐื™ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ื”ืืžืฆืึธืข, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืก ืจืขืืงืฆื™ืข ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื•ืžื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื’ืœืœึทืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ื‘ื ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืงืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืจื™ื™ื“, 
ืื™ื– ืคืืจืคืขืกื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืึธื - 
ืกืงื™ืŸ ืืœืก ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ื–ืึธื’ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื˜ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื•ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ื’ืขืขื ื“ืขืจื˜ืข ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœ-ืงื•ืœื˜ื•- 
ืจืขืœืข ื‘ืื“ืขืจืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ. 


3 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคื- 
ืฉื™ื–ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืœืื ื“, ืื™ื– ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืก ื”ืืจืฅ 
ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืฐืขืจืข ืคืึธืจื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืกืืžืข ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืืžืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ืขืจ ืืจืึธืคึผ 
ืืœืข ืื™ื™ื“ืœ-ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื‘ื˜ืข, ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉ-ืจืืคื™ื ื™ืจื˜ืข 
ืฆื•ื“ืขืงืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜, ืฐื™ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืคืจืœ- 


140 


ืขืจ, ืงืœืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒื ื“ืฒึทื˜ื™ืง. ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืง ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืึธืจืฐื•ึผืจืฃ, ื’ืขืฐื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธืจื’ืœืึธื–ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจื‘ืึธื ืขืก, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืขืจ: 
ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื™ืฆืš"ืงืกืื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื ื–ื™ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจื ื˜, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ-- ื ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™ืงื•ืŸ' ืžืขืจืืžืขื– ื–ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืกืจื™ื™ืคืข ืึธื ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืืœื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื ื˜, 
ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ --ืคืืจื˜ืขืžืคื˜ืข, ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืข ืืฃ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸืฃ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื‘ื•ื™ื-ืงืจื•ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืฉืขื›ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื›ืืœืขืฃ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ ืฆื• ืฆืฐืฒึทื’, ืฆืขืคืœืืงืขืจื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜. 
ืฐื™ ื ื™ืึธืก'ื”ืื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ ืงื•ืžื˜. ื–ื™ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ? ื•ื™ 
ื ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืข. 
ื–ื™ ืงื•ืžื˜, ืฐื™ ืคืืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืึธืคึผื˜ืข ืื™ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ. 
(ื–. 150) 


ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ , ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ ืคืืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืึธืคึผื˜ืข 
ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ? ืื™ื– ื ื’ืึธืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ. ืื–ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข ืจืขืืงืฆื™ืข ืืฃ ืืœืข ืฉื•ืฐืขืจืข 
ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ืข ื“ื•ื™" 
ืจืขืก. ื“ืขืจ ื›ื™ืœืขืง ืื™ื–, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืื˜ืขื’ืึธืจื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื•ื, ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคืึธืจืฐื•ึผืจืคืŸ ื›ืืคึผืŸ ืืจื•ื ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืขืจ ,ืคืจืฒึทืขืจ ื•ืขืœื˜'. ื“ืึธืก 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืŸ ื›ื•ืฉ 
ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจืกืคึผืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื“ืขื 
,ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ื•ื™ืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ", ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ,, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ". ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืขืžืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืคืึธืจืฑื™ืกื–ืึธื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฉื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืื™ืจ: 
ืฐื™ ื‘ื•ื™ื-ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“, ืฐื™ ืกื˜ืื“ืขืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืืœืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ืงืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืกื ืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืš, 
ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืึธื’ืŸ, ื˜ื•ืžืœืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ืฆืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉื˜ืืžืœืขืŸ: 
,ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื˜ื˜ื•" 
(ื–. 153) 


ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ (,ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ื’ืขืกืŸ, ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื•ื™ื›ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ"), ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื -- ื“ืขื ืจื™ื™ื ืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืœืขืžืขื - 
ื˜ืืจืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื›ืจืฒึทืขืก, ืื™ื– ื’ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื 
ืžืึธื“ืขื™ื–ืืš, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื•ื™ื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™, ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ึทืงื˜ 
ืฆื• ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคืืจื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ืข, 
ืฉื ืฒึทื“ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ (ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืข- 
ืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, ืฆื•ื ื‘ืื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ) ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื , ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ื•ื™ืฉื•ื ื’- 
ื’ืขืŸ?". 

ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคืืจ 
ืืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ืŸ ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•, ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื“ืขื ืกืืžืข ืขืจื ืกื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’. ื ืึธืจ ืฆื•ื ืคืจื™ึดืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ 


1 ื ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™ืงื•ืŸ -- ืื‘ืจืขื•ื•ื™ืื˜ื•ืจ, 
ื“ืจื•ืง-ืคืึธืจื, 


ืคืืจืงื™ืจืฆื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืก- 


ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืื ื’ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืงืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืึธื‘ื™ืขืงื˜ื™ืฐื•ืขืจ ืืจื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธื›- 
ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืขื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืขื ื“ืขืจื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธืš ืื™ื– ืขืก ื ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ-ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืžืขืจืงืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืคืจื™ืขืจ. ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืŸ ื‘ืœืึธืง ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืคึผืขืจื™ืึธื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืึธืœื™ืงืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธืœื™ืกื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜? ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืฐืขื ืงื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืžืึธื“ืขืจ- 
ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื›ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืข- 
ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“? 

ืื•ื™ืš ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื. ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืœื™ืกืึธืคึผืขืง ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ืฉื™ืง- 
ื“ื™ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ืจื˜ืข ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขืš-ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข 
ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 20-ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืข- 
ืงื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืจื•ืคืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ, ืคืืจืฉืคึผื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืฉืฐืฐื•ึผื ื“ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ, ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืคืึธ- 
ื“ืขืจืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ืžืขืจ ืจืขืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’. 
ื“ื™ ืงืึธื ืฆืขืคึผืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ,ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข" ืึธื“ืขืจ 
,ืื•ืžืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข", ืืœืก ืกื™ื ืึธื ื™ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ,ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜- 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ"--ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
,ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ" -- ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคืŸ ืึธืคึผื™ 
ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื“ืืจืคื˜ ืคืฒึทืขืจืœืขืš ืžืขืงืื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ -- ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื•ึผื ื“ืŸ. ืขืžืขืก, ื“ื™ ื ืขื˜ื™ืข ืฆื•ื ืืœืข- 
ื’ืึธืจื™ืฉ ื’ืขืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“, ืฆื•ื ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื–, ืฐื™ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉืฑืŸ 
ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืžืขืจืงื˜, ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืืœืก ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ืฉืข 
ืื™ื™ื’ื ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ืก ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืžืขื˜ืึธื“; 


ืคืืจืžืืš ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืืฑื’ืŸ, ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, 
ืจืขืžืึธื–ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืกืงืึธืœ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืš. 


ืฐืขืœืŸ ืืฒึทืœืŸ 


(ื–. 162). 


ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉืฐืขืจ ืคึผื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ. 
ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืคึผืœ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื“ (,ื ืื›ื˜ ืืฃ ืžื•- 
ืจืื ืึธื•ื•"), ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืก 
,ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืŸ ื”ืขืคื˜", ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœ --,ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ื’ื˜ื•" (ืฉื™ื™ืžืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื˜ืึธ), ,ื‘ืจื›ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื ื™ืง" (ื ื˜ืฒึทื›ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื“ื- 
ื ืขืง) ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข (ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ึท- 
ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ)-- 
ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืึธืŸ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื“ืจื•ืง 
ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ื ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ืข ืฉื•ืจืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืข- 


ืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืึธ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืœืขืš. 


ืคืืจืฉื™ืคืจื™ืจื˜ืข ืฐืึธืจื˜. 

ื‘ืื ,ืฐืฒื™ื˜ืขืง-ืคึผืึธืขื˜? ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืฉืข 
ืืฒึทื ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ืœืื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื- 
ืคื•ื ื’. ืืœืฅ ืึธืคื˜ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืจืขืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ: 


ื‘ื•ื™ื ืคืืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืืœื•ื•ืข 
ืคืืจื‘ืจื•ื™ื ื˜, 
(ืื™ ื”ืขืจืกื˜ื•, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื™ืŸ?) ืก'ื’ืขืฉืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ 
ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื 


ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœ ื ืึธืš ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ, 
ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื–ืฒ ืžืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคืืจืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ 


(ื–. 184) 


ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืขืจื–ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืจืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜-ืœื™ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืึธื ืืœืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ื ื•ื•ื™ื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœ- 
ื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืคื™ืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื™ื ืขืก 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ื–ืื, ืื•ืŸ ืกืงืขืคึผื™ 
ื˜ื™ืฉื™ืงื•ื™ื”ืขืœืขืกื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜: 


ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจืคืืœ ืืœื˜ืขืจ. ืœืื ื’ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ืจื•ื™ืฉ, 
ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืืžืขืจ ื–ื™ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืึธื’ืŸ. 
ืฐืขืŸ ื˜ืฐื•ึผืข ื‘ืจืขื ื˜--ื’ืฒืขืŸ ืจื•ื™ื›ืŸ ืื•ืฃ. 

ื ื”ืืจืฅ, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืก ื‘ืจืขื ื˜--ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ? 


(ื“ืึธืจื˜) 


ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื ืฒึทืข ื˜ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืงืขืจ, ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทื’ื™ื™ืขื - 
ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐืึธืจื˜- 
ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขืจืฒึท. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืขื 
ืขื˜ืืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ืก ืฉืืคื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ 
ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืœ- 
ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืขื˜ืืคึผ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืขื ื’ืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืืงื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, ืื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข ืงืึธืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ-ืขืก-ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ืฉื˜ืฑืกืŸ ืืฃ ื 
ืžืขื›ื™ืฆืข ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ: 


ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืึธืคึผืฆืื ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-- 
ื–ืฒ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื’ืืœืขืก ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ 
ืึธืคึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ, 

ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืจืขื“ื˜ ืฆื• ืืœืข, ืจืขื“ื˜ ืฆื• 

ืงื™ืฒืฒื ืขื ื ื™ื˜, 

ื ืฉืžื•ืขืก ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืจืขื“ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื”ืŸ-ืจืžื™ื˜ ื™ื• ืืœ 
(ื–. 196) 


ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื•ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉื•ืจืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉ-ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืจื™ืกื˜ืืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ื‘ืื ืขื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืฉืœื™ืึธื - 
ืกืงื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืข ื ืึธื›ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืขื“ื™ืงืข 
ื™ืึธืจืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื™ื™ื™ึทืง ื ืฉืžื•ืขืก ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ 
ื–ื™ืš ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ,ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืจืึธื". ื“ืขืžืœื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืข- 
ื›ืขืจ ืฉืึธืœืขื-ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ืืœืข ืคืึธืจืฐื•ึผืจืคืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜: ,ื•ื•ืขืจ ื ืึธืš, ืฐื•ื™ 
ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ, ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขื, ืื™ืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขื 
ืื•ืžื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื˜? ื•ื™ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืขื ื™ืงืข, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืืจื™- 
ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืคึผืฒึทืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืืงืŸ ืฆื•ื ืœื- 
ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขื?* ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืœื™ืึธื - 
ืกืงื™ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1955, ืขืจืขื•ื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก- 


117 


ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ืืคึผืขืฉื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืกืขืกื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืืœื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืจืื˜. 

ืฉืœื™ืึทื ืกืงื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื 18 ืžืืจื˜ 
3. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข ื ืฒึทืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืงื•ื™ืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืืžืขื ื˜ืคื•ืœืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœืขืงื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืคึผืœืขื™ื- 
ื“ืข ืžื™ื˜ืคื™ืœื ื“ื™ืงืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืฉืขืคืขืจ. 

ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ืก ืฐืขืจืง ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืก-ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืจืข 
ืื•ืคื‘ืœื™ืฆืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื–ืื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข 
ืฐืึธืจืฆืœืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื˜ื™ืฃ, ืื– ื“ื™ ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื’ืขืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื ืฒึทืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ ืื™ื– 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง, ืื– ื ืึธืš 
ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื˜-ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœืงืึธื 
ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืคื˜ื• ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืกื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื™ื›- 
ื˜ืขืจ -- ืื•ื•ืจืึธื ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™. 


ืฆื•ื ืฉืœื•ืก ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึธื“ื™ืฉ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคืืจืœื™ืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจืง 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื’ืœืื ืฅ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ืก ื•ืฐื•ืขืจืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืž. ื™ื•ื ื’ืžืืŸ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ ื ืกืืš 
ืžืขืจืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืคืืœืŸ -- ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืืœืฅ. ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ืข 
ืื™ื– ื ื’ืื ืฅ ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ืข: ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจื’ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืข- 
ื˜ืึธื“ -- ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ื›ืฉื˜ืขื‘ืœืขื›ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื- 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ, ืฐื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ืึธืš 
ืฐืึธืจื˜. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืœ-ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืงืขืจื“ื™ืงืข---ื“ืขื ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉืœื™ืึทื ืกืงื™ืก ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข, ื“ื™ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืฉืข ืขืงืกืคึผืจืข- 
ืกื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื“ืขื ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืงื™ืงืจื™ื’ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ 
ืคืขืจื–, ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืคืึธื ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืึทืจื™ื’ื™ื ืืœ ื ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™- 
ืฆื™ืจื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ืก ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ื™- 
ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื˜ืขื˜. 

ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ: ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืจื™ ืคืืœืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืืคื™ืœืข ืฉื•ืฐื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืฐื•ื˜ืึธืจืก ื’ืข- 
ื“ืื ืง. 

ืื–ื•ื™, ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืืœ: 


ืœึตื™ืœื” ื ื•ืชื‘ ืžืฉืขื•ืœื• ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื, 
ืชืžื™ื“ ืื—ื–, 
ื’ื ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ื‘ื”, 
(, ืฉื™ืจื™ื", 1961, ื›ืจืš ื‘', ื–. 362) 


ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ ืงืœืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“- 
ืœืขืš. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืงืืจื’ืข ื•ื•ืขืจ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืคึผืื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜, ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืื’ืจืฒึทืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 


ื“ืขื ืคื™ืœืึธืกืึธืคื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืขืงืกื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก: 
ื ืื›ื˜ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื’, ืฐืึธืก 
ืืฒื™ื ืขืจ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื–. 
ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื ืกืืš 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ, 
(ื–. 162) 


ื’ื™ื™ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™, ,ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืกืขืง!! 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื“ , ืกื™ื•ื" (,ืฉื™ืจื™ื", 1965, ื›ืจืš 
ื', ื–. 259) ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ: 


ื›ื™ ืœืžื” ื™ืฉืืœื•ื ื™ ืื—ื™ื: 
,ืžืœื, ืžืœื ืืกืžื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืข!" 
ื•ืืชื” ืฉืขืจื™-ื˜ืœ ื ืขืœืช. 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’: 


ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขื’ืŸืฃ 
,ืคืืจืคื•ืœ, ืคืืจืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืื˜ ืงืฒึท ื˜ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืฒึทื›ืœืขืจ?"-- 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื“ ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื˜ื™ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ 
ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜. 
(ื–. 79) 


ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืฐืึธืจื˜ , ืฉืืœ" ื‘ืื“ืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ 
,ืคืจืขื’ืŸ", ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืš , ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ", ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืข- 
ื‘ืขื ืขื ืงืึธื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ: ,ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ 
ืžื™ืš ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ื‘ ืขื˜|' (ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ,ืคืจืขื’ืŸ" 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื–ื™ื ืœืึธื–). ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืื– 
ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ , ืฉื‘ืข" ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ,ื–ืื˜ืงืฒึทื˜", 
ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื , ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื’ืขืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ".. 

ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื“ (,ื”ื ื”", ื“ืึธืจื˜, ื–. 162) 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืืœ: 


ืกืจืงื• ืกืจื•ืง, ื”ื—ืžืฉื™ื ื™ื, ื”ืงืจื—ืช ื›ื’ืœื™ืœื™, 
ืื ื• ื ื“ืฉื™ื ืžื—ื—ืจ ื“ืฉื. 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’: 
ืงืขืžื˜, ืงืขืžื˜, ื›ืืžืกื™ื ืขืŸ, ืœื™ืกื™ื ืขืก 
ื’ืึธืœื™ืœืขืจ, 
ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื’ืจืึธื–ืคืœืื›ืŸ ืฆืขื’ืจืึธื–. 
(ื–. 25) 


,ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื–ืข ,ื’ืจืึธื–ืคืœืื›ืŸ ืฆืข- 
ื’ืจืึธื–ืŸ"?"-- ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ,ื”ื“ืฉื™ื" ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ , ื‘ื- 
ื’ืจื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจืึธื–", ,ื‘ืื“ืขืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจืึธื–". 

ืื–ืขืœื›ืข , ืคึผืขืจืœ" ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™- 
ื ื™ืง. ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื›ื™- 
ื“ืขืฉืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ, ื‘ืืงืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ืก ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื“ื•ืจืš ื™ื•ื ื’ืžืื ืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืข- 
ืฆื•ื ื’, ืฐืขื˜ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ: ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก, ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ื‘ื- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ืก ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’? ืื™ื– 
ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขื ืขืจ? 

ืก'ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึธืคืขืง ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™ืก ืฐืขืจืง ื ืคื™ื ืงืœ 
ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืงืœืื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืืœ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืจื•ืคืŸ ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก 
ื‘ืื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ. 


ื ืจืึธืžืืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื˜ืงืื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืขืฅ 


ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืืŸ , ืงืึธืžืขื˜ื" 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืืจืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืขื ืขื 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื™ 


ื–ืื™ื™ืงืขืจ ื›ืื™ึดื ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจืžืืŸ 
ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื™- 


ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ, ืคึผืกื™ื›ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืงืจืขื˜-ืฉื˜ืฒื’ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ 
ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืคื- 


ืจื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื™ืข- 
ื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืื ื˜- 
ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื•ื ื’, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืืจืฉื•ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื“ืจืืžืื˜ื™ื–ื ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืื’ื™ื–ื 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ืŸ. 

ื›ืื™ึดื ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจืžืืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืจ ืคึผืจืึธื™ 
ื–ืื™ึดืงืขืจ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™- 
ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ืงืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื™ืจ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ, ื”ื- 
ื’ืื ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง ื•ื•ืฒื™ื ื™ืง ื’ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืš"ื™ 
ืคืึธืจื ืจืึธืžืืŸ ื ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืฉืืฆืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืฉืืคื•ื ื’. 

,ืงืึธืžืขื˜ื" ืื™ื–ืŸ ื ื•ืฐืขืจืง ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ, ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืงืืžืฃ ืคืืจ ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธืœืง, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•- 
ืฆื™ืข. ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืึธืžืืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึธื“ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจืงืจื™ื’, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, 
ืฐื•ื™ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืฆืขืก ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืฐื•ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืื˜ื ืžืื›ื˜. 

,ืงืึธืžืขื˜ื* -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงื™ื ืึธ- 
ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก, ืืŸ โ€ ืื™ืœื™ื•ื–ื™ืึธืŸ", ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
, ื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜" ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ืขื˜ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ื•ืจื™ืฉืข 
ืงื™ื ืึธืคื™ืœืžืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื™ื™ื“ื™- 
ืฉืข ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืืงืœืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ,ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืืง". ืขืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ โ€ ืื™ืœื™ื•ื–ื™ืึธืŸ" ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื˜ืืœืื ื˜- 


ืœืึธื–ืข ืืงื˜ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื“ืจืืžืื˜ื•ืจื’ืŸ-ื’ืจืืคืึธืžืื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื›ืื™ื ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจืžืืŸ. /ืงืึธืžืขื˜ื". ืจืึธืžืืŸ, 
ืคืืจืœืื’ ,ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ืกืงื™ ืคื™ืกืื˜ืขืœ", ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, 1976. 


ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ,, ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜" ื‘ื•ืœื•ื•ืืจ-ืคึผื™ืขืกืŸ. ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื ื˜ืจืขืคึผืจืขื ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื‘ื™ื–ื ืขืกืœืฒึทื˜, 
ืื–ืขืœื›ืข, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืึธืžืืŸ ืžืึธืจื™ืฅ ืžืึธืฒื™ 
ืกื™ื™ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืกืขื’ืืœ. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•- 
ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ื ืฒึทืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก, ื ืฒึทืข ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธืœืง. ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื“ื™ ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜. ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืฉืœื•ืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธื“ืขืกืขืจ ืจืขื•ื•- 
ืงืึธื ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ,ืงืึธืžืขื˜ื" ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืึธืจื™ืฅ ืกืขื’ืืœืก ื”ืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ืคึผืข ืžืึธื˜ื™ืข ื‘ืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืคื™ืœ 
ืฉืฐืขืจื™ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืืคื˜ ื ื ืฒึทืขื ืจืขืคึผืขืจื˜ื•ืืจ, ืฐื•ึผ 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืื’ืขื“ื™ืข ,ื–ื™ื‘ืขืฆืŸ" -- 
ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื“ืขื ื™ืงื™ื ื™ืฉืข ืงืึทื ื˜ืจื™ืืฑืกืฉืคึผืฒ 
ืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื‘ืขืฆืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืขืจื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืืžืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก. 

ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ื ื ืฒึทืขื ืงืขืจ ื“ืขื ืกื•" 
ื–ืฉืขื˜, ืคืืจื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืื™ื“ื™ื™ื™ึทืฉืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ ืคื•- 
ื ืขื ืจืึธืžืืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ื•ืขืจื˜ 
, ืงืึธืžืขื˜ื? ื ื•ืฐื•ืขืจืง ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข. ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืื˜ืึธืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืึธืžืืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืึธื ื’ืœื™ึธื•ื ื’, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืฆืขื ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื”ืื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืขืกืข ,ื–ื™ื‘ืขืฆืŸ" ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•. ืื™. ืœืขื ื™ื ืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™;ืึธื ืขืจืขืจ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ,ืงืึธืžืข- 
ื˜ื" ืฐืขืจื˜ ื ืคึผืจืึธื ื˜ื™ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขื˜ 
ืืจื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืืจืžื™ื™ืขืจ. 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ื‘ืื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืœ- 
ื“ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข. ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืคึผื˜ื™ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•- 
ื ืขื ืจืึธืžืืŸ ืžืึธื˜ื™ืข ื‘ืจืขืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืคื™ื™ 
ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื’ืขื“ื™ืข , ื–ื™ื‘ืขืฆืŸ" ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ืืจืฐืึธืจืคืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ, ืืฃ ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื ื“ืข 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืื˜ืืžืืŸ ื–ืื‘ืึธืœืึธื˜ื ื™. 

ื›ืื™ึดื ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจืžืืŸ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืึธื“ืขืกืขืจ ืงืึธืœืึธืจื™ื˜, ื“ื™ ืึธื“ืขืกืขืจ , ืขืงื–ืึธื˜ื™ืง? ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข 
ืื•ืžืคืืจื’ืขืกืœืขื›ืข ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ; ืขืจ ืจืข- 
ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืฆื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ืจืฒึทืš ื“ื™ ืคืึธืœืงืกื™ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืืจืฉื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืื™ืจืข ื ื™ื•ืื ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืื™ื ื˜ืึธื ืืฆื™ืขืก. ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืกื™ื›ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข, ื“ื™ ืื•ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’, ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื“ืœื•ื ื’, ื“ืขืจ ื›ื- 


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ืจืืงื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ื“ื™ ืžืึธื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืข- 
ืจื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืจื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืฆืึธืœื™ืงืข ื“ื™ึธืืœืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืคึผืœื™- 
ืงืขืก ื’ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืืœื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืกื˜ื™ื›ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืกื™ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืฑื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืกืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื•ืžืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืคึผืึธื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข. 

ื‘ืื ืื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜-ื™ื”ืขืœื“ ืžืึธื˜ื™ืข 
ื‘ืจืขืŸ ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืืŸ ,ืงืึธืžืขื˜ื" ื ื‘ื- 
ื“ืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืึธืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื ืกื™ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ --ืืกื™ืข. ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ ื ืžื™ืŸ ,,ืจืึธืžืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืจืึธืžืืŸ", 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ ืื ื˜ืฐื•ื™ืงืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื–ืขืœื‘ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืืจืืœืขืœ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธื˜ื™ืข 
ื‘ืจืขืŸ. ื ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ, ืžืื›ื˜ 


ืืกื™ืข ื“ื•ืจืš ื ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืขืจืข ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– 
ืคืืจื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื ื“ืฐืฒึทื– ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืŸ ืึธื‘ื™ืขืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
,ืœื™ื‘ืข-ืคืืจืฐืฒึทืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ" ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืึธืงืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ื•ืจืืจื™, ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืืจื‘ืขื˜' ืื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื“-ื”ืฑื™ื–. ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข ืฉืืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• 
ื ื ืฒึท ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืืกื™ืขืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืคืืจืงืขืจืคึผืขืจื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื• ื ื ืฒึท ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืึธื˜ื™ืข ื‘ืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืืกื™ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืืกื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืฑื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ืฉืืคืŸ 


ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืืกื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ื”ืึธืจืข- 
ืคึผืืฉื ืขื ืคืึธืœืง. 

ืื™ืŸ ืจืึธืžืืŸ , ืงืึธืžืขื˜ื? ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ, ื‘ืื ืื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ- 
ื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืคืืจืืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ืžืื ื’ืœืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ 
ืึธื“ืขืกืขืจ ืงืึธืœืึธืจื™ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืึธื“ืขืกืขืจ ืขืงื–ืึธื˜ื™ืง ืคืืจ- 
ื ืขืžื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืฆื• ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืึธืจื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงื˜, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืง- 
ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกื•ื–ืฉืขื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืคื™ืœ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืฉืคึผืจืืšื™ืกื˜ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืœื“ืื•ื•ืื ืงืข... 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึผืืจืืœืขืœืข ืœื™- 
ื ื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจืžืื ืก ืจืึธืžืืŸ: ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื ืก- 
ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธื˜ื™ืข ื‘ืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืกื™ืขืก ืœืขื‘ื ืก- 
ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. ืืŸ ืื™ื ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ-ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ 
ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืคึผืืจืืœืขืœืข ืœื™ื ื™ืขืก ืื™ื–, ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืคืืจืืŸ. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ืฉ, 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื˜. 

ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ , ืงืึธืžืขื˜ื" ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื›ืื–ืข- 
ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืึธืœ ืœื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ืคื™- 
ืœืึธืกืึธืคื™ืฉืข ืึธืคึผืฐืขื ื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืข- 
ืงืึธื ื˜ ืคืืจืงื™ืจืฆืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ึผ" 
ื ืขืŸ. 

ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืื ื’ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจืžืื ืก 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืจืง, ืื™ื– , ืงืึธืžืขื˜ื" ื ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืกืื›ืืงืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืืคืŸ. 


ื”. ืจืขืžืขื ื™ืง 


ื ื•ืขืจื˜ืคื•ืœืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืฅ 


ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื–ืขื›ืฆื ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืื ื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ื™- 
ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืข- 
ื“ื™ืข". ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืื ื“ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคื•ื ื“ื- 
ืžืขื ื˜ืืœืŸ ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ 
ื”ืื ื˜ื‘ื•ืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื‘ื" 
ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ืคื™ืœื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื“ื™ ื’ืข- 
ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜-ืฆื•-ื˜ืึธื’. 

ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื“ืจื•ืง ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืืจืœืื’ ,ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืขื“ื™ืข? ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™- 
ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ื™ืืงืื“ืข- 
ืžื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“. ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืข ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ, 
ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืื ืฆืข 


80862142ืข5811 8284ืก6ืขืงืก1ืกื–ืŸ !4ื)ื˜)ื˜2)0 


150 


ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ืŸ, 
ืืจื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ , ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืขื“ื™ืข" ื’ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืœืฒืขื ืขืจ ื ื’ืขื ื ื•ื™ืข ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ื•ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืฉืืจืคืŸ ืื™ื“ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขืจืื ื’ืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืึธืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธ- 
ืจื™ืงืขืจื™ืžืืจืงืกื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืกื™ื•ืข ื’ืข- 
ืœืขืจื ื˜ืข, ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืืงืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืข ื”ื™- 
ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ. 

ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ ื ื“ืจื™ื˜ื›ื™ื™ืœืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืขื“ื™ืข 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืคืขืœืงืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ืฒื™, ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉื ืคืขืœืงืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ- 
ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจ- 
ื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ืคึผืืจื˜ืฒืขืŸ. 

ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืึธืจื˜ ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืขื“ื™ึดืขืก ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื ืืฆื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืœ- 
ืงืขืจืฉืืคื˜ืŸ. ืื™ื ืขื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื™ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ" ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ืข ืฆื™ืคืขืจืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืœืข- 
ืžืึธืฉืœ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื•ืื ืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ- 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืขืœืฃ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ 


ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขืš-ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจื™ืฉืข 
ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืงืŸ, ืžื•ื–ื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืข 


ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, 75 ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™- 
ืจืึธืคึผืข. ืื™ืŸ 1939 ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื‘ื™ื– 
7 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ (57 ืคึผืจืึธืฆ. -- ืื™ืŸ ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืข, 32 -- ืื™ืŸ 
ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ื–ืื›ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ืคืฉื). 

ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืื›ื–ืึธืจื™ืขืกื“ื™ืง 
ืืฑืกื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ 6 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื‘ืืจ ืงืœืขื ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ 1959 ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ 128 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืคืฉื --- 
8 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ -- 2.268 ื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ืก- 
ืจืึธืขืœ --18 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืจื™ื˜ืื ื™ืขืช--450 
ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืืจื’ืขื ื˜ื™ื ืข --380 ื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืื - 
ืงืจืฒึทืš --300 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืงืื ืื“ืข---260 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜, ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืืจืึธืงืึธ -- 255 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืืœื–ืฉื™ืจ --140 ื˜ืฑื™ื–ื ื˜, 
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืื–ื™ืœื™ืข -- 130 ื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืžืขื ื™ืข--100 
ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜. 

ื“ืขื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืคืืจื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืื™ื–ื. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
,ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœ", ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืจื™ื™ื“ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืขืžื•ื ืข, ืขืก ื•ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืื ืืš ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขื•ื•ืื ื’ืขืœื™ืข. ื“ืึธืก ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ,ื‘ืขืกืžืขื“ืจืขืฉ" ืžืึธืœื˜ ื 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืข- 
ืžื™ื™ื ื“ืขืก ื’ืœืฑื‘ื™ืงืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ืคืขืกื˜ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, 
ืื– ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืคื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืฆืจืื™ื 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคืืจ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’. ืคืึธืจืฉื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคึผืจืึธ- 
ื‘ืœืขื, ื‘ืื ื•ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืžืขื›ืื‘ืจื™ื ืคื•ื ืขื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื. ื”ืืจืงืื•ื•ื™ืก ืฐืขืจืง ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงืœื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึธื˜ืขืžืขื“ืจืึธ- 
ืฉื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“ (ืคืืจืœืื’ ,ืฐืึธืกื›ืึธื“", 1894), ืžื™ื˜ 
ื. ืจืืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ื‘ื•ืš ,ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืจืืœ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืข" (ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, 1937) ืื•ืŸ 
ืื ื“. 

ื“ื™ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืขื“ื™ืข ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ืงืœืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืœืขื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื ืื™ื– ื ืจืขืืง- 
ืฆื•ืึธื ืขืจืข, ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’, ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ืขืึธ- 
ืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก-ื‘ื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืื–ื™ืข. ื ืจื™ื™ 
ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืืก ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืข, ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืกื™ื•ื•ืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก. 

ืคื™ืœ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืขื“ื™ืข ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืจืกืึธื ืืœื™ืข. ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืึธ- 
ื’ืจืืคื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืข, ืคึผืืจื˜ืฒื™ึทืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™- 
ืฉืข ื˜ื•ืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ, ื ืึท- 
ื•ื•ืื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืขืช ืื•ืŸ ืœืื ื“ื•ื™ืจื˜- 
ืฉืืคื˜. 


ื“ื™ ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืขื“ื™ืข ืคืืจื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉื˜ ื ืกืืš ื ืฒึทืข ื˜ืขืจ- 
ืžื™ื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ ืžืื›ืžืขืก ืื™ืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ื™ืคืขืจืขื ืฆื™- 
ืจื•ื ื’. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขืจืžื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื•ืืœื™ื˜ื- 
ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข 
ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืงืœืึธืจืข ืืฑื™ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉื•ื ื’ ื–ื™ืฒื™ืขืจืข ื“ืขืจ- 
ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืืฑืกืžืฒึทื“ืŸ ืžื™ืกืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืงืจื™ืคึผื™ 
ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืข ืฆืึธืœ ื ืฒึทืข ื˜ืขืจืžื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืขื - 
ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืขื“ื™ืข ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœ-ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 


ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืขืจ ืื–ื™ืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ, ืืคืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ, ืœืื˜ืฒึทืฑื™ืืžืขืจื™- 
ืงืื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืŸ. 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ืงืฐืขืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธ- 
ืคึผืขื“ื™ืข ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื ื™ืงืืœืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœ- 
ื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืข 
ื–ืขืœื˜ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ ื. ื˜ื™ื•ืžืขื ืึธื•ื•ืก ื‘ื•ืš ืื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจ" ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืจืื“, 
2) ืก. ื’. ืœืึธื–ื™ื ืกืงื™ืก ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ,ื“ื™ ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœืข ืฐืึธืจืฆ- 
ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื ืฒึทืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ" (ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, 1929); ื˜. ื‘. ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืžืื ืก 
ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ,ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœ- 
ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“" 
(ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข -- ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“, 1930); ืึธ. ืžืืจื’ื•ืœื™ืกืขืก ื‘ื•ืš 
,ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืกืžืืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืžืฃ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื“ืจื™ืงืขืจ" (ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, 1940). 
ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ื•ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธ- 
ืคึผืื’ืื ื“ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื ื•ืฅ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ,ืืจื›ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข", 
,ืืจื›ืขืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข", โ€ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข", , ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข 
ื’ืขืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข", ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ื™ , ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ืขื - 
ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืขื“ื™ืข" ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ ื‘ื- 
ืจื™ืจื˜, ื ืกืืš ืืœื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืื‘ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกืืœืŸ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ, 
ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ,ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืขื“ื™ืข" 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ , ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืขื“ื™ืข". 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื•ืฐืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืจ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ืคืจืื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ืคื™ืœ ืื™ืจืข ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืข- 
ื ื•ื™ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœ;ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข. ื ืจื™ื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ืŸ 
ืžืืคึผืขืก, ื˜ืื‘ืขืœืŸ, ื’ืขืžืขืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœ- 
ื›ืข ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืฒืขื ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืจื™ืขื ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ื ืขื 
ืฐื•ืขืœื˜-ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ืื ื˜ืฐื™ืงืœื•ื ื’-ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก, ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืื ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœืข ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืงื•ืคืข. 
ื“ื™ , ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืขื“ื™ืข? ืื™ื– 
ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืื ืืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืขืก. 
ื–ื™ ืื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ ื ืฒึทืขืจืข ื™ืขื“ื™ืขืก. ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื 
ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ืขื ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ. 
ื™ืืงืึธื•ื• ื’ืึธืจืขืœื™ืง 
ืงืื ื“ื™ื“ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืŸ. 


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ืจืขืจืžืึธื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 


ื›'ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ืฆื™ ื“ืึธืก 
ืฐืึธืจื˜ , ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข" ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืก ืกืืžืข ืคึผืืกื™ืงืกื˜ืข. 
ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืคึผื- 
ืกื™ืงืขืจ , ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืข", ืขืคืฉืขืจ ,, ื˜ืขืื˜ืจื- 
ืœืข", ืืคื™ืœืข , ื˜ืจื•ื‘ืื“ื•ืจื™- 
ืฉืข" -- ืืœืงืึธืœืคึผืึธื ืขื, ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฐื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืืกื™ืง, ืฐื™ ,ืœื™- 
ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข". 

ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ โ€ -- ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืœืื˜ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข. ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜ื ืก 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืกืืžืึธืจืึธื“ื ืข ืคืึธืœืงืก- 
ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ืŸ, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืจื•ื‘ืื“ื•ืจืŸ, ืืงื˜ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืงืœืขื–ืžืขืจ, 
ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืžืื›ืขืจ, ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืึธืœื™ืงืขืจ ืจื•ืžืขื ื™ืข, ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืึธืจ ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืข ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ, ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ืืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜, ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขื ืข ืืœืข ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ื‘ื™ื›ืœ, ืึธื˜-ืึธื˜, ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜ื ืก, 
ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 

ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ , ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ" ื–ืขืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืืฃ ืจื•ืžืขื ื™ืฉ, ืืคืŸ ืœื™ื ืงืŸ ื˜ืขืฐืขืœืข ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื‘ื™ื›ืœ, ,ื™ืขืฐืึธืงืขืจื™". ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ: ืืจื•ื™ืกืจื•ืคืŸ, ืื•ืคืจื•ืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคึผืฒึทืขืจื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ืึธืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื- 
ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื•ื™ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ืึธืœื“ืคืื“ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืžืขื ื™ืข. ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆืขืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขื’- 
ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื™ื’ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ 
ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ื•ืงืืจืขืฉื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืืงื˜ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืืฒึทื - 
ืงื•ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ -- ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืขืŸ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื™ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืกื•ืคึผืœื™ืึธืจื™ืงืืกื˜ืŸ? - 

ื›'ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืจื™ื ื’ 
ื ืฐืึธืจืฃ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ , ืฉื•ื ื“". ืขืคึผืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื“ื™ ื–ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ. ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื–ื 
ืคืึธืจืฐื•ึผืจืฃ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื ืข ืืงื˜ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืืคื™- 
ืœืข ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืจืื ื’ื™ืงืข, ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜ื ืก ืืžื›ืึธื™ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื’ืข- 
ื‘ื•ื™ืจืขื ืข ื ืึธื›ืงืจื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื’ื™ื ืข ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ืฒื™ืขืจืข ืืฆืึธืžืขืก, 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข -- ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื’ืึธืœื“ืคืื“ืขืŸ- 
ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข --ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืืžืขืฉื“ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื ืขื™ื‘ืจืขื˜ืขืจ, 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืื•ื•ืขื ืื“-ืคื•ืจืœืขืš; ืึธืŸ ืขืœืขืžืขื’- 
ื˜ืืจืขืจ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ-ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’, ืึธืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื›ืึธื›ืžืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉืืจืคืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ื- 
ื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš-ืฉืคึผืจื•ื“ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืœื™ื˜ืืœืื ื˜, ืคืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื- 
ื˜ืขืจื™ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืžื™ื ื“ืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืŸ, - 
ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื“ื™ ืืงื˜ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืึธืคึผืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ,ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข" ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ืื™ืžืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ืจื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืึธืงืขืืŸ ืžืขืœืึธื“ืจืืžืข- ืื•ืšืŸ 


ื™ื•ืจื•ื“ื“ืจื™ื“ ื’ืจื•ื•ื–ื•ื“ื™ 


- ื˜ืข ื ืฉืข 


ื“ืขืช ื–/ืื˜ 


ื™ื•ืœื™ืืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ, ,ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ". ืคืืจ- 
ืœืื’ , ืงืจื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืึธืŸ", ื‘ื•ืงืืจืขืฉื˜, 1975. 


182 


ืึธืคึผืขืจืขื˜ืงืข-ืžืื›ืขืจืฒึทืงืขืก? ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ืึธืก ,ื‘ืืœืื’ืืŸ"- 
ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจืœ, ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืขืก ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืง ืจื•ืคืŸ, ื“ืึธืก 
ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸื™ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจืœ ืืฃ ืงืึธืžืคึผืื“ื•ื˜ืฉ, ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ืงื- 
ืจืขืฉื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืกืœืขืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ื˜ื™ืฃ-ืคืึธืœืงื™ืฉืก, ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืคืจื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืก, ืคืืจื‘ื™ืง- 
ื‘ื•ื ื˜ื™ืงืก, ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ-ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจื“ื™ืงืก, ืฉื™ื™ื ืก. ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ื™ 
ืกืืžืข ืœืขืฆื˜ืกืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข, ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืึธืจืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืขืœื˜ืขืจ- 
ื˜ืข ืžืืกืึธื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฆืึธืœืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืžืื›ืŸ , ื‘ืขื ืขืคื™ืกืŸ" 
ืžื™ื˜ , ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ืก ืคื™ื“ืขืœืข", ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืงืึธืžื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜, ืื•ื™ืš, ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก, ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืื•ืขืงืฆื•ืžืื›ืŸ. ืขืคึผืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื–ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื™ืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจื™ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ื•ืœื™ืืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืก ื‘ื™ื›ืœ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ืœ, 
ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื“ืขืžืœื˜ื™ืงืข ื–ื™ื ื“ 
ืื•ื™ืก, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื™ื•ืœื™ืืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืก ,ืœื™ื˜ืข- 
ืจืืจื™ืฉืข ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ": ื ื™ื˜, ื›ืึธืœื™ืœืข, ืืฃ ื ื”ืึธืจ 
ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ืขื ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ืคึฟื™ืœ ื™ืึธืจ ืืจื•ื, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืงืœื™ื’ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื‘ื™ืคืจืื˜ ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจื•ืžืขื ื™ืข ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืคืจื™ึทืขืจื™ืงืข ืืงื˜ื™ืึธืจืŸ 
ืคึผืืฐืึธืœื™ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืื–ื ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ืขืจ 
,ื‘ื•ืงืืจืขืฉื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข-ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ?" -- ืงืึธืŸ 
ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื“ื™ ืืœืข ื–ืื›ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ื™ื ื™ืงืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื›ืึธื›ืขื 
ื ื–ืึธื’ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื– ืขืคึผืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืื›ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ. 

ื ืกืืš ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื™ื•ืœื™ืืŸ ืฉื•ืืจืฅ 
ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืึนื™ึดืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœ, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข 
ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื›ืœ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืฆื™ืงืœ ื’ืึธืœื™ 
ื“ืขื ื‘ืขืจื’ืก ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ-ืžืฒึทืกืขืœืขืš, ืงื•ืœื™ืกืŸื™ืื ืขืงื“ืึธื˜ืŸ, 
ื•ื•ื™ืฆืŸ, ืงื•ืจื™ืึธื–ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฉืžืืง 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื›ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืงืขืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืคึผืขื˜ืฒ 
ืฆื™ืข-ื–ื”ืืคืกืึธืงืขืก. ืื™ืฆื™ืงืœ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ื‘ืขืจื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•" 
ืงืืจืขืฉื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืกื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืืง- 
ื˜ื™ืึธืจืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื˜ ื’ืึธืœื“ืคืื“ืขื ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืงื˜ื™ืึธืจืŸื™ืจืขื ืฆืœ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ื ื•ืขืœื˜, 
ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืื”ื™ื™ื, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืžืขื ื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ื–ืฉื™ื’ื ื™ืฆืข". ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข , ื–ืฉื™ื’ื ื™ื™ 
ืฆืข", ืฐืึธืก ื’ืึธืœื“ืคืื“ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ื‘ื™ืจื™ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ-ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืค- 
ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคึผื™ืขืกืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืงืืจืขืฉื˜. 
ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ื‘ืขืจื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ื ืขืจ, ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืœืขื’ืื ื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ ื•ื™ ื ื•ื- 
ืกืขืจ, ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืœืื˜ ื ืึธื˜ืŸ, ืคืœืขื’ื˜, 
ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ืื™ืš, ื‘ื ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื‘ืขืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ, ื ืึธืš 
ืฐืขืœืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ , ืœื™ื‘ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจืก". ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ-ืžืฒึทืกืขืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš, ืื”ื™ื™ื ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืง, ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืง- 


ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืืคืŸ ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ืืŸ ืืฑื™ืฆืขืจ. ื›ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืึธืš 
ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื•ืข ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืœืฒื’ืŸ ืืฃ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, 
ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื– ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื–ืขืฆืŸ, ื“ืึธืก 
ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื’ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก, ืฐืขื˜ ืฉืฑืŸ = 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกืคืœื™ืขืŸ.. 

ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ืืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืก ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจื™ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ,ืจื•ืžืข- 
ื ื™ืข -- ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื’ืขืœืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ" ื–ืขื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื™ื•ืœื™ืืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืึธื ืฉื‚ืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ื•ื˜- 
ื’ื•ื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืึธืจืขืฐืขื˜, ื’ืขื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืœืขืจืœืฒ 
ืืจื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื ื™ืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ืึธืคึดื™ืฆื™ึถืขืœืข ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ, 
ืืœื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืืคื™ืฉืŸ, ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ-ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืืžืงืขืก, ื’ืข- 
ื–ืืžืœื˜ ืืงื˜ื™ืึธืจืŸ-ืคืึธืœืงืœืึธืจ, ื‘ื™ื ืขื™ืจืขืœื™ืงื•ื•ื™ืขืก, ืืœื˜- 
ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืข ืคึผื™ืขืกืข-ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ. ืึธืคื˜ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ: , ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืจืขืฉื•ืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš..." ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ -- ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ืขืจ ืืคื™ืœืข ืึธืŸ ,ื 
ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืจืขื›ื™ืœืขืก". ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืžื™ื˜ ืืœืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ 
ืื™ื ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ: ืืคื™ืœืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืืžืึธืœื™ืงืข, ื‘ื™ืžื™ื™ ื’ืึธืœื“- 
ืคืื“ืขืŸ, ืืคื™ืฉืฑื™ืงืœืขืคึผืขืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ- 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื ื’ืื ืฅ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืข- 
ืจื™ืฉื™ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ-ืคึผืื ืึธืจืืžืข. ืึธืŸ 
ืคึผืจืขื˜ืขื ื–ื™ืขืก ืืฃ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืขืกืขื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœืขื˜- 
ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืง. ืื•ืคืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง-ืื ื™ื•ื•ืขืกื“ื™ืง. ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืขืจ 
ืฉื•ืจืข ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื‘ืื ืกืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ: ,ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื™ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืŸ ืึธื ืจืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืคืืจ ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ". 

ื“ื™ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคืœืึธื›ื˜ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจืึธื˜ืขืกืงืขืจ ืงื•ืœื™ืกืŸื™ืื ืขืงื“ืึธื˜ื™ืง. ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขืจ 
ืจื•ืคื˜ ืขืก , ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ-ืžืึธื–ืื™ึดืง". ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืžืฒึทืกืขืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืฆื™ืงืœ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ื‘ืขืจื’ืก ืื•ื™ืฆืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืœื™ื˜ืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜. ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ืฅ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืžื•ื– ืื™ืš, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืื ืึธืข, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ. 

ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืืŸ ืืงื˜ื™ืึธืจ, ื™ืขื›ื™ืขืœ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื™ืขื›ื™ึดืขืœ ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื‘ึทึผื•ืœ- 
ื‘ืข -- ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืข- 
ืœื•ื ื’, ื‘ืขืจืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื•ืœื‘ืขืŸ 
(ืืคืŸ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ-ื™ืœืึธืฉืŸ -- ืคืืจืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืฐืึธืจื˜). ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ืืงื˜ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืฆืœื˜, ืื– 
ื‘ืขืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ื ื‘ืขืจื™ืข ืืฃ ื›ืืคึผืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืœื‘ืข ืืคื™- 
ืœืข ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื ื“ื™ืง. ืื•ืŸ -- ืงืื›ื”ืื•ื•ืข. ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื ื’ืืœืขืš. ืึธืคึผื’ืฒืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ื™ื ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคื™ื - 
ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืงื•ืฉ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื–ื•ื–ืข.. 


ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ 
ืคึผืจืึธื˜ื™ืžื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ-ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืš 
ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฉื•ืจืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื›ืื–ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืื ืึธืข. ื“ื™ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ึทื™ 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืืกื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืœื“ืื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืžืขื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื™ืืœืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ืขืžื™ื ืขืกืงื•. ืขืžื™ื ืขืกืงื• ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข ,ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื˜ืืœืื ื˜', , ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ืคื•ืœ- 
ืกื˜ืขืจ". ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ืกืฐืึธืจืข, ื“ืจื™ื ื’ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ, ืื– 
ืขืžื™ื ืขืกืงื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื™ื™ึธื“ื™ืฉ. 

ื“ืึธืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ,ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืจื•ื‘ืื“ื•ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืžืขื ื™ืข". 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื ื˜ืจื•ื‘ืื“ื•ืจ, ืืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ-ืื•ืŸ-ืื™ื™ื - 
ืฆื™ืงื™ืขืžืขืกืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ-ืื•ืŸ-ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™- 
ืงืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื•ื•ืœ ื–ื‘ืืจื–ืฉืขืจ. ื ื˜ืจื•ื‘ืื“ื•ืจ -- 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ-ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืžื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ 


ืงืจืขื˜ืฉืžืขืก, ืื•ื™ืกื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ (ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ ืฆื•ืฆื™ืžื‘ืœืขืŸ) 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข, ืึธืคึผื˜ ืื™ืžืคึผืจืึธืฐื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืข, ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื ื“ื™ื›- 
ื˜ืขืจ -- ืืŸ ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืืคื™ืœืข 
ื ื“ื™ืš-ืจืืคื™ื ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ, ื ืคึผื™ืงื›ืขืกื“ื™ืงื™ืคื™ืœืึธืกืึธืคื™ืฉืขืจ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. 

ื™ื•ืœื™ืืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ ืคืืจื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื˜ืจืŸ- 
ื‘ืื“ื•ืจื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜. ืคืืจืคืึธืœืงื™ืฉื˜, ืคืืจืžืืกืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืขืก. ืขืจ 
ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืื“- 
ื›ืึธื ื™ื, ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืžืื›ืขืจ, ื’ืจืืžืขื ืคืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื™ืฆืœืขืจ, 
ืคืืจืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ืข ืงืจืขื ืง. ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื–, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ื’ื•ื˜. ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืึธืฆื˜ืขืจ ื›ืืœื™ืืกื˜ืจืข 
ืจื•ื™ืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืžืขื ื™ืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืคืฉืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื•ื•ืœ ื–ื‘ืืจื–ืฉืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื‘ืื“ื•ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ. ื ื•, 
ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ. 
ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื•ื•ืœ ื–ื‘ืืจื–ืฉืขืจ. 

ืก'ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜, ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ 
ืื™ืš, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื›ืืคึผืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืื ื˜, ืื•ืคื“ืขืงืŸ, ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืคืืจ-ื™ 
ื‘ืึธืจื’ืขื ืข ืžืขื›ืื‘ืจื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึฟืŸ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื‘ืขืกื™ื™ืกืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ืคืึธืœืงืกื™ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืžืฒึทืกืขืก, ื“ื™ ืคืึธืœืงืกื™ 
ื•ื•ื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืœืขืš --ืžืขื›ืื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืก 
ืื™ื™ืŸื™ืื•ืŸ-ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ: ืคืึธืœืง. 

ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจ, ืื– ื™ื•ืœื™ืืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืื“ืจืขืกืŸ. 
ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืื™ื–, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜: ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื›ื˜ืข ืžืื˜ื‘ื™ืข! ืขื›ื˜ ืื™ื–ืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึธืŸ 
ืกืึธืคืขืง ื“ื™ ืงืืฐืึธื ืข, ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืื ื’. 

ื“ื™ , ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื˜ืจื•ื‘ืื“ื•ืจืŸ", ืฐื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืฅ ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ื™, 
ืฉื™ืžืฉืŸ ืคึผืขืจืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ืฆื ืขื ื’ืขืœื‘ืขืจื’, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืš ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื“ืขืžืœื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืžืขื ื™ืข ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจื’-- ืžืื ื’ืขืจ -- ืฉื˜ืขืจื ื‘ืขืจื’, 
ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ,ื˜ืจื•ื‘ืื“ื•ืจืŸ" 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ืขื›ื“ื™ืง-ื ืื™ื•ื•. ื ืึธืจ ื›'ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, 
ืฆื™ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ,ืคืขืœื“" ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืžืขื ื™ืข ืฐืึธืœื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื‘ืืจ- 
ื–ืฉืขืจืŸ ืึธืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ,ื‘ืืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื˜" ื’ืขื•ืฐืึธืจืŸ, 
ืฆื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืื ื’ืขืจืก ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืคื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฉืคึผืจื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ืืคื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื 
ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืžืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื" 
ืœืื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืึธื™ื ืขื™ืื•ืžืขื˜, ื“ืขืจ ื›ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืืจืฃื™ื’ืข- 
ืฉืœื™ืคืขื ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขืฐื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœืงืกื™ื›ืึธื›- 
ืžืข? ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื•ื•ืœ 
ื–ื‘ืืจื–ืฉืขืจ, ืื™ืฆื™ืง ืžืื ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื–ื, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืข- 
ืจืื˜ื•ืจ? 


ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืก ื˜ืจื•ื‘ืื“ื•ืจืŸื™ืฆืขื˜ืœ ืคืขืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื ืึธ- 
ืžืขืŸ -- ืกืจื•ืœ ื‘ืจืึธื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืžืขืกื˜ื ื“ื™ืง 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืึธืก, ืื™ื– ื‘ืจืึธื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื ื˜ืจื•ื‘ืื“ื•ืจ, 
ื–ื‘ืืจื–ืฉืขืจืก ืืŸ ืขืžืขืกื“ื™ืง ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ --ื™ืึธ. ื ื˜ืจื•" 
ื‘ืื“ื•ืจ ---ื ื ืฒึทืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฒึทืกืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืžืข ืžืขื’ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืคื™ืœืข ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืŸ: ื ืคึผืจืึธืœืขื˜ืืจื™ืฉืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืจืขื˜ืฉื™ 
ืžืขืก, ื“ืึธืก ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ 
ืืฃ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ืžืืกืึธื•ื•ืงืขืก, ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ื•ืงืื™ 
ืจืขืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืขืจื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ื™ืฒื™ืึธื•ื•ื ื˜ืŸ --,ื˜ืฉืฒึทืขืŸ. 
ื–ื‘ืืจื–ืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื˜ืขืฐื•ืขื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืงื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ- 
ื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืึธื˜ืก-ื’ืื ืึธืฐื™ื, ื‘ืจืึธื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ -- ืงืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื–ื•ื™- 


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ื’ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื”ืืจืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืœื•ืื˜ืื˜ืึธืจืก. ื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืขื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืจื•ืžืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืคืื ืขืฉื˜ ื‘ืื ืคึผืจื•ื˜, ื ืฐืขื‘ืขืจ, ื’ืข- 
ืคึผืฒึทื ื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื’ื•ืจืื ืฆืขื™ืงืขืœืขืจืก, ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืขืคืจืขืกืขื ืข ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœื™ืคึผืืœืื˜ืขืก, 
ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ, ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ 
ืฆื• ืึธืจื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืขืกืขื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ืžืึธืœ ื ื‘ืœื™ืฉื˜ืฉืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื•ืจืข ื ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข, ืฐื™ ื ื˜ืจืขืจ, ื ื‘ืจื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ึธืขื - 
ื“ื™ืงืข, ืฐื™ ื ืงืฑืœ ืคืฒึทืขืจ, ืื•ืžื™ื˜ืœื‘ืืจื™ืื ื“ืขืจืฉื“ื™ืง, 
ืืฃ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ. ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืกื™ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืืจืฃ 
ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืึธืจืฉืŸ. ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืึนืฃ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืจื•ื‘ืื“ื•ืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื ืงืขืžืคืขืจ. ืื™ื– ื“ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื•ื•ืœ ื–ื‘ืืจื–ืฉืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืžืคืขืจ? ืื•ื™ื‘ ืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืจื•- 
ื‘ืื“ื•ืจืŸื™ืฆืขื˜ืœ, ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, ื“ืขื ืื›ืจื•ื™ืŸ" 
ืื›ืจื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื, ืกืจื•ืœ ื‘ืจืึธื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ. 

ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ, ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ืืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืก 
ืฆืขื˜ืœ ืื™ื–, ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืš, ื–ืขืœื™ืง ื‘ืืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืขืจ. ื–ืข- 
ืœื™ืง ื‘ืืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื“ืืจืฃ, ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื˜ืœ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืขืจ ื ื‘ืขืกืืจืื‘ืขืจ. ื‘ืขืกืืจืื‘ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกืขืš. 
ื‘ืขืกืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืขืกืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข ืžืึธืœื“ืึธื•ื•ืื ื™ื–- 
ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืงืจืขื›ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ, ื‘ืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื’ืŸ. ื‘ืขืกืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืขืจ 
,ืขืœืข ื‘ืขืœืข", ,ื”ืืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ืืง ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ ืงืืจื˜ืึธืคื™ 
ืœื™ืขืก, ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธืคืœื™ืขืก', ืื™ืŸ ืืœืขื™ืืœืข 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืœืขืšื™ื’ืขืฉืžืืงืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืขื–ืžืขืจ, ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื™ืื ืงืขื•ื• ืคึผืกืื ื˜ื™ืจ, 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ึทืึธื’ืจืืฃ, ืคืึธืœืงืœืึธืจื™ืกื˜ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆ- 


ืคืขืœื“, ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื›ืึธื›ืขื ื˜ืฉื™ืœื™ื‘ื™ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข -- ืงืœืขื–- 
ืžืขืจ, ืžื•ื–ื™ืง-ืคืืจืคืืกืขืจ, ืงืจืขื˜ืฉืžืข-ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืคืึธืœืงืก- 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื™ืฆืŸ-ืฉืืคืขืจ, ื•ืขืจื˜ืœืขืšื–ืึธื’ืขืจ, --ืืœืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆืขืืงืขืจื˜, ืคืืจื–ื™ื™ื˜, ื‘ืืจืขื’ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืืจ- 
ืงืขื™ื‘ืกื•ืœืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืžืขื ื™ืข, ื ื–ืื ื’ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ืฆื™ 
ื˜ืึธืŸ ืืจื•ืฃ ืฆื•ื ื”ื™ืžืœ, ื ืฐืฒึทื ื˜ืจืฑื‘ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ื™ืกืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ. 

ืœืึธืžื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื“ืึธ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืฉื•ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื“ืึธืจ 
ืืจื’ืขื–ื™ืก ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื™ื•ืœื™ืืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜ 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืœ , ื˜ื•ื“ืึธืจ ืืจื’ืขื–ื™ ืืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ". 
ืื’ืขื•ื•, ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืœ, ืื– ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงื™ืงืึธืž- 
ืคึผืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืœืขืš-ืฐื™ืจื˜ื•ืึธื–ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื˜ืžืืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื’ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื•ื™ ืืŸ 
ืขืžืขืกืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ. ืืจื’ืขื–ื™ืก ื“ืจืฒึท ืฉื•ืจืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืคืœืืš, ื’ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื - 
ื“ืขืจืฉ. ืžื™ืจ ืคึผืืกืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื›'ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉื•ืจืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœืข ืืฑื‘ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ืข 
ื–ืื›ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง. 


ื”ืขืจืกื˜, ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื ืข ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ, 
ื‘ืขืกื•ืœืขื™ื ืึธื–ื™ืจื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืŸ, 
ืžื™ืŸื™ื”ืืฉืึธืžืฒึทืขืžื“ื™ืง... 


ื ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื›ืœ. ื’ื•ื˜ื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืฐื™ ,ืืŸ ืึธื ืจืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืคืืจ ืคืึธืจ- 
ืฉืขืจ". 

ื™ืขื›ื™ืขืœ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืžืืŸ 


ื 


ืกืข :"ื•ื  ืœื›ืฉ ื‘ื™ 
0 ืฉ 2 


2 .= 
ื : 
{. ืœ} 


ื™ื™ ืžืข ื ืจื“ 


ื ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉ-ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืืœื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื“ืึธื ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืง 


ื“ืขื 7 ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ ื“. ื™. ืื™ื– 
ืื™ื ืขื ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืขื™ืœืึธืงืืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
,ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืข- 
ืคื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉ-ืžื•ื–ื™- 
ืงืืœื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืึธื ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืง -- ื ืฉืข- 
ืคืขืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืจึทื™ 
ื‘ืขืจ, ืืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืงื•ื ืกื˜-ื˜ื•ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจื™ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ. 

ื“ืขื ืึธืฐื•ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืืจืฒึทื - 
ืคื™ืจ-ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜- 


154 


ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืž- 
ืœืื ื“" ืืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ืก. ืคืืจ ื“ื™ 
ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœื ืขืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืข- 
ื ื™ืฉ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื- 
ืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืขืกื˜ืจืื“ืข-ืžืฒึทืก- 
ื˜ืขืจื ืก -- ืกืึธืคื™ืข ืกืฒึทื˜ืืŸ (ืงื™ื ืกื˜- 
ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืจืœืขื–ื•ื ื’) ืื•ืŸ ืžืืจื™ื ืข 
ื’ืึธืจื“ืึธืŸ (ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืœืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ื–ื™ื ื’ื™ืœื™ื“ืขืจ). ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื’ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™- 
ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืืึธืจืŸ. 
ื“ื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื– 
ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืข ืงืึธืŸ- 
ืฆืขืจื˜-"ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื, ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ 
ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ (ืื™. ืคืขืคืขืจ, ืž. ื˜ื™ืฃ, 
ื. ื•ื•ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ืก, ื. ื’ืึธื ื˜ืืจ, ืž. ื’ืจื•- 


ื‘ื™ืืŸ, ื›. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“.). ืžื•ืก- 
ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœ- 
ื ืขืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ. 

ื“ื™ ื‘ืฒึทืฐืขื–ื ื“ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืขื 
ืื•ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืืจื™ื ืข ื’ืึธืจื“ืึธืŸ, ืกืึธ- 
ืคื™ืข ืกืฒึทื˜ืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืŸ 
ืคึผื™ึทืื ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืื•ื•ื™ื“ ืืฉืงืขื ืื–ื™, ื•ื•ืขืœ- 
ื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืืœืข 
ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืคืืจืœืื ื’, ืื– ื“ื™ ืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืข ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ื–ืึธืœ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื’ื•ืœืขืจืข ืœื™- 
ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉ-ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืืœื™ืฉืข ืึธืฐื ื˜ืŸ. 


ืœื™ื•ื“ืžื™ืœืข ื‘ืึทื’ื•ืกืœืืฐื•ืกืงืื™ื 


| ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 5 | 
! ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ | 
ื‘ืฒึทืœืื’ืข | 


ื ืคื™ืœืฆื•ื–ืึธื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ 


ื”ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจืŸ ืื™ื˜ืข ืžืืกื˜ื‘ื•ื™ื ืฉืขื ืงื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืจืฒึทื›ืŸ ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ ืžืขืจืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืœืขืจืœึท 

ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืืคื™ืง. ืื™ืจืข ืฐืขืจืง ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ืืŸ 
ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ื ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืขื 
ืงืึธืœืึธืจื™ื˜. ืขืก ื–ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื•ื™ืœืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ืฆื•ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ืคึผืกื™- 
ื›ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข. ืžืืกื˜ื‘ื•ื™ื ืื™ื–ืŸ ื ื’ืจืืคื™ืงืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ืฉื˜ืืจืงืŸ ื›ื•ืฉ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜. 

ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื˜ืข ืžืืกื˜ื‘ื•ื™ื ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื‘ืฒึทื“ืืจืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืจืฒึทื–ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทื›ืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืื ื“. ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ, 
ืฉื˜ืฒึทื’ื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทื“ืืจืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื™- 
ืžืขืจ-ืฉื˜ืืžืขืŸ, ื’ืจืึธื–ืŸ, ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืฐืึธืจืฆืœ- 
ื’ืขืคืœืขื›ื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžืึธืœืขืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืคื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ืจืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื ืฒึทืขื 
ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืื˜ื•ืจืžืึธืจื˜ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื ืก 
ืื™ื™ื’ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืข, ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ืœืขื›ืข ื•ืฐืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืื - 
ื˜ืื–ื™ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ืจืฒึทื›ืข ืจืื™ื•ื™ื ืขืก. 

ืื™ื˜ืข ืžืืกื˜ื‘ื•ื™ื ืื™ื– ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืืš ื ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ- 
ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจืŸ. ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ึทืึธื ืขืจืคึผืืœืืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืื˜ืจืืœืขืจ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ืข, ืคืœืื ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ ืืฒึทืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืข ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆื• ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืžืœืขืš ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ: ืžืฒึทืกืขื“ื™ืงืก, ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืข, 
ืจืึธืžืื ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ. ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืึธื ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ื–ืืคึผืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืฒื™ื™ึทืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ืฉืข- 
ืคืขืจื™ืฉ, ื–ื™ื™ ืžืื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืคึผื™ืœ: ื“ืขืงืึธืจืืฆื™ืขืก, 
ืœื™ืืœืงืขืก ืืื•ื•. ื›ื•ืฅ ื“ืขื, ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก 
ืืœืก ืฉื•ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ืข. 

ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืข ืžืืกื˜ื‘ื•ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ,ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“", ื’ืขื”ืขืจืŸ 
ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืกืขืจื™ืขืก. ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืฒึทื›ืขืจ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข, ืคึผืขืŸ-ืžืึธืœืขืจืœ, 
ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจื ืื•ืŸ ืืงื•ื•ืืจืขืœ. 

ืื™. ืžืืกื˜ื‘ื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, ื–ื™ 
ื–ืืžืœื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืขื ืข ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืก 


ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืฐืขืจืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืื™ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืขืก ืืฃ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืกื•ื–ืฉืขื˜ืŸ, ื–ื™ 
ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืื™ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ืจืื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจืง, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ,ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืž- 
ืœืื ื“". 

ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึท ืœื™ื˜ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืขืก ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœืขืŸ ืึธืคึผ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืืž- 
ืคื•ืœืกื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืฒึทื›ืข ื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื™. ืžืืกื˜. 
ื‘ื•ื™ื. ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข , ื“ื™ ืžื- 
ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื›ืืกืขื ืข ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜". ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืข 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื˜ืฒื™ืœืฐืฒึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืฉืื’ืืœืก ืงืึธืž- 
ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืขืก. ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื–ื ืขื ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜. 

ืžืืกื˜ื‘ื•ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื›ื•ืฉ ืคืืจ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข. ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื ื•ืฆื˜ ืึธืคื˜ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืกื™ืฉืข- 
ื“ืขื•ื•ืจืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ , ืื™ื ืขื ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืื™ื ืขื ืงืึธืจืŸ" 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื ื•ื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืกื™ืœื™ื“, ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืก'ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ื•ื™ , ืจืึธื›ืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืคืืจื˜ืขืš ืคืืจืœืึธืจืŸ". ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขืฐื“ื™ืง, ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืึธื–ืŸ, ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืง 
ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ. ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ืœื™ื‘ื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืคืึธืœืง. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืึธื’ืจื- 
ืคื™ืข ืื™ื– ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ, ืฆื•ื ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื‘ื™ื ื˜ืœ ืคืขืœื“-ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืืกื˜ื‘ื•ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืœื™ื‘ ืฆื• ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืฒึทื ืขื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืฑื’ืŸ 
,ื–ื™ื™ื“ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึธื‘ืขืก". ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ,ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื™ื ืขืก ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืื•ืจืœื•ื™ื‘" ืื™ื– ื ืคึผืขืŸ-ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ืžืืกื˜ื‘ื•ื™ื, 
ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ, ื‘ืื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ื•ืฑืจื˜ื•ืึธื–ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืง 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืŸื™ืžืึธืœืขืจืฒึท. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคื™ืฉ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ื‘ืœื™ืง ืคื™ืœื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื ืงืขื ื™ืฉ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ, ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืคืืจ- 
ื’ืื ื’ืขื ืข ื˜ืขื’. 

ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ืจืื™ืึธืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœ-ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“, ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ, ื˜ืฒึทื›ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ 
ืฆื• ืื™ืจืข ืฐืขืจืง ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ื™ื’ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืงืึธืœืึธืจื™ื˜. 


195 


ื›ืื™ึดื ืžืขืœืืžื•ื“ 


ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืขื ืข ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ 


-- ืฐืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆื ืคืขืœื“? 

-- ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜? 

-- ืื•ื™, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆื ืคืขืœื“ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜! 

ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘, ืฐื™ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ, ื“ื™ ืฆืœื™- 
ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, -- ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื ืฐืขืจืกื˜ ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืง, --ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ,ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืคึผื•ื™ืขืจ", ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฆื• ืœืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ื“ืขืจืคืืจ 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆื ืคืขืœื“! ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฉืžืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืกืืš ืื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืก, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืฐื™ ืฆื•ื 
ื ืฒึทืขื ืงืื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ. 

,ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืฑืขืจ"... ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืงืœืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืš, ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ 
ื’ืื ืฆืข ื–ืขื›ืฆืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืค- 
ื’ืขื ื™ื™ื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ื”ืขืคื˜ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืข, 
ื“ืจืึธื˜ืขื ืข ื‘ืจืขื˜ืขืœืขืš. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ื™ืขื“ืข ืฐืึธืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืกืฒึท ื“ื™ ืืœ- 
ื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึผื•ืขืจื™ื, ืกืฒึท ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื•ื•ืื - 
ื“ืขืจืขืจ. ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœื“ื™ืงืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืขื ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืœืข ื™ืึธืจ ื’ืข- 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฆื™ื‘ืขืœืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืงื ืึธื‘ืœ, ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื’ืขืจืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืžื™ื“ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืืจืง, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึนึผืึท- 
ืœื™ืขืŸ, ื–ืขืฆืŸ ืงืฐืึธื˜ืฉืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืืฑืกื›ืึธืฐืขืŸ ื”ื™ื - 
ื“ืขืœืขืš, ืžืขืœืงืŸ ื ืงื• ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื›ืœืขืŸ ื ื˜ืขืœืขืฆืข. 
ืืฃ ืืœืข ืงืืฉืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆื ืคืขืœื“. ืื•ืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืึธืคื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืœ- 
ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื ื™ืฆืข ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืจืื’ืข: , ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื“ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื• ืคืืจืŸ ืงื™ืžืคึผืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืงื™ืžืคึผืขื˜!", ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ืข 
ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜: , ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ? ื˜ื•ื˜ 
ื ืคืจืขื’ ื‘ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆื ืคืขืœื“ืŸ".. 

ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™: ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื™- 
ื ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืงืจื™ื’ื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืคื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื™ืึธื ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, 
ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืืœืข ืงืœืึธืœืขืก ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื“ืœืขืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืžืขืจืขืจ ืฐืึธืก 
ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืข ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜: 

-- ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆื ืคืขืœื“ืŸ! ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื‘ืขืจื™ืข ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜! 


156 


ืฉ. ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆื ืคืขืœื“ 


,ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผื•ื™ืขืจ"... ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆืœึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ืคืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ื ืฒึทืขื ืฉื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ. ืคื™ื ืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข 
ืจืื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื•ึถื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืงืึธืœื™ 
ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืœืฐื™ืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืกืขืจ, ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึทืขืฐืขืจ, ื“ื ื™ืขืคึผืจืึธ- 
ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธื•ื•ืกืงืขืจ, ื–ืืคึผืึธืจืึธื–ืฉื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธื ื™ืขืฆืงืขืจ 
ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ืŸ! ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื‘ืฒึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœื“ื™ืงืข ืงืึธืœืฐื™ืจื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ื ืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขื ื˜ื›ื•ื! ื‘ืขืขืžืขืก ื ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ 
ืฉื™ื›ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึผื•ืขืจื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ืคื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื“ืื ืง ื“ื™ ืžืึธืกืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืื˜ื ืžืื›ื˜ ืืฃ 
ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืึธืจืขืžืฉืืคื˜. ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืฐืขืจ ืื•ืคืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืกื˜ืื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืง, ื ืึธืจ ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืจื™ื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ 
ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ! ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืืœืข 
ืื™ื– ,ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผื•ื™ืขืจ" ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืฐืึธื›ื ื‘ืœืื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืขืฃ 
ื‘ื™ื– ื˜ืึธืฃ, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื™ื™ืฆืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 
ืงืœืฒื ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื™ืจ ืคืจืื’ืŸ, ืคืืจ- 
ืงืœืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคึผื™ืฆืขืœืข 
ืคืจื™ื™ื“, -- ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจ" 
ืฉื˜ืข ื’ืขืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ 
ื ื ืฒึทืข ืฉื˜ื•ื‘. 

ืื™ื ืขื ,ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผื•ืขืจ" ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื“ืึธืจืคืงืึธืจื™ืฉืข ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฆืŸ, ื“ื™ ืขืจ" 
ืฉื˜ืข ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืคึฟืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ืฐื•ืขืŸ ื 


ืกืืš ื ื˜ื™ืคืขืจืขืจ, ื ืกืืš ืืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื™ืœ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื™ ืื™ืกืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœืฉืข ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื–ืขืฆืŸ ืงืฐืึธื˜ืฉืงืขืก. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืื ื“ืœื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื ืงืึธืœืึธืกืืœืŸ ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืจืึธืš. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ 
ืขื›ื˜ืข ื”ืึธืจืขืคึผืืฉื ื™ืงืขืก, ืฉืืคืŸ ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™ ื ื ืฒึทืข 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืื•ืคืืกื•ื ื’, ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• 
ื‘ืื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขื ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœืŸ ืžืข- 
ื”ื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ 
ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืืคืŸ. 

ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืืคื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ื“ืืจืคื˜ ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืื ื“ืขืจืฉืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื˜ืจืื ืกืคืึธืจืžื™ืจืŸ ืื–ื•ื™, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ 
ืžืขื’ื•ืœื’ืœ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืฒึทืก. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืคึผื˜ื™ืžื™ืกื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ,ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืคึผืฑืขืจ?. 

ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื•ื™ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื ืึธืš 
ื ืœืื ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืึธื ืฆื™ื ื“ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืื›ื˜ืขืจ ืœืขืžืคึผืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงื–ืขืฆืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆื ืคืขืœื“ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืฐื™ ืขืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ 
ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืžื™ื ื™ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ื‘ืขืฆื™ื‘ืขืจ. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ื›ืืคึผื•ื ื’, ื‘ืื”ืื ื“ืœื˜ ืœืฒึทื“ื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขืš, ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืžืึธืœ ืืคื™ืœืข ืฆื• ื”ื™ื™ืก, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจืขื“ื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒื™ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฐืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžืึธืœ ื ืึธืš ืื–ื ืฉืคึผืืจืขื ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื’ืื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจืขืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ, ื‘ื 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืขืคึผืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆื ืคืขืœื“ืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ 
ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืง, ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉืŸ. ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื•ื™ืกื™ืงืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืึธืคึผ- 
ื’ืขื™ืื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื ืฒึทื–ืœืื˜ืึธืคึผืึธืœื™ืขืจ ืจืื™ืึธืŸ 
ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ -- ืฉืขืคึผืกืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆื ืคืขืœื“. ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, 
ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืฉืขืฐ- 
ืกืงื™, ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื ื–ืขืฆืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื“ืจื•" 
ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืงืœืืคึผืขืจื’ืขืฆืฒึทื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื–ืŸ 
ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืืจื•ื™ืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ืืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืคืึธืจ- 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’. ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ,ืคืืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื•ื™ืกื™ืงืขืจ 
ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข". 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื“ืึธืจืค- 
ืจืื˜, ืฆื•ื ืจืื™ืึธื ื™ืฉืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ -- ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืง ืงื™- 
ืœืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืจืื™ืึธืŸ ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ 
ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ,ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ื•ื™ืกื™ืงืข", ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืขืจ ื’ืืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจืื™ืึธืŸ. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ื–ืขืŸ ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืจืขื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืœืข- 
ื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื˜, ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื ืงื•ืง ื˜ืึธืŸ, 
ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืืŸ ืขืžืขืกื“ื™ืงืข ืฆื™- 
ื˜ื•ื ื’. 

ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื›ืื–ืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืึธืžืืŸ 
,ืงืืœื˜ืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืก". ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื 
,ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผื•ื™ืขืจ" ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืื ื˜ื•ื™ืฉื˜. ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืกื˜ืขืคึผื™ืฉื™ื‘ืจืฒื˜ืคึผืœืฒืฆื™ืง ืื•ืŸ 


ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืกื˜ืขืคึผื™ืฉ-ืคืืจื‘ืจื•ื™ื ื˜, ืฐื™ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. ื ื“ืืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจืžืืŸ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืŸ ื›ืืงื™-ื”ืขืžื“ืœ, ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืขื›ื˜- 
ืคึผืฑืขืจื™ืฉ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื™- 
ื›ืข ื›ืึธืœื™ืขืฐืขืก. ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ืฉื˜ื™ื, ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืœืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื•ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื˜ืขื ืข ื‘ืจืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืžื™ื ืขืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื›ืฉื™ื•ื•ืขืก, ืคืืจ- 
ืงืขืจื˜, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ, ืฆื•" 
ื˜ืจื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ, ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ. ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜-- 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆื ืคืขืœื“! 

ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ื•ืคืข ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ,ื“ื•ืจื›ื•ื™ืกื™ืงืข? ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ื•ื™ืจืขื ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืขืจืขื ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืขืจืขื ื™ืฉ. ื™ืขื ืขื 
ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉืŸ ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืึธื - 
ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ื“ื•ืจื›ื•ื™ืกื™- 
ืงืขืจ" ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืœื™ื“. 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืื–ื•ื™, ื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืœ. 


ืคืืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื•ื™ืกื™ืงืขืจ, ืคืืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื•ื™ืกื™ืงืขืจ.. 
ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืกื˜ืขืคึผ, 
ืกื˜ืขืคึผ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ืฉื™ืงืขืšืจ. 


ืกืึธื” ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ืฆื ืคืขืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื - 
ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืกืงื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืืจืงืึธื•ื•, ื ืึธืจ 
ื“ื™ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจื•ืง-ืžืืฉื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืฒึทื–ืœืื˜ืึธืคึผืึธืœ. ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื’ื™ื˜ืคึผืจืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืื™ืงืึธื ื‘ื™ืœื™ืื•ื•ืกืงื™ ื–ื™ืš ื ืกื˜ื- 
ืจืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืš ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืื™ืึธ- 
ื ื™ืฉืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ. ื•ื•ื™ื‘ืืœื“ ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืœื™- 
ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื˜ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืืฃ 
ืขืคึผืขืก. ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข, ื‘ื™ืœื™ืื•ื•ืกืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš, 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืก-ืื™ื ื™ืึธื ื™ื 
ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ืฐื•ื™ ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื“ื™ ืขืกื˜ืืคืขื˜ืข, ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื ื–ืข- 
ืฆืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ,, ื“ื•ืจื›ื•ื™ืกื™ืงืข", ืฐื™ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ, ื™ืขื“ืข 
ืฐืึธืš. ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืฑื™ืกืคืึธืจ- 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ื ืึธืจ ืืŸ ืึธืจื’ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืื™ืงืึธื ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืคื™ืจืงืึธื. ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืคึผืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข: 
,ืคืืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื•ื™ืกื™ืงืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข". ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ื•ื™ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆื ืคืขืœื“ืก ื ืžืื˜ืึธื ืข. ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืžืึธืœ, ื•ื•ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจ ืึธืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ื”ื™ืกืคึผืฒึทืœืขืก, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื ืฉืคึผืืก ื˜ืึทืŸ: 

-- ืฐื™ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆื ืคืขืœื“ืก ืžืื˜ืึธื ืข? 

ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื™ ืื–ื•ื™, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืขืžืขืกืข 
ืจืื™ืึธื ื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’. ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืึธืจ, ืฆื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื“ืขืจ- 
ื”ืืœื‘ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืืจื•ื, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคืืจืขืœื˜ืขืจื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื ื’ืขืขื - 
ื“ืขืจื˜ ืืฃ , ืงืึธืœืฐื™ืจื˜-ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ". 

,ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผื•ืขืจ" ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืจื™ืึธื“ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ 
ืžืืœื‘ืขืฉ. ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฐื•ื™ ืืœืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืขืจื™ืึธื“ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ -- ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืึธืœ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืš. ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืคื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื’ืจื™ื™ืก, 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ --,ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ื“ืึธืจืฃ". ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคืืจืงื™ืจืฆื˜ --, ืกืึธืฆื“ืึธืจืฃ? 
ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆื ืคืขืœื“. 


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ืกื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืข ื ืคืืจ- 
ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื›ืืจ- 
ืงืึธืฐืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ืกืึธืฆื“ืึธืจืฃ" ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืจืื™ืึทื ื™ืฉืข ื“ืขืจ , ืงืึธืœืฐื™ืจื˜-ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ". ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•- 
ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคืืจื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฃ 
ื ืฒึทื™ื“ืืจืึธืฐื•ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื–ื•ื™: ื 
ืคืืจื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืึธืŸ ื ื˜ืึธื’ืกืฒื™ื“ืขืจ. ืคืจืขื’ื˜, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ืขืก, ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ืœื˜, ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข 
ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜ืข ืคืจืื’ืŸ... 

ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืฉื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืคืจืื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืจ ื•ื™ืœื˜. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉื ืคืขืœืงืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืœืื’ืข ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืžื‘ืฒึทืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืืŸ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืข 
ื”ืืœืฐืึธืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜-ื“ื™ืกืงืึธื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืงืขืจืึธืกื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงืึธืœืฐื™ืจื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ืื ื“ืœ. ืžืข- 
ืจืขืจ ื˜ืืงืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงืึธืœืฐื™ืจื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ืื ื“ืœ. ื“ื™ ื‘ื- 
ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ืืจื•ื ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจืฉื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก, 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืข ื–ืืš, ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืฅ ืงืœืึธืจ. ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืงืึธืœืฐื•ื™ืจื˜ื ื™-ื™ 
ืงืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–ืŸ ื 
ืฉืคึผืืŸ ืืฃ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ืฐื•ื™ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ื ืงืึธืœื•ื•ื™ืจื˜- 
ื ื™ืง ืื•ื•ืขืงืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืืคืŸ ืžืืจืง ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ? ื–ืึธืœ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข, ืื– ืขืจ ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืคึผื•ื˜ืขืจ.. 

ืคืืจืฉื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื ื“ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจืื’ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืœืขื ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืจืื™ืึทื ืฉื˜ืฉื™ 
ืงืขืก", ืฐื™ ืื™ื, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆื ืคืขืœื“ืŸ, ื“ืขื ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืืจืงืึธื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืฃ ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืžืขืจืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–. ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆื ืคืขืœื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. ืื•ืŸ 
ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืžืขืจื“ื™- 
ืงืข ื ืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืกื˜ืฒึทืขื˜, ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืฆืขืขืคื - 
ื˜ืข ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ืŸ ืงืœื•ื‘ 
ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ืฐืฒึทื– ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ืขืจ 
ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ. 

ืฆื•ื ืกืึธืฃ, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื. ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ ืขื - 
ื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืœืฐื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ 
ืื™ื , ืกืึธืฆื“ืึธืจืฃ?. ืœืขืงืึธืฐืขื“ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœื™ื‘ื˜ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืงืึธืฐื•ืขื“ ื“ืขื ื›ืึธืฉืขื•ื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ืืง- 
ื˜ืึธืจ. 

ื ืžืื–ืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืฐื™ืจื˜ 
,ืกืึธืฆื“ืึธืจืฃ? ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืฒึทื›- 
ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืจืื™ืึธืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ, ืคืขืจืžืขืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐืฒึทื ื’ืขืจื˜ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืฉืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืœืฐื™ืจื˜ื ื™ืงืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืคืืจืžืขื’ืœืขืš. ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืึธ ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ --- ืื•ื™ืš 
ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœ. ื ืฒึทื™ื“ืืจืึธืฐืงืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ืฐื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืขื–ืžืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข 
ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืืœื™ืฉืข ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ ืคืืจื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ื™ืขื ืข 
ืคืืจื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ืฆื•ื™ื™-ืื•ืŸ-ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ. 


ืขึน 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืข- 
ื ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ืกืึธืฆื“ืึธืจืฃ. ื 
ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืงืขืคึผืœ: ,ื ืคืืจื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ 
ืึธืŸ ื ื˜ืึธื’ืกืฒื™ื“ืขืจ?. 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆื ืคืขืœื“ืŸ 
ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืขืœืข ืืžืึธืœ. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ,ืกืึธืฆ- 
ื“ืึธืจืฃ". ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ,ืฉ. 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ.... 

ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜, 
ื•ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืฉืฐืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคืืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆื ืคืขืœื“ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ืขื’. ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข. ื ื–ืขืฆืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื- 
ื˜ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ, ืฉืขืคึผืกืœ, ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื–ืข" 
ืฆืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ -- ื•ื™ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืื–ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืข 
ืคืืจื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืžืื™ืึธื•ื•ืงืขืก. ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ืœื™ืฉืข ืึธื›- 
ืจืื ืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืคื™ืกืข. ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืืคืงืข ืื ื˜ืœืึธืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ื–ื™ืš ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืคึผืขืงืœื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืข, ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข 
ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืคื™ืกืข. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ืœืึธืคืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ืื•ืŸ ืึธื - 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,;ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐืงืข? 
ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐ-ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ,ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืฑืขืจ?.. 

ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืืจ- 
ื˜ื™ื™ื™ื˜ื•ืขืจ. ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืœืก ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึทึธืจ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืฒึทื™ืคึผืึธืœื˜ืืฐืงืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืื ื“ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜- 
ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืงื•ื, ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ--ืืœืก ืคืืจ- 
ื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืืฉื™ืŸ-ื˜ืจืืง- 
ื˜ืึธืจ-ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข. ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ืฐื•ึผ ื›ื•ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืืจืžื™ื™? 

ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ืื™ืฆื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 
ืืฃ ืคึผืขื ืกื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื ื‘ืขืŸ-ืฉืžื•ื™ื ื™ื, ืื™ื– 
ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขืš ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•. 

ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ืฃ ื ื’ืขื“ืื ืง, ืื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ืืœื‘ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆื ืคืขืœื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืžืึธืก? ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– 
ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ, 
ื•ื™ ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžื˜ ืื•ืฃ 
ืคึฟืืจ ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื™ 
ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืขื. 

ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืืคืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ 
ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ืง. ืฐืฒึทืœ ---ืื›ืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ! ืื›ืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ? ื ื• 
ืื™ื– ืฐืึธืก? ื‘ื™ื– ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืง! 


8 


ืšืœ 
ื”ื•ืกื˜ืืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ 
ืžืขื˜ืฆืขื˜ืข=) 


ื›ึทึผืจืึธืค. ื’. ื‘ ืึทึธ ื ื“ืืจ ืขื•ืฐื•ืกืงื™ 


ืื™ืŸ ื ื ืขืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืฉืคืจื•ื›ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ืžืคืขืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืขืœื•ื›ืขืก 


ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืก 


ืื™ ืืคึผืจืขืœ 1918, ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ื“ืึธืก ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืงื•ืคึผื™ืจื˜ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื’ืข, 

-ืฒื”ืึธืก ื“ึดื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข, ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ึทืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข ื‘ืขืจืึธืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืžืื ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ -- ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืงื•ืคึผืืฆื™ืข-ืึธืจื’ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœืื ื“ ืฆื• ืคืืจื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืคื•ืจื™ื“ืขืงืœืืจืืฆื™ืข. ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืงืขืฃ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื’ืก-ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืงืื‘ืขืจ 1918 ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืืคืข ื ืงืึธื - 
ืคืขืจืขื ืฅ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึธืจืžื•ืœื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ,ื’ืจื•ื ื˜-ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืฐืฒึทืœื™ืงืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข". ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™. ืคืึธื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืขื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื- 
ืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืืฃ ,ืขืจืขืฅ-ื™ื™ืกืจืึธืขืœ", ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืŸ ืคืœืื’ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ, ืืื•. 

ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืฉืืจืคืข ืงืึธื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข, ื“ืขืจ 
ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืจื™ื’ืก-ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืึธืจื’ื- 
ื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืขืก. ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืŸื™ื™ื•ืœ 1919 ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืืžืขืฉืขืง ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœืขืจ ืกื™ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธื - 
ื’ืจืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืจืึธืงืœืืžื™ืจื˜ ืืœืก ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข 
ืืจืื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ืจื™ืข, ืœื™ื‘ืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื–ืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื 2 ื™ื•ืœ 9, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขืกืงืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืจ- 
ืคืœื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืขื˜ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1915--1916, ื“ืืจืฃ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืžืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืงืข ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข ืกื™ืจื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืข , ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืจืขืžื“ื™ืงืข 
ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืงืฒ ื‘ื™ื– ืืงืื‘". ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืคึผืืœืขืก- 
ื˜ื™ื ืข ืืœืก ืืŸ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฒื ื”ืฒึทื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืกื™ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข. 

ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ, ื ื™ื•ื™ื™ืึธืจืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง 
ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืฒึทื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื•ึผื ื’ืก-ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืืจืื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ืจื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื‘ื•ื™ืœืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ืŸ ืื ื˜ื™- 
ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืฆืึธืœื™ืงืข ืึธื ืงืœืึธื’ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ืฆื™ึทืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืก-ืื™ื ืกื˜ืื ืฆืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื‘ืื”ื•ื™ืคื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ื™ืฆืœืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉืืจืฃ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœืŸ ืกื™ืจื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึทื ื’ืจืขืก ืื™ื– ื 
ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืึธืคื™ืฆืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ-ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคื™ืฆืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืจื™ื’ืก-ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืžื•ืœื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจืก. 


ื–ืข , ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ื ื•ืž. 11, 1976. 


ื“ื™ ืึธื ืคื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืื•ืคื™- 
ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ื ื•ื•ื•ืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืงืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข. ืืฃ ืื–ื ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœ ืžืึธื ืฒ, ืฉืขืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืึธืงื•ืคึผื™ืจื˜ืข ืคืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืขืก (ื“ื”. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข ืจืื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืกืžืื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืึธืงื•ืคึผื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ), ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜ื™ืจืื˜ื’ืขื‘ืขืจ -- 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš-ืงืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืฑืกืฉืคึผื™ืจืขืจ ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœ ื“ื–ืฉื™ืœื‘ืขืจื˜ ืงืœืฒื™ื˜ืึธืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉืข ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืŸ-ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ื•ื ื“ืขื 2 ืžืฒึท 1919 ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืœืฒื˜ืึธืŸ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืคื•ืจ-ื™ื“ืขืงืœืืจืืฆื™ืข, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ืื•ืžืคืืจ- 
ืžืฒึทื“ืœืขืš ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื ืคืืจืฉืืจืคื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื ื’ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื- 
ื‘ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœ ืžืึธื ืฒื™, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืก, ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ: ,ื“ื™ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™- 
ื ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“, ืฐืขืœืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืืœืฅ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ- 
ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข... ืงืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื ืงืจืืคื˜, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ, ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืื - 
ื“ืื˜ืึธืจ ืฆื• ืคืืจื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื. ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง , ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื" 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืึธื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ืขืงืกื˜ืจืขืžืข ืฆื™ึทืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืœืขืคื™ืขืจืขืš 
ืžืขืกื™ืงืข ืคืึธื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจื™ื–ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธื ืคืขืจืขื ืฅ". 


ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืืคึผืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื ืคึผืื ื™ืง ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจืก, ื‘ื- 
ื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ืฆืžืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกืึธืงืึธืœืึธืฐืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืื ื’ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืขืจื‘ืขืจื˜ ืกืขืžื™ื•ึผืขืœ, ืฆื• ื‘ื- 
ืงืื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืข ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืŸ-ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ื•ื ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข-ืคืจืื’ืข. 


ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืžืื ืก ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ืืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืกืขืžื™ื•ึผืขืœ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืŸ ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ 
ืกื™ื‘ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื’ื ืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ืฆื•ื ืฆื™ึทืขื ื™ื–ื ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื•ื ื’ืกื™ื˜ืขื - 
ื“ืขื ืฆืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธืœืง ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคึผื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืื ื“, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ 
ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื’ืก-ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข ื‘ื•ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื–ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืคื•ืจ- 
ื“ืขืงืœืืจืืฆื™ืข, ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉืืคืŸ ื ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ื”ื™ื™ื ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื’ืข- 
ืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ืข ืคืจืื’ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื•ื•ื™ื“ื™ืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ. 


ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ืืฆื™ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืŸ-ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืจื™- 
ื˜ืื ื™ืข ื‘ืืœืคื•ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจื™ื–ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธื ืคืขืจืขื ืฅ, ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื 
9 ืžืฒึท 1919 ื ืฉืืจืคืข ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉืข ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืŸ-ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ื•ื ืืฃ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœืŸ ืžืึธื ืฒื™ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืฒื˜ืึธืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉืข ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืคื•ืจ- 
ื“ืขืงืœืืจืืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืกืึธื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข-ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ืฆืื“ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืื ื™ืข, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ืฆืื“ ืื™ืจืข ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืขื˜ืข. ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืจื™ื’ืก- 
ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืคืืจืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืงืœืืจืืฆื™ืข ื‘ืืงืื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’. ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืคืืจืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’ ื“ืขื ืืคึผืืจืื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืŸ-ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ื•ื, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืฆื•ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคืืจ 
ืงืœืฒื™ื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ ื ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ืœืฃ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ. ืฐื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืŸ 1919 ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืืจื™ื–ืฉ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ 
ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื™ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจืื ื“ื™ื™ืก. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืฉื ื•ื™ืœืกืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืืจื™ื–ืฉ, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธื ืคืืจื˜ืจืฑื˜ืŸ ืจืื˜ื’ืขื‘ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœืงืึธืฐื ื™ืง ื”ืื•ื–, ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืืœืคื•ืจืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจืื ื˜- 
ืฐืึทืจื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืœืขื›ืข 
ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืจืื ื“ื™ื™ืก ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืขื“ืžืึธืŸ ืจืึธื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืจืึธื˜ืฉื™ืœื“-ื”ื•ื™ื– 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข-ืื™ื ื™ืึทื ื™ื. 

ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืจื™ื–ืฉ ืื™ื– ื‘ืจืื ื“ื™ื™ืก ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืื™ึธืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืื‘-ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ื‘ืืฐืึธืคื ื˜ืข ืงืจืขืคื˜ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื ืฒึทื“ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ-ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ ืื™ืŸ ืขื’ื™ืคึผืขื˜ ืคืขืœื“ืžืืจืฉืืœ ืืœืขื ื‘ื™. ื‘ืจืื ื“ื™ื™ืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืœืฅ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืจืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ื‘ืืฐืึธืคื ื˜ืข ืงืจืขืคื˜ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืคื•ืจื™ื“ืขืงืœืืจืืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื 
ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื. 


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ืคื•ืŸ ืขื’ื™ืคึผืขื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืจืื ื“ื™ื™ืก ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึธืœืื™ึดื. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื™ื™ืฆืขื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื ืข- 
ืจืืœ ืžืึธื ื™ื™, ืื– ืืœืข ืคืืจืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืข- 
ืฉื™ืงื˜ ื•ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข. ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆืื“ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืื•ืคื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜. ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืจืื ื“ื™ื™ืก ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื ืฉืืจืคืข ืึธื ืงืœืึธ- 
ื’ืข ื‘ืืœืคื•ืจืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื’ืก-ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืฒื™ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืืจืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคึผืึธืกื˜ื ืก. 


ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฆื™ืœืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข, ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืื ื“ื™ื™ืกืขืก ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืคื™ืจืงืึธื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื– 
ื‘ืจืื ื“ื™ื™ืก ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื 9 ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1919, ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืข. ื‘ืจืื ื“ื™ื™ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืืžืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืืฒึทื ืงืฑืคืŸ ืขืจื“ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš-ืฆื• 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืฒึทืš ื™ืืจื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืขื-ืฆื• ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืขื•ื•ื --ื‘ื™ื– ืืงืื‘. ืื–ื•ื™ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜- 
ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ-ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืข, 
ืื– ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืงืึธืœืึธื ื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ, ื ืึธืจ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ื™ืึธืจื“ืื ื™ืข! ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืคืขื•ื•ืจืืœ 0 ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืจืื ื“ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืขืจ- 
ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืจื™ื˜ืื ื™ืข ืœืึธื™ื“ ื“ื–ืฉืึธืจื“ื–ืฉืŸ (ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืจื™ื–ืฉ 
ืืฃ ื ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืจืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืื ื˜ืข) ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืึธื›ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข 
ื“ืืจืฃ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื‘ืืกื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืฒึทืš ืœื™ื˜ืื ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื’ืจื•ืงืŸ 
ื›ืขืจืžืึธืŸ, -- ืงื•ืจืฅ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ื“ืึธืจืขื-ืœื™ื‘ืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืขื-ืกื™ืจื™ืข. 


ื‘ืจืื ื“ื™ื™ืกืขืก ืึธื ืงืœืึธื’ืขืก ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืจื™ื’ืก-ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื™ืจืงื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธืจื›ื–ืืžืขืจ ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœ ืžืึธื ืฒื™ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืื˜ืกืึธื ืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœ ื‘ืึธืœืก. ื“ื™ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืืœืก ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืืฑืกืฉืคึผื™ืจืขืจ --- ื“ืขื ื’ืข- 
ื ืขืจืืœ ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ืึธืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืœ 1919 ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึธืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ืจืื˜ื’ืขื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืื ืฉืขืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืงื•ืคึผื™ืจื˜ืข ืคืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธ- 
ืจื™ืขืก ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœืงืึธืฐื ื™ืง ืžืฒึทื ืขืจืฆื”ืื’ืขืŸ, ืืŸ ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ึทืขื ื™ื–ื. ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– 
ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืืฉืœื•ืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ืื™ึทื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืžืืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจื™ืŸ ืึธืคื™ืก: 
,ืžืฒึทื ืขืจืฆื”ืื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืœืŸ ืฆื•ื˜ืจื•ื™ ืžื™ืฆืื“ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข". ืืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ื™ืจืื˜ื’ืขื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทื ืขืจืฆื”ืื’ืขืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืื“ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืฃ ื ืคืจื™ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื‘ืืœืคื•ืจืŸ, ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืŸ-ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืžืฒึทื ืขืจืฆื”ืื’ืขื ืก ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืข ืื™ื– ,ืึธืคึผื˜ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜-- 
ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ, ืื– ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื•ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจืฉื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืื™ 
ืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข". 

ื“ืขื 4 ืืฐื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1919 ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึธืจื™ืŸ ืึธืคื™ืก ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืฆื•ื ื’ืข- 
ื ืขืจืืœ ื‘ืึธืœืก ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืคึผืึธืœืงืึธืฐื ื™ืง ืžืฒึทื ืขืจืฆื”ืื’ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื”ืื ื’ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื - 
ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืจื™ื˜ืื ื™ืข ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืื ื“ืื˜ ืืฃ ืฆื• ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข, ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื ืคืึธืจืžื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืข, ืื– ื“ื™ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฐืขื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื–ื™ืจืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืคื•ืจ-ื™ื“ืขืงืœืืจืืฆื™ืข. ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืื– ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ืึธืจ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื - 
ืคืขืจืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืขื˜ืข ืžืขืœื•ื›ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืกืืŸ-ืจืขืžืึธ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืข 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืจื™ื˜ืื ื™ืข ื“ืขื ืžืื ื“ืื˜ ืืฃ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข, ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื– ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื–ื ื‘ืืฉืœื•ืก, ืื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืึธืจื“ื ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืคืืจื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœืงืึธืฐื ื™ืง ืžืฒึทื ืขืจืฆื”ืื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืœืื’ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจ, ืื– ืคืืจื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืืงื˜ื™ืง 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืคื•ืจื™ื“ืขืงืœืืจืืฆื™ืข ื•ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืข ื–ืืš. ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื•ื ืœืึธืจื“ ืงืขืจ- 
ื–ืึธืŸ (ื‘ืืœืคื•ืจืก ืฉื˜ืขืœืคืืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืจ) ืคื•ืŸ 26 ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1919 ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ืฆืื“ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืžืืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืคื•ืจ-ื“ืขืงืœืืจืืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืึธืคึผื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ื™ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืŸ-ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ื•ื ืคื•ืŸ 4 ืืฐื’ื•ืกื˜ 1919. ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืกื˜ 
ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืคืืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืคึผืจืืงื˜ื™ืง -- ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก- 


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ืฆื•ืคื™ืœืŸ ื ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ -- ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ื˜, ืฐื™ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื˜ื•ื- 
ืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื’ืกื™ืžืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ึทืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืฉืืจืฃ ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ 1919 ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืจืขืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉ-ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืื’ืื ื“ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืึธืจื’ืืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืคืืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉ-ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืคึผืืจื˜ืืžืขื ื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืึธืจืžืขืœ ืงืึธืคึผื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ืฉืคึผืจืขื›ื™ืงืข ืกื•ื‘-ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœืŸ 
ืื™ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืจื™ื’ืก-ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข. ื“ื™ ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื– 
ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืจืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจืฒึทื ืžื™ืฉื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข. ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ืฆืข-ืคืึธืจื–ื™ืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ ืž. ืื•ืกื™ืฉ- 
ืงื™ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ื‘ืืืžื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ, ืื– ,ืขืจ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื ืงืึธืžืคึผืจืึธืžื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขื ื’ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ? 


ืื™ืŸ ืžืืจื˜ 1920 ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœ ื‘ืึธืœืก ืจืืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ: ,90 ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืื ื˜ื™ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ". ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจื™ื–ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืจืืคึผืึธืจื˜, ืื– ืื™ืจืข 
ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื•ื•ืขื’ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื“. ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืึธืœืก, --,ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข ื“ืขืจ- 
ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืžืื›ื˜-ืึธืจื’ืื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื™ืฉืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 
ืคืจืื’ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ื ื™ื™ึธื“, ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ ื“ื™ืกืงืจื™ืžื™ื ื™ืจื˜ ืขืจ 


ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ 1920 ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื ืคืขืจืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ืื ื˜ืข-ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืกืื–ื™ืจืขืžืึธ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื‘ืืฉืœื•ืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืจื™ื˜ืื ื™ืข ื“ืขื ืžืื ื“ืื˜ ืืฃ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข. 
ื‘ืึธืœืก ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจืฆื”ืื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ืคืืจื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืฆื™ึดืข- 
ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ื™-ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ื™-ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจ:ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงืฆื•ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืžื™ืกื™ืข. 

ืืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืขืจืข ืึธืคื™ืฆืขืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืกืœืึทืฆื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš, ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ึทืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ืขืœื˜-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ 1920 ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืœื™ืงื•ื•ื™ื“ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืงื•ืคึผื™ืจื˜ืข ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืขืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ืืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœืข ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข, ื‘ืขืจืึธืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืืฑื‘ืขืจื™ืงืึธ- 
ืžื™ืกืืจ. ืื–ื ื‘ืืฉืœื•ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ 1920. ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™- 
ื‘ืขืจ-ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืจื™ื˜ืื ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึธืœืื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ืขืจื‘ืขืจื˜ ืกืขืžื™ื•ืขืœ. ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืœ 1920 ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืคื™ืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคืœื™ื›ื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ 1921 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืžืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ, ืึธืคืŸ ืื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜: ,ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืคืืจืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜- 
ืœืขืš ืคืืจ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืขืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ืขืจื˜ ืกืขืžื™ื•ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข. ื”ืขืจื‘ืขืจื˜ ืกืขืžื™ื•ืขืœ ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜. ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžืืกืงื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ 
ืคึผืึธืกึฐื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืฃ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึธืกื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืกืขืžื™ื•ืขืœ? 

ืื™ืฆื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื™ืกืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืคึผืจืืงื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืึธืกืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคึผืœืขื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืœ 1920 ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธื ืคืขืจืขื ืฅ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืขืœืข- 
ื’ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ืคื™ืจื™ืจืขื“ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืจืื ื“ื™ื™ืก 
ื‘ืื˜ืึธื ื˜: ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืคื•ืœืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืื›ื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ-ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ืขืจื˜ ืกืขืžื™ื•ืขืœ. ื‘ืจืื ื“ื™ื™ืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœื ืขืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืคืขืจืขื ืฅ, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื ืงืึธื ืงืจืขื˜ืข 
ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜-ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื. 

ืคื™ืœ ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืงืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืœื˜-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ื’ืขืฉืขื ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœืขืง- 
ื˜ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืคึผืืจืื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ-ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข. ื‘ืจืื ื“ื™ื™ืก, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆ- 
ืžืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“. ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ืืœืก ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ืคึผืจืึธืงื•ืจืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืจ 
ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืืœืก ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืคึผืืจื˜ืืžืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืจ ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข --ืคื•ื ืขื ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข- 
ื“ืขืคึผืืจื˜ืืžืขื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ ื›ื™ึตืืžืกืึธืŸ, ืืœืก ื’ืขื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ื™ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื- 
ืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข -- ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ื- 
ืฆื™ืข ื ื•ืจืึทืง. 


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ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ื‘ืืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืฆื• 
ืคืืจืคืขืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืืคึผืืจืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ, ืื– 
ื“ืขืžืœื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืจ ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ 
ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš-ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“. ื“ืขืจ ื›ืขื–ืฉื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืœืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืื–ื: ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืจ ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข ืฐืขืœืŸ ืคืึธืจืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฉืืคืŸ ืืŸ ืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืงืขื’ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข, ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ื’ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™;ืึธื ืืœืข ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผืจื•ื›ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืขื ื’ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ -- ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื˜ืืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš-ืืฒื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืข. 

ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืงืกื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื’ืจืขืกื™ืฐื•ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคึผืจืฒึทื– ืฆื• 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ืืจืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ 1921 ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืจืขื’ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฑื˜ืฐืขื ื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจืŸ ืืœื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ืข ืืคืŸ 
ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš. ืืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜-ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืœื˜-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืžืึธื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืกื•ืจืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ. ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ 
ืฐื•ืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื ืฐื•ึผืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื™-ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืืคืŸ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืคืืงื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืจืึธื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 
19--1920 ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืคืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืขื’ื™ืคึผืขื˜, ืืŸ ืื•ืคืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื™ืŸ 
ืกื™ืจื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืืง, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืŸ, ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจืืœื™ื–ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฉืืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจื™ืขืก ืืคืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืŸ 
ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš. ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืจื™ื˜ืื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืขืจื ืกื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจืึธืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืŸ 
ืืฒึทื ืคืœื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ืŸื™ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื•ื ื’ืกื™ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ. 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืืœืฅ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืจื™ื˜ืื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ืจืขืื’ื™ืจื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืขื˜ืขื ื–ื™ืขืก ื’ืึธืจ ืืฃ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ, ื•ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจ. 

ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึธื™ื“ ื“ื–ืฉืึธืจื“ื–ืฉืก ืงืึธืืœื™ืฆื™ืข-ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’, 
ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกืขืจื•ื•ืื˜ื™ืฐื•ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืข, ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืฉื˜ืืจืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ื™-ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื•ื ื’ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ืฉืคึผืจืขื›ื™ืงืข ืงืืžืคึผืื ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืคึผืืจืœืืžืขื ื˜. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืจืขื’ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ื‘ืืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืื’ืจืข- 
ื ืขืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ืกื™ืกืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข, ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก --ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขื›ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืฒึทืš 
ื™ืืจื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืขืžื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ื“ืึธืจืขื-ืžื™ื–ืจืขื›ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจ-ืฉืขื•ื•ื. ื“ืจื™ื˜ื ืก, ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืคึผืจืึธืฐืึธืฆื™ืจืŸ ืืŸ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉ-ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ืึธื ืฉืจืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื- 
ื‘ื™ืฉืข ืคืขืึธื“ืืœืข ืงืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ,ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืคืืจ". ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื“ืืจืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืžืฒึทื“ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืฒึทื ืคืœื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ-ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข ืืคืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš, ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืฆื• ืืŸ ืืฒื™ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื ื˜ื™-ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืจืึธื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข, ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฉืœื•ืกืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื || ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข ืคืขืึธื“ืืœืข ืงืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ืฆื• ื ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืจื™ื˜ืื ื™ืข. 

ืื™ืŸ ืžืืจื˜ 1921 ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืœืึธื ื™ืขืก ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืฉื™ืœ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืœืจ 
ื ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืข ืงืึธื ืคืขืจืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืคื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธื›ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืขื“ื™ืงืข 
ืกื˜ืจืื˜ืขื’ื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ืืคืŸ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš. ื˜ืืงืข ืื™ืŸ ืงืื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ื- 
ืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืืคืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืจืืงืขืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ืจืฒึทืš, ืืฐืขืงื–ืขืฆืŸ ืืคืŸ ื˜ืจืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืื’ื“ืื“ 
ืคื™ื™ืกืืœืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืืžืขืฉืขืง, ืื™ืŸ ืงึนืื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืืฉืœืึธืกืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืืคืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืข ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข-- ื“ืขื ืขืžื™ืจืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืื ืกื™ืึธืจื“ืื ื™ืข ื‘ืขืจืึธืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ื™ืกืืœืก 
ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืื‘ื“ืืœืืš. ื“ืขืจ ืขืžื™ืจืื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ- 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืขืœืข ืคึผืจืขื˜ืขื ื–ื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืืžื‘ื™ืฆื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ึทืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ 
ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ืคืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ืฆื• ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืœืขืงืขื›ืœ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืฉื™ืœ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ืžืืจื˜ 1921 ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึธืœืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ืงืื˜ืขื’ืึธืจื™ืฉ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจืก ืฆื• ืจืขื•ื•ื™ื“ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืคื•ืจ- 
ื“ืขืงืœืืจืืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืฉืข ืืจืื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข 
ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’. ,ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ ืจืขื›ื˜, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, -- ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื ื˜ืฉืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ 


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ืคืืจืœืื ื’". ,ืฐืึธืก ืฉืฒึทืขืš ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื’ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคื•ืœืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ื•ื ื’, 
ื•ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœืขืš".. 

ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืฉื™ืœืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื ื’ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ 
ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข. ื“ืขืจ ืกืืžืข ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืกื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื- 
ื‘ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืจื•ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืกืึทืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ืคึผืืจื˜ืฒื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ , ืžืึธืคึผืกื™" (ืž.ืคึผ.ืก.). ืื™ืจืข ืคืึธืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™- 
ืœื™ื ื’ 1921 ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคึผืจืึธืงืœืืžืืฆื™ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 1 ืžืฒึท ืคึผืจืึธืฐืึธืฆื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ (ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ึถืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืื’ืขื ื˜ื•ืจ) ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืืคืข ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ืžืึธืคึผืกื™" ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืžืขืกื™ืงืขืจ" โ€ ืื›ื“ืึธื˜ ืืฐืึธื“ื", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขื ื’ 
ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ || ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœ. ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืืคืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืข- 
ื˜ืฉืขื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข ืจืื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืคึผืจืึธืฐืึธืงืื˜ืึธืจืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ ื ืงืœืื ื’, ืื– ,ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธืœืฉืขืฐื™ืงืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื - 
ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื˜ืฉืขื˜ืŸ". ื“ื™ ืžื•ืกื•ืœืžืขื ื™ืฉืข ืคืื ืื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืœืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืคืืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื–ื•ืœ- 
ื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฐืึธืงืืฆื™ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 12 ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ืืจื’ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืจื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืœืื ื“. 

ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืงืจื™ื’ืกื™ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“, ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ-ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืื›ืŸ ืืŸ ,ืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’". ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืจื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1921 ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ 214 ืงืึธืจื‘ืึธื ืขืก, ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 48 ืืจืื‘ืขืจ, /4 ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืคืืจืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขื˜ืข--73 ืืจืื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 146 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืจืงื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฆื•ื•ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืœืึธื ื™ื–ืื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืžืื ืขื•ื•ืจื™ืจืŸ. 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืก-ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข ืืฃ ืื•ื™ืกืคืึธืจืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืž- 
ืจื•ืขืŸ. ื‘ืขืจืึธืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข ืื™ื–ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ-ืจื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข 
ื”ืฒึทืงืจืืคื˜. ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’, ืื™ื– ื”ืขืจื‘ืขืจื˜ ืกืข- 
ืžื™ื•ืขืœ ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื 3 ื™ื•ืŸ 1921 ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจืขื“ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ื‘ืื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ,ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข ืœืื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืกืŸ- 
ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“". ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืกืขืžื™ื•ืขืœ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ,ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจืื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื”ืื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกืืงืึธื ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ื–ื". 
,ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ื ืฒึทื™ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข, --ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ-ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ, --- ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืขื“ืœืขื›ืข ื“ืึธืงื˜ืจื™ื ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืึธืœืฉืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืขืงืึทื ืึธืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืื˜ืืกื˜ืจืึธืคึผืข ืคืืจ ืืœืข ืงืœืืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืœืื ื“, ืฐื•ื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 
ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืืจืฒึทืŸ". ืกืขืžื™ื•ืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ , ืžืึธืคึผืกื™"' ืฐืขื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื– ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขื“ื™ื™ืข ื‘ืขื”ืื“ืจืึธื’ืขื“ื™ืง ืืฒึทื ืฆื•ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข 
ื ืจืขืคึผืจืขื–ืขื ื˜ืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’. 

ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืŸ ืืจื›ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืง ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ,ื‘ื™ื•ืจืึธ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืžืฃ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึธืœืฉืขืฐื™ื–ื" (ืื–ื ื‘ื™ื•ืจืึธ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืœืึธื ื™ื–ืื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื“ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืืžืฃ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืขืจ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื•ื ื’ืก-ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’), ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื’ืขื ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš ืึธื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ- 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทื™ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 1921, ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืื•ืคื’ืขืฐื•ื™ืจืงื˜ ืืฃ ื ืกืืš ืœื™ื“ืขืจืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืืคืจืฒื•ื ื’ืก-ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’, ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ืกื•ืœืžืขื ื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’, ืฉืจืขืงื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกืืงืึธื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœืฉืขืฐื•ื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืื ื“. 

ืื–ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืœืึธื ื™ื–ืื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืืฉืœื•ืกืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื• ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืืกืงื™ืจื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ึทืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข -- ื“ื™ 
,ืงืึทืœืึทื ื™ืืœืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’" ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข. 

ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ืขืจื˜ ืกืขืžื™ื•ืขืœ ื“ืขื 3 ื™ื•ืŸ 1921, ื“ื™ ื“ืขื‘ืื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืจืœืืžืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื 14 ื™ื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืฉื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื•ื™ื“ืข ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื– ,ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ืžืจื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืื™ื– ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’", ื“ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ ื“ืขืคึผื•ื˜ืื˜ืŸ -- ืงืึทื ืกืขืจืฐืื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉืืจืฃ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื ืžืขื”ื•ืžืข ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืœืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 


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ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืื•ึผืžืจื•ื™ึดืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืŸ: ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื‘ืืฉืœื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ-ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ ืฆื• ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืจื“ืึธื ืื ืก ืคื•ืŸ 26 ืืฐื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1920, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืงืึธื ื˜ื™ื ื’ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ ืืคืŸ 1921 ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฆืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ 16 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ 500 ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื•ื™ืš ืกืขืžื™ื•ืขืœืก 
ืคึผืœืขื ืขืจ, ื˜ืฒืœืฐืฒึทื– ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืฉื™ืœืก ืงืืฐืึทื ืขืก ืฆื• ื‘ืื”ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทื ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื- 
ืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ื ืจืขืคึผืจืขื–ืขื ื˜ืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’. ืืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ 90 ืคึผืจืึธืฆ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœ- 
ืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจืื‘ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜ ืœื™ืงื•ื•ื™ื“ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ , ืขืจืขืฅ-ื™ื™ืกืจืึธืขืœ?. 

ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืœ 1921 ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืžืืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœืคื•ืจืก ืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ืฅ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื‘ืืจืื˜ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืึธื™ื“ ื“ื–ืฉืึธืจื“ื–ืฉืŸ, 
ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืฉื™ืœืŸ, ื‘ืืœืคื•ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืŸ ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜ ืžืึธืจื™ืก ื”ืขื ืงื™. ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืึทืœืงืึธืฐื•ื ื™ืง ืžืฒึทื ืขืจืฆื”ืื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืขืจื˜ืœ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืืจื•ื ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืžืขืžื•ืืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืขื ืึธื’ืจืืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ. ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจื™- 
ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืงืืฆื™ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืืคืŸ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื”ื™ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข. ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ึทืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ืื•ืžืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ื ืงืฒึทื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืกืขืžื™ื•ืขืœืก ืจืขื“ืข, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื ืึธืš ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜- 
ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืกืขืžื™ื•ืขืœืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ื™ื˜ืขื–ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืข ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืคื•ืจ-ื“ืขืงืœืืจืืฆื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืงืื˜ืขื’ืึธืจื™ืฉ ื’ืขืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืจืขื•ื•ื™ื“ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื‘ืืฉืœื•ืกืŸ. 

ืœืึธื™ื“ ื“ื–ืฉืึธืจื“ื–ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœืคื•ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืžืื ืก ืคึผืจืขื˜ืขื - 
ื–ื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืืกืงื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ื”ืขืจื‘ืขืจื˜ ืกืขืžื™ื•ืขืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื™ื– ,ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜", ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื˜ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคืืจ ืื–ื ืงืึธืžืคึผืœืฒ 
ืฆื™ืจื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึธืกื˜, ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ-ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึธืœืื™ื. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืคึผืึธื–ื™ื˜ื™ื• 
ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื•ืคื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื‘ืืœืคื•ืจืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื–ืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ --ืื™ืŸ ืืœื‘ืขืจื˜-ื”ืึธืœืœ--ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ืจืขื“ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทื–ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืจืึธืœื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืœื™ืงืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ. ืืœืข ื‘ืฒึทืฐืขื–ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืืกืงืึธืžืข, ืื– ื“ื™ ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคื™ืฆื™ืขืœ ืืฒึทื ืฉืืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืฉื™ืœ, ืืœืก ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืœืึธื ื™ืขืก, ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื•ื™ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข ืฆื• ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื. ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจืก ืฆื• ืฉืืคืŸ ื ืจืขืคึผืจืขื–ืขื ื˜ืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข 
ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข, ื ืึธืจ ืžืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ื™ืกืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื–ื ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืืคืŸ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื”ื™ื™ื. ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืฉื™ืœ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉ ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ื™ืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืžืื ืขืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืืฃ , ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข ื˜ื•ืขืจ". 

ืื™ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1921 ืื™ื– ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒึทืงืจืืคื˜-ืงืึธ- 
ืžื™ืกื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืื˜ื™ืจื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜ื™ืกื™ื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึท 
ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“. ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืคืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– , ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืืœืข ืงืœืืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข". ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื˜ืึธื ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื˜ื™- 
ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืื– ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืืจื- 
ื‘ื™ืฉ-ืžื•ืกื•ืœืžืขื ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉ-ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืก, ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ื 
ืœืื ื’ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืข ืกื™ื ืข. 

ื“ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ืข ืคืืงื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืจื™ื˜ืื ื™ืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืจืื“ื™ืงืืœืข ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืคื•ืจ-ื“ืขืงืœืืจืืฆื™ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืืงื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ื›ืœื•ืงืขื“ื™ื™ืขืก ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืœืืก, ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ืืจืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืืงื˜ื™ืฐื•ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืึธืคึผืงื™ืœืŸ 
ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ื™ืฅ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืื ื’ ืฆื•ื ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ื™ืฆื™ืœ--- ืฆื•ื ืฉืืคืŸ ื ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืงื˜ืึธืจืื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืข ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ืก- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืขืก ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืจืฑื™ืกืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ,ืœืื ื’ื–ืืžืงืฒึทื˜? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื”ืื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืึธืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืžืฆื•- 
ืคืจื™ื“ื ืงืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืืจืžืื›ืŸ 


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ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืœื™ืข ื˜ืจืื ืกื™ืึธืจื“ืื ื™ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 1921 ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืžืืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ื˜ื•ืจื ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืข. ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืจื™ื–ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ 
ืืฒึทื ืคืœื•ืกืจืฒึทื›ืข ืื™ื™ืจืึทืคึผืขื™ืฉืข ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืœืข- 
ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืืจืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ-ืœื™ื’ืข. ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื– , ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึธืจืคึผืึธืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขื›ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ืœืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ืื". ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืื˜ื™ืงืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืื˜ื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื™ืจื›ืข ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึธืœืื™ื 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืึธืคึผื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐื™ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืง. ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ึทืขื ื™ืก- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ื’ืขืคืึทื“ืขืจื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืื ืงืจืฒึทืš, ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื•- 
ื ืขื ื•ื•ืื˜ื™ืงืืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคึผืœืขื ืขืจ. 

ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืืจืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข ืขืงืกืคึผืื ืกื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ืก- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืœ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข. ืื™ืŸ ืืคึผืจืขืœ 1921 ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืคืึธื ื“ ืคืืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืึธื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ,ืงืขืจืขืŸ ื”ืื™ืขืกืึธื“". ืื™ืŸ ื ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืขืจ , ืคึผืจืึธืงืœืืžืืฆื™ืข", 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ,ื ื™ืฐืฒื™ืึธืจืงื™ื˜ืฒึทืžืก", ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื”ืื ื’ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ: ,ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ". ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœืื ื“ , ืžืืงืกื™ืžืืœืข ืงืึธืจื‘ืึธื ืขืก ืืฃ ืฆื• ืฉืืคืŸ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข". ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืงืืž- 
ืคึผืื ื™ืข ืืฃ ืฆื• ื–ืืžืœืขืŸ 100 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืœืขืจ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ,ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข". 

ืคึผืืจืืœืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืืžืคึผืื ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื 
ืœืื ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืงืฉืึธื ืขืกื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืืžืฃ ืคืืจ ืคืืจื›ืืคึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข, ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžืึธื ืึธืคึผืึธืœื™ืงืึธื ืฆืขืกื™ืขืก ืืฃ ื‘ืื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื ืึธืš ืœืื ื’ืข ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจื”ืื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืึธื™ื“ ื“ื–ืฉืึธืจื“ื–ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืฉื™ืœืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฉืœืึทื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1921 ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืืก ืจื•ื˜ืขื ื‘ืขืจื’ืŸ (ื“ืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ืข- 
ื–ืขื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ-ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ืฆ;ืึธื ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืข- 
ื ืขื ืคึผืึทืœื™ืฆืฒื™-ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืจืขื ืกืงื™ืก ืฆืฒึทื˜ืฐืฒึทืœื™ืงืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’) ื“ื™ ืžืึธื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ-ืงืึธื ืฆืขืกื™ืข ืืฃ 
ื‘ืื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข ื’ืื ืฅ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข. ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืจื•ื˜ืขื ื‘ืขืจื’ืก ืคึผืœืฒืฆืขืก 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ึทืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืกื˜ ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก, 
ืฉื˜ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืื™ืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืง. 

ืื•ื™ืกื ื•ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ืจื•ื˜ืขื ื‘ืขืจื’ืก ืงืึธื ืฆืขืกื™ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขื“ืžืึธื ื“ ืจืึธื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืฆื™ึทืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ-ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 20-ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ , ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืจืคึผืึธืจืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืœืข- 
ืกื˜ื™ื ืข", , ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ืฒึทืŸ ืกืืœื˜ ืงืึธืจืคึผืึธืจืฒืฉืŸ", ,ืกืืžืืจื™ื˜ืืŸ ืฐืึธื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืจืคึผืึธืจืฒืฉืŸ" ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“. ืื™ื - 
ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืœ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ. 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉื™ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืข ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืก-ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ 1921 --1922, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข-ื“ืขืคึผืืจื˜ืืžืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื™ 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืจื•ื˜ืขื ื‘ืขืจื’ืก ืžืึธื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ-ืงืึธื ืฆืขืกื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœืื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืืจืคืœื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ,ืกื˜ืื ื“ืืจื˜ ืึดื™ืœ" ื ืงืึธื ืฆืขืกื™ืข ืืฃ ืืฑื™ืกืฉืคึผื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื ืืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืขื’ืขื•ื•. ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืคืจืฒึทืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืืคึผื™- 
ื˜ืืœ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข. 

ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืืœื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืจื™ื˜ืื ื™ืข, ืฐื•ื™ ืขืก 
ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืงื˜ื™ืฐื•ืงืฒึทื˜, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืื ืกื™ืึธืจื“ืื ื™ืข. ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ืื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ,ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืฉื™ืœ-ืžืขืžืึธืจืื ื“ื•ื", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขื 3 ื™ื•ืŸ 1922 ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืกื™ื“ืขืงืœืืจืืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข-ืคืจืื’ืข. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ , ืžืขืžืึธ- 
ืจืื ื“ื•ื" ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคืืจืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืฃ ,ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื”ื™ื™ื", ื‘ืื˜ืึธื ืขื - 
ื“ื™ืง, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืคื•ืจ-ื“ืขืงืœืืจืืฆื™ืข ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื ืขื ืฉืืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื”ื™ื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืœืื›ืœื•ื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข. ืื™ื ืขื ,ื˜ืฉืขืจ- 
ื˜ืฉื™ืœ-ืžืขืžืึธืจืื ื“ื•ื" ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื–ื ืฆื•ื–ืึธื’, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืึธืจ ืืจื•ื ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ืคึผืืจืœืืžืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ืœืขืš ืคืืจืŸ 
ืคึผืืจืœืืžืขื ื˜. 

ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข-ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืจื™ื˜ืื ื™ืข. ืื™ืŸ ืงืืจืœืกื‘ืื“, ืืคืŸ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืœ --ืืฐืฐื’ื•ืกื˜ 1922, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืžืืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืึธืก ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืงืกื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืจื™ื˜ืื ื™ืข ืึธืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืข ืฆื•ื ืคึผืจืึธืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื•ืจืก ืคื•ืŸ 


106 


ื“ืขืจ ืœืึธื™ื“ ื“ื–ืฉืึธืจื“ื–ืฉ-ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก ืฆื• ืึธื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
,ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืฉื™ืœ-ืžืขืžืึธืจืื ื“ื•ื" ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ , ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืจืขื›ื˜" ืืฃ ื˜ืจืื ืกื™ืึธืจื“ืื ื™ืข. ืขืก 
ืื™ื– ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ, ืื– ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืžืืŸ ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืขืกื˜ืข ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜, ืื– 
;ื˜ืจืื ืกื™ืึธืจื“ืื ื™ืข ืฐืขื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข, ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืฆื–ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฆื™ืœืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ?. 

ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ,ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข-ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื? ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 20-ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ. 
ื“ืขื 24 ื™ื•ืœ 2 ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ-ืœื™ื’ืข ืึธืคื™ืฆื™ืขืœ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืื ื“ืื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืจื™ื˜ืื ื™ืข ืืฃ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข. ื“ืขื 24 ื™ื•ืœ 1923 ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืึท- 
ื–ืื ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื“ื ืก"ืึธืคึผืžืืš ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ืื ื˜ืข-ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืงืฒึท, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคื™ืฆื™ืขืœ 
ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ืกืึธืฃ ืฆื•ื ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืขื™ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืืคืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฉืืคืŸ ื ื™ื•ืจื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืื–ืข ืืฃ ืืฒึทื ืฆื•ืคื™ืจืŸ ืึธืคึผื™ืฆื™ืขืœ ื“ืขื 29 ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1923 ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ 


ืžืื ื“ืื˜ ืืฃ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข. 


ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื™ึธืึธื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื™ืึธื“. 


ื ืฒึทืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืื ื“ 


ืืŸ ืึธื ื“ืขื ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขื ื™ืืœืŸ 
ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืŸ 


ืื™ืŸ ืืœื‘ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืก ื‘ื™ืึธ- 
ื’ืจืืคื™ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜, ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืก, 
ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืคึผื™ 
ืจืขืœ 1911 ื‘ื™ื– ืืฐื’ื•ืกื˜ 1912 ื’ืข- 
ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืึธืจืขื˜ื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืคื™ื–ื™ืง, ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืœืขืงืฆื™ืขืก 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ , ืงืœืขืžืขื ื˜ื™- 
ื ื™"ื™ืงืื˜ืขื“ืจืข. ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ื™ืกื - 
ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืขื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืžืืงืก ื‘ืจืึธื“. 

ืœืขืฆื˜ื ืก ืื™ื– ืืคืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ, ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืžื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืืŸ ืึธื ื“ืขื ืง-ื˜ืึธืฐืœ. 


ืืจื›ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ืืฑื™ืกื’ืจืึธื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 


ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืžื ืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืœืึธื ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ื”ื- 
ืžืขืœืขืš, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื’ืขื ื•- 
ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืจื›ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืจืึธื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ืœ ืฆื• ืื ื˜ื“ืขืงืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืืœืขืจื™ื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจื™ืฉืื›- 
ื˜ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืœื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื™ืึธืจ. 

ื“ื™ ืืจื›ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืข- 
ืกืึธืจ ื“ืจ. ื’ืขื ืึธ ืจืึธื˜ืขื ื‘ืขืจื’ ืคื™ืจื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืืจื›ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื ืขืžืก, ื‘ืขืขืจืขืš 17 
ืžืขื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ 1,2 ืžืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืืžืขื˜ืขืจ. 

ื“ื™ ืืจื›ืขืึธืœืึธื’ืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืžื ืข ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืข- 
ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืืฉืึธืจืข ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 


ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืจื‘ืขื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ, ืึธื - 
ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜ 
ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’. 


ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ-ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืืงืก ืœื™ื‘ืขืจืžืืŸ 


ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 50 ื™ืึธืจ, ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืขืก 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืึธืœืขืจ ืžืืงืก ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืžืืŸ. ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื“ืื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืืจื™ื–ืฉ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ืก- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจืžืื ืก ืฉืืคื•ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืž. ืœื™ื‘ืขืจืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืืœืก ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืึธืจ- 
ื˜ืจืขื˜-ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคึผืฒ- 
ื–ืื–ืฉืŸ, ื’ืขืฐื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืืœื˜ืŸ 
ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืื. 


107 


ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ 
ื“ ืข ื“ ืขื• ืž ื• ืฆ ืก, 


ืฐืึธืก :ื˜ืึทืฐืขื˜ื™ืข ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“ื™ 


ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ?" 


ืื™ื ืขื ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ-ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจ- 
ื ืืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ 
ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืขืกืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืืฃ 
ืืจืงืื“ื™ ืกืื›ื ื™ื ืก ืคึผืืžืคืœืขื˜ ,ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ?? 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืคึผืจืขืœ 
ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก, 
ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืกืฒึท ืื™ื ืขื 
ืคึผืืžืคืœืขื˜, ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผืจื•ืคืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจ, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื™ื– 
ื ื’ืื ืฅ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ: ื“ืขืจ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืžืขื ื•ึผื•ื•ืœ ื•ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืกืืžืืจื™ืŸ ืžื•ื– ื‘ืืฉื˜ืจืึธืคื˜ 
ืฐืขืจืŸ; ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื•ื™ืฉืขืจ, ืื– ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืฉืœืฒึทื“ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ืขืœืกืงืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ 
(ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข), ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื ืžืึธืงืขื-ืžื™ืงืœืขื˜. 

ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผืจื•ืคืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืฆื•ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ื“ ืจืขื–ื ื™ืงืก ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื•" 
ื™ืึธืจืงืขืจ , ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ-ืคืจืฒึทื”ืฒึทื˜" ืคืืจืŸ 21 ืžืฒึท 1976 
,ื“ืขืจ ื™ืขื™ืœ-ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื ืœืข- 
ืจืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ ืืœืก ื ืืฆื™-ืงืึธืœื- 
ื‘ืึธืจืื˜ืึธืจ". ื“ื™ ,ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ-ืคืจืฒึทื”ืฒึทื˜' ืงืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื ืฆื•ื ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื ื•" 
ืžืขืจืŸ. ืื–ื•ื™, ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืขื 21 ื™ื•ืœ 
6; 

,ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื, ื–ื™ื ื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื- 
ืฆื™-ืงืึธืœืื‘ืึธืจืื˜ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืกืืžืืจื™ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื, ื’ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืกื™ื“ ืจืขื–ื ื™ืง 
(ืืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ--ื“ืขื 21 ืžืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ-- 
ื“ืขื 23 ืžืฒึท), ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื“ืขืงื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ,,ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" 
ื ื•ืžืขืจ 4 ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืก ื™ืึธืจ". 

,ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ืŸ ,ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ 
ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืคืึธื˜ืึธืกื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ืจืขื˜ืฉ", ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื ื- 
ืฆื™ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธืงื•ืคึผืืฆื™ืข 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืึธืจื™ืึธืœ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึธื˜ืึธืกื˜ืื˜ 


1608 


ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ (14 ืžืฒึท 1943), ืืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•. ืกืืžืืจื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ืงืึธืคึผ: ,ืึธืกืฐืึธื‘ืึธื“ื™ื˜ืขืœ- 
ื ืื™ื ืฐืึธื™ื ื" (,ื ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทืขืจื™ืฉืข ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข"). 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืคืึธื˜ืึธืกื˜ืื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื– ืฐื•. ืกืืžืืจื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืจืึธื’ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื˜- 
ืœืขืจ-ืึธืจื“ืขืŸ. ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืึธืกื˜ืื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื ื”ืขืฆืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื•. ืกืืžืืจื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ,ื–ืฉื™ื“ืขืก", ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจื•ืฃ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืœื™ืงื•ื•ื™ื“ื™ืจืŸ" 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ: 

,ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืืฆื™-ืงืึธืœืื‘ืึธ- 
ืจืื˜ืึธืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืคึผืจืึธื™ 
ืคืขืกืึธืจืŸื™ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœื™ืงืึธืœืขื“ื–ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•- 
ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ื ืึธืฐืึธื™ืข ืจื•ืกืงืึธื™ืข ืกืœืึธืฐืึธ", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•ืฒื™ืึธืจืง. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืึธืจ- 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ ,, ื›ืึธืฉืขื•ื•ืŸ" ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื™ืงืึธืœืขื“ื–ืฉ 
ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืื™ืŸ 
ืกืœืื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืคึผืืจื˜ืืžืขื ื˜. ื“ืึธ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืข ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืื˜-ื“ืขืคึผืืจื˜ืืžืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ืึธืŸ -- ืฆื•ื ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข-ื“ืขืคึผืืจื˜ืืžืขื ื˜. 
ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื•ืฆื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืงืœื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืงืข ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก ื‘ืข- 
ื ืขื’ื™ื™ืข ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื ื™ืึธื ื™ื: 

ืฐืึธืก ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ืงื•ื™ืขืš ื“ืขื ื ื- 
ืฆื™ื“ืงืึธืœืื‘ืึธืจืื˜ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืกืืžืืจื™ืŸ? ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื˜ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื? ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื’ืขืฉืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืคืืœืฉ, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก. ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจ ืคึผืจืข- 
ื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืืฆื™ื–ื? ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื–ืืš ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ -- ืขืคึผืขืก ืžื•ื– ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ 
ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจ 
ืกืืžืืจื™ืŸ! 


ื“ืขืจ ื ืืฆื™-ืงืึธืœืื‘ืึธืจืื˜ืึธืจ ืžื•ื– ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืื›ื˜-ืึธืจื’ืื ืขืŸ, 
ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืึธืŸ ืกืึธืคืขืง ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื 
ืงื•ืžื˜!?. 

ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ (ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข 
ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืœ) ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ,ืกืึธืฐืข- 
ื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื ืขื ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื•ืœืขื˜ืขืŸ , ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืš" (ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง) ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ื‘ืขืจืงื™ื ื’ืึธืฃ (ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 


ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ืž. 10 ืคืืจืŸ 1976). ื“. ื‘ืขืจืงื™ื ื’ืึธืฃ ื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜; 


,ื›ืึทืฉืขืฐืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜! 

ืก'ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉืื•ึนื™ 
ืจืขืก, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืืฃ ืฆื• ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืฑื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ, 

ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืœืขืฐืึธื ืข-ืื•ื™- 
ืกื™ืขืก ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ: ,ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืึธึทื ืื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืื‘ืข ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ืคืืจื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ืขื™ืœ-ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜"? ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ืขืก ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื›ืจืึธื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืืคึผืจืขืœื™ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืž- 
ืœืื ื“" ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ืคื- 
ืงื•ืœื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ืขื™ืœ-ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜. 

ื“ืขื ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืืฃ ื 
ืคืืจื”ืขืจ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืงื ื˜: ื’ืขื˜ืฒึทื ืขื˜, ืื– 
,ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื–ืืฆืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ. ื“ื™ ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•" 
ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืฉืœืึธืกืŸ, ืื– ืกืืžืืจื™ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜. ื“ืืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ืคื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื™- 
ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืคึผื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ 
,ืจืขื˜ืฉ" ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืคืืจื ืขื. ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื ืขืœืงืฒึทื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™- 
ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจื™- 
ืงืื ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ืื ืฆืข 27 ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืกืืžืืจื™ื ืก ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ! 


ื“ืขืจ ืคืืงื•ืœื˜ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ 
ืกืืžืืจื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ืคืึธืจืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืกื™ืฐื•ืึธืก ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 17 ื™ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืืงื•ืœื˜ืขื˜. ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ, ื“ื™ 
ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข ื”ืืœื˜, ืื– ื‘ื™ื™ืก ืกืืžืืจื™ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืื™ื ืคืึธืจืžืืฆื™ืข ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš. ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ืจืขื˜ืฉ" ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึธื - 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ. ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ ื , ื˜ืึธืขืก"; ืžืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืืœืก ื™ืขื ืข ืงืื“ืข- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืืจื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ 
,ืจืขื˜ืฉ"... (ื ืžืึทืฉืœ-ืงืืคึผืึธืฉืœ! ื“ื™ ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจื- 
ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื–ื™ืฆืŸ, ืืคึผืึธ- 
ื ืขื, ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื™ื›ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืข- 
ืงื•ื™ืขืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื•ื›ืขื–ืฉื‘ืขื ืขืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉื‘ื™ 
ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ืขืก: ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 


3, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืืจื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’. --- ืจืขื“. 
,ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“"). 

ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืึธื ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™- 
ื˜ืขื˜ ื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืคืŸ ืงืึธืจืขืง, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืจืขืจ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืืงื•ืœื˜ืขื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื‘ืืฉืœื•ืก: ื‘ืึธื™- 
ืงืึธื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืกืืžืืจื™ื ืขืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื, ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ืฒึทืข ืœืขืจื ื™ืึธืจ -- ืื’ื™ื˜ื™ืจืŸ, ืื– ืงื™ื™- 
ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœืขืงืฆื™ืขืก, 

ืกืืžืืจื™ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ,ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜" ืื•ืŸ ืึธื - 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ -- ืื•ืขืงื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืืฃ 
ืคึผืขื ืกื™ืข... 


ืื™ืฆื˜ -- ื ืึธืš ืขืคึผืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื™ืึธ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืœืขืงืึธืฐืขื“ ื“ืขื 200-ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื’ืข ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื ืกืืš 
ืžืฑื™ื“ืึธืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ,ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื˜ืข- 
ืœืขืงื˜ื•ืืœืŸ". ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ, ืงืœืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื›ืืกืžืขื˜ืข? ื˜ืืงืข ืื™ื, 
ืกืืžืืจื™ื ืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื›ื•ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™ ืื•ึผื•ื•ืขืืฆืžื•ื™, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ื™ืœืขืจืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ืขื™ืœ- 
ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜! ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก, ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืคืึธื“ืขืจืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข , ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœืขืงื˜ื•ืืœืŸ? ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•" 
ื–ืืžืขื ื”ืื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 200-ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ื™- 
ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ? ,,ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืœืข ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจืœืข- 
ื›ืข ืจืขื›ื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืจืขื›ื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ..." ื ื›ื•ืฆืคึผืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืขื ื•ึผื•ื•ืœ -- ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืžื™ื™- 
ืœื™ืฅ-ื™ื•ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
,ื ื™ื˜ื™ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’?" ืื™ื ืขื ืœืื ื“, 
ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืงืจื™ื’ ื‘ื- 
ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฉืขืงืขืจื˜, ืคืึธื“ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง, ืื– ื“ื™ ื ื™ื˜- 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ื–ืึธืœ ืืฑืกื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืจื™ื™... 


ื”ืืงืœืืœ, ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืื ืง ืืฒึทืš ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ืœืฃ. ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืœืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ืขื™ืœ-ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜". 

ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ื‘ืขืจืงื™ื ื’ืึธืคืŸ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ-ืคืจื™- 
ื”ืฒึทื˜", ื˜ืืงืข ืื™ืŸ ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ ืกืืžื- 
ืจื™ืŸ. ืึธืคึผืจื•ืคื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืืคืŸ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคืืจืŸ 21 ื™ื•ืœ, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข (, ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ-ืคืจืฒึทื”ืฒึทื˜", 8 ืื•ื•- 
ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1976): ,ื™ืึธ, ืขืจ (ืกืืžืืจื™ืŸ) ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืขื–ื™ื’- 
ื ื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจื™ืฉื˜ืขืœืข. ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืœืข- 
ืจืขืจ ืคื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื™ืœืŸ, ืื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืข- 
ื–ื™ื’ื ืืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ, ื ืึธืจ, ืคืืจ- 
ืงืขืจื˜, --ื ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ 17 ื™ืึธืจ, ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืข- 
ื”ืืœื˜ ืืคืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ 
ืœืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคืืจื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืฆื™ืœ, ืื– ืกืืžืืจื™ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ. , ื ืึธ- 
ืฐืึธื™ืข ืจื•ืกืงืึธื™ืข ืกืœืึธืฐืึธ" ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื– 
ื–ื™ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžืขืจ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ".. 


109 


ืžื™ืงื•ื™ืขืš ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ- 
ืคืจืฒึทื”ืฒึทื˜? ืฆื• ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื ื™ืึธื ื™ื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื“. ื‘ืขืจืงื™ื - 
ื’ืึธืฃ; 

,ื ืžืึธื“ื ืข ืœืื’ืข. ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
,ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ-ืคืจืฒึทื”ืฒึทื˜" ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืึธืคื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื•ื™ 
ืžืข ืคืึธืจื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืืฃ ืึธืคึผืจื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจื’. ื“ืึธืจื˜, 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจื’, ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืงืึธืœืึธื ื™ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืข ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื ืขืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ืœื•ื˜. ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ืืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ,ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืž- 
ืœืื ื“". 

ื“ื™ , ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ-ืคืจืฒึทื”ืฒึทื˜" ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ ื“. ื‘ืขืจืงื™ื - 
ื’ืึธืคืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืึธืžืขื ื˜ืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืืง- 
ืฆื™ืข. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืžืืกืงื™ื, ืื– ืกืืžืืจื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ 
ื”ืืจื‘ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ. ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ, , ื“ืขืจ ื ืืฆื™-ืงืึธืœื- 
ื‘ืึธืจืื˜ืึธืจ ื“ืืจืฃ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ". ืฐืึธืก 
ืฉืฒึทืขืš ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ื ืึธืฐืึธื™ืข ืจื•ืกืงืึธื™ืข ืกืœืึธ- 
ืฐืึธื™, ื”ืืœื˜ ื“ื™ , ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ-ืคืจืฒึทื”ืฒึทื˜", ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉืœื•ืก ,,ืื™ื ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ".. 
ืฆื•ื ื•ื•ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ืืฃ ืฆื• ืคืืจื“ืืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื ืืฆื™! ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ,ื ืึธืฐืึธื™ืข ืจื•ืกืงืึธื™ืข ืกืœืึธืฐืึธื™ ื˜ื- 
ืงืข ื ืคืึธืจืฉ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื ื˜ื™ืกืึท- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš.." 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ , ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ-ืคืจืฒึทื”ืฒึทื˜", ืฐื™ 
ืื™ืจ ื˜ืขื•ื•ืข ืื™ื–, ื ื“ืจื™ื™, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกื ื“ื™ืง, ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ื ืฉืคึผืจื™ืฅ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื™ืคื˜ ืืฃ ,ืกืึธืฐืข- 
ื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“", ืื•ื™ืกืžื™ืฉื ื“ื™ืง ืงืืฉืข ืžื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืึธืจืฉื˜: ืฆื•ื ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ ืกืืžืืจื™ืŸ ืžื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ ืฆื• ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก , ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ืคื™ืจื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ , ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ-ืคืจืฒึทื”ืฒึทื˜", ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืื ืื“ืขืจ ,ืฐืึธื›ื ื‘ืœืื˜?.. 

ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืœืขืฆื˜ -- ื ืึธืš ื ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
,ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ-ืคืจืฒึทื”ืฒึทื˜* ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ืกืืžืืจื™ื ืขืŸ 
(17 ืื•ื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1976). ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜: 

,ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธืขืก ื ื™ื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก 
ืฐืึธืจื˜ ,ืืžืช? (ืขืžืขืก) ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื™ืขื™ืœ-ืงืึธืœืขื“ื–ืฉ, ื˜ืืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืกื™ืขืก: 
;ืืžืช". ืื™ื– ืฐื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืžืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื•ื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืกืืžืืจื™ืŸ?! ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืก, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืฒื™ืขืจืขืจ ื ืคึผืจืึธืคึผื- 
ื’ืื ื“ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ืจืขื˜ืฉ?, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ 
ื ืืฆื™ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืจื™ืึธืœ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธืงื•ืคึผืืฆื™ืข. ืฐื™ ื ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืขืจ ื ืืฆื™-ืงืึธืœื- 
ื‘ืึธืจืื˜ืึธืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืฆื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ... ืื™ืฆื˜, ืื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ืคื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืจืขื–ื™ื’ื ื™ืจื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื‘ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืคื•ืœืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ-ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜... 

ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ?.. 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ืขื™ืœ- 
ืงืึธืœืขื“ื–ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ,ืืžืช" ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธืœ! ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื™ื•ื™ืฉืขืจื“ื™ืง, ืื– ื ื ืืฆื™-ืงืึทืœืื‘ืึธืจืื˜ืึธืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธืก-ื™ื”ืขืฆืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื - 
ื“ืขืจืก, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื ืคึผืขื ืกื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื•? 


170 


ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืข- 
ืจื™ืงืข -- ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ืื”ื™ืŸ, ืงื™ืŸ ืึธืจื™ืึธืœ, 
ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื™ืก ื’ืขืงืจืึธื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื 
ืงื•ืžื˜?" 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืกืืžืืจื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคื•- 
ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜... ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื™ืึธืœ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ 
ืืจื•ื™ืก. ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืฉืึธื“. ืฐืฒึทืœ 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื’ืข- 
ื–ืขืกืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืกื™ื‘ืื ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืื ื“ืข ืคืืจืขื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ื™ื- 
ื‘ืขืจ ื“. ื™. ื’ืขืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ื˜ืืงืข ืื™ืŸ ืึธืจื™ืึธืœ. ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธืฉืขืจ 
ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ 
ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืืœืก ืฆื•ื’ืึธื‘ืœืขื›ืข ืื™ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืขืก ืฆื• 
ื•ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืกืืžืืจื™ื ืก ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ื ืก. ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ --ืืŸ ืื ืงืขื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ,ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืžืฃ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืึธืœืฉืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื", 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืกืืžืืจื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืคื•ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™- 
ื’ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ืžืืจื˜ 1944, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื™ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™- 
ืฉืข ืึธืงื•ืคึผืื ื˜ืŸ, ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืืคืŸ ื•ืฐืขื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืข- 
ืจื™ืงืข. 

ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื ืงืขื˜ืข ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– 
ื•ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ื“ืžื™ื˜ืจืฒืขืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืกืืžืืจื™ืŸ, ืืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ื- 
ืžื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื“ืœื˜ื•ื, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึธืจื™ืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ 1913, ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืœืก 
ืœืขืจืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจืึธื ืขื–ืฉืขืจ 17-ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืคืจืึธื ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ,,ืคืจืฒึทืฐื™ืœื™ืง ืคืืจ- 
ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ" ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜. 


ื ื ืฒึทืข ืื ื˜ื“ืขืงื•ื ื’: ื”ืึธื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืกืืžื- 
ืจื™ื ืก ืื ืงืขื˜ืข, ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ืึทืจื“ืขื ืก ืื™ื– ืขืจ 
ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืคื™ืจ: ื“ืจืฒึท 
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืึธื ื–ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืข- 
ืžื™ื™ืœืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื“ืข- 
ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืืžื•ื ื’, ืื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืจื•ื™- 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜, ื›ืืกืฐืขื›ืึธืœื™ืœืข... 

ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ --ื“ื™ , ืฉืฐื•ึผืข ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืžืฃ ืงืขื’ืŸ 
ื‘ืึธืœืฉืขืฐื™ื–ื". ืึธื˜ ื•ื™ึทืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืกืืžืืจื™ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื•ื™ืจืŸ; 

;ืืจืฒึทื ื˜ืจืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜- 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืžืฃ ืงืขื’ืŸ 
ื‘ืึธืœืฉืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื, ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืคืฒึทืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืฉื•ื•ึผืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืฉืืคื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืข ืื“ืึธืœืฃ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ืžืขืœื“ืข ื–ื™ืš ืืœืก ืื•ืžืึธืคึผื ืฒื’ื‘ืืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืงืึธื ืกืขืงืฐืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืกื•ื™ื ืข ืคื•ึดื ืขื ื™ื•ื“ืึธ-ื‘ืึธืœืฉืขืฐื™ื–ื 
ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 


ืขื™ 88 


4 1111 
* .ืคืื ื68:ืฉื˜ื”00 ืคืื–ืกืงื— ืกืืง60 8ื’ืื˜) ื”ืืืฐื–ืคึฟืงืก: 
*10,111}. /ื˜ื•ื•ื–ื˜ืจืŸื ื• ื–ืืž00 ื”ื”ื”ืืกื›) ื–ื•ืกืื•ื˜ื–ื•ื•ื•ืคืงืŸื˜ืก ืื–ืกืชืงืŸ ื ืื”ื”ืขื•ื—ื˜ื 


ืื” ืฉืจื“ ื’ื•ื’ื•ื’ื!ื˜ื•ื–ืจ) ื•ื•ื•ืชืกื˜ื•ื•ืฅื™ื•ื ืขืชื•ื—ืื”ื. ืกืืขื•ื•ื–ืฉืžืชื–ืกื˜ืื›ืงืกื• (ืื”ืก {2ื˜3ื˜, 


-ืฆื™ืŸ 111,112 1061 ื–ืžื—ืกืงืื˜. 1108 ื ืื”ืฉืชื–ื’ื•ื–ื•ื˜26'60) ื’ื• ืฆื•ืืกืกืก?ืŸ ืžืกืกื˜ื™ืŸื”ื•ื• 


2218 1ืื•ืžื–ื ืกืืกื ืœื ื’ืžื˜ื˜ืกื”ืกื˜ืช ื˜ ื–ื™ื–ืžื–ื›ื’ื•ื™ืŸื–ื›ื˜ื ืŸืฐืกื–ื• ื60ื˜ ืกืื–ืขื’ืžืื™ืกืก 2 
-ืื–ื ื•ื•ื•ื˜ื”ืž ืื˜ื— 620 1604 ืกื +ืื’:ื ื•ืกื ื’ื•ื˜.ื˜-ืกืกืขื˜ 


*ืกืงื— ื•ืกืกืžืงื˜ืก 00096 ื— ื”ืกืกืงื”ืช ืฉื˜ืื› 1116 . ืื•ื•ื–ืฆื•ื•ืชื”ื”ื—ืก ืžืกืœืืฅื‘ ืื ื•ืก 11 + 
.4110 ืฉื˜ื•ื•ื–ื•ื– ืžื˜ืืฆื˜ื•ืกื˜ 670 ื ื”ื–ื”ืจื ื•ืช 6ื’ื’ื˜1ืก2) ืขื’ ื”ื– 


ืื™ืš ืคืืจืคืœื™ื›ื˜ืข ื–ื™ืš... 

ืื™ืš ืื ืขืจืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืกื˜ืื˜ื•ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืืจืคืœื™ื›ื˜ืข ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืœืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ืคืืจืคืœื™ื›ื˜ืข ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื‘ื- 
ื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœืึธืœื™ื ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ื™ื“ื™ืก- 
ืฆื™ืคึผืœื™ืŸ?. 


ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืกื™ืžืข: ืฐื•. ืกืืžืืจื™ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉื•ื•ื•ึผืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืกืืžืืจื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื 31 ืžืืจื˜ 
4, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืกืึธ- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืืจืžื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื˜ ืงื™- 


ื•ื– 606120 ื–ื’ื• ืฉื˜ื˜ืฐืข3 060 ื ื• ื”ื’ืืื˜?) ืžื”ื•ื—ื˜ืฅ ื’ื• {ื–ื ื–ื’ื”ื :ืกืงืŸื— ื ืื”ื’ื ื :ื˜ืงื• 21 


ื”ืง ืืฉื˜ื•ื–ืื–ื•ื•ื–ื™ืกืกื•ื— ืกื•ื–ืืกื‘ื˜ืกืืฉืงื—ื˜)ืก ืคืกื™ืืขื•ื–ื6ื˜ 11 


ืืคึธืึธืืกื˜ื™ ืœื˜ 4 
ื‚: 201106ื—ื’ื’ื•ื˜ื•ื•ื ืกื 


: = ื™ืฉ 
51 +*2.4:5) 8 ื—ื™ ;ืืก .7 ื™ืขืฅ /1 -8ื“ืž 
/ 2 


/ืขืืกืงืกื ืฉืื‘ืืืง :ืฉืื”ืขื”ืกื˜ื•ืชื60 ืกื•ื—ืงืฉืื˜ 


2111681' 2 


-90:0883/18ืช00 ืขืื–ืกืงื” 68ื˜ืฐืง00 038ื•0) ื”ืืฉื•ื•ื–ืืงืก) : 


450 ืกืžื“ืกืกื ื™ื–ื“ืก) 6440 ื™ื™ื• ื‘ืจ = 4 ื•ื”ื–ื• 


ืื•ืชืื˜ื”ืื ืกืงืง 246610 16 40020 ืขื ืืกื˜ืฉื ,ื’02ืก} 


ื ื™ื™ ืืข ื™ื™ 
(ื“ืฉื•ื• ืื‘ืช ื’4) ืืกืืœืฅืื’ื‘ (ื“ื’ื”ืกืืœ - 2044 ?4- 1 
8064" ืžื“ืกืกื—ืื“ื’ื–ื•ืกื–ื•ื•ื•ื’!} 


--. 0066464:/: 
 24444/21276/51โ€ 14610740340/04/------- 
= /240:44000 4 0402 2 ื˜ืก ื•ื•ื ื–;ื’ื•ื•ื’ื•ื˜ื•ื–:) 


(6ืฉืฐ606208) 6116 ืืœืกื ืฆืขืกืงื•ืŸ 


44 


ืืชื”ืกืช ื’ื’ื’ืฆื’ื” 20 1ื’1ืกืกื’ืŸ ืื•ื” 
ื .049 . 
441 4 ืืื“ืงื’ื—ืืกื ืžืฆื— 086084028ื ืืกื—ืกืชื™ ืื” ื”ืืกื“6ืก) 


ื”ืืกืื ืื’ื”ืืฆืžื•ื– ืื”ืื’ื 0 


ื“ื™ื™ื™ื“ืจืจืจื“ืขืจื“ื™ื“ื“ื™ื™ืจืจืขืจืจื™ื“ื™ื™ืจ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื“ืข ื’ืขืจื™ื™ืจืœื“ื™ืจืจืจืงืื™ ื™ื“ื™ 


" 1 6 0 1 ื” ื ื•ื•ืชืกื ืืืกืงืช 80 ืื” ื”ื• 


ื’ืืกืงื’ื ืกืขืกื•ืžืกื’ืื ืกืกืกืชื˜ืก - ืฆืืกืงืกื“) ื’ื ื”ืกืžื•ืฉืงืกืž ืกืืขื’ืกืืกืงืกืกื’ ืฐื”ื ืืฉื“ื 8 ื”ื’ื—ืกืŸ 


(ื’ืขื ื•ื•ืกืืก ื’ืžืขืกื ื ืกื“ืฆ) ืฉื˜ืื”ืชื˜ื’ื’ืงื˜ื˜ 


ื™ื™ 


ื–ื•ืื˜) 8ื”ื“ืกืก) 


ื’ื–ืืกืŸ/) 66ืชื•28 34 ื•ืืžื•ื•ื ืกืชืฆืกื”ืกืŸ 46 ืื–) 


ืงืกื“ืื’ืงื’ืฆ ,410 ื’ื‘ ื’ื”ื–ืกื) ืกื•ื•ื“ืกื’ื”ื 608676800 ื–ื•ื’ืืกืงืฐืกืกืกืงื—ืกืจืŸ ื•ืช ื”ื• 


: ' 4) 6448 243:42:/754, ืื˜ /ื™08:/58:44. 
68/ื–ื•ื•86ืฆื˜ื’ ืกืง ืื”ื ืกื•ื•ื–ื•ืชืกืง ืื–ื•ื’ืืกืงืืกืกืกืงืฅืžืกืง 2 ื•ื•ืชื’; 

2244 ื ื 4 
: 3 ืช ืื—ืืกื”ืžืฅื–ืกื ื“ื”ืกืืกื 8 60154ื’ืง ืงืค6ื•ืื’ืงื’ื ื 6610 
' 654 14- 2460 1844 


1651 ืืื“ืื—ืงื•ื•ื’ ืคืงื•ื– ืกืคื•ืŸื’, 
ื™ื™ /04645474 4 4 


ื 2806 ืืข { 2. 0 1114 
2 ืงื˜ 4 +ืขื™ืฃ// 


ืง 22 - 0/// -}. . ืงืคืก ืืกืกื˜ืืืืคืื“ื•ืืกื 8 ืืื•ื ื”ืกืง ื“ืกื— ื”ื•ืชืกื { 410 ,ืกื•ื’ืืื ืฅืฉืฐื“ืชืกื— ืกื•ื•ืืกืื–ืื”ื 20 
,120 ืื ืงืกืืฆืชืกืช ืกื–ื•ื•ื•ืกื•ื•ืฆืื”ื 20 


ื™ โ€ ืืœืœ ืœื™ื“ ื“ืจืืงืขืจ ืจื™ืจ ืจื™ืจ :25 


,0421111:41 6 


ื’ืืง:} :1021 224668ืง0 ื’ื•. 68)ืฆื•ื˜ื; 


.1188 ืฆื’ืื’ื–ืฅืก ื˜ ื’ืืืœืฅื”ื˜ 6 0ื“ืฃ 


' = 2 ื : ืœ. 8 : 
.ื’ื“ 


111 


ืžืื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืื ื“, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืฉืžืื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคื- 


ืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ืึธืš. ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืจืฒึท 
ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ --ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ: ืคืืจื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืึธืจ- 
ืžืขืœ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืข. ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ื›ื™ื“ืขืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืื– ื•ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืกืืžืืจื™ืŸ, ืึธื˜ 


ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ื™ืกืขื ืขืจ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืื˜ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืŸ ื™ื™ึทื›ืขืกื™ืฆืขื˜ืœ, ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืŸ ืขืจืŸื™ืคึผืขื ืกื™ืึธื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข 
ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ื ืกื™ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ: ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืกื™ื‘ืื ืง ืื™ืŸ ืึธืจื™ืึธืœ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืกืืžืืจื™ื ืก ื’ืฒึทื™ 
ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ. 


-- ...)ื˜ืกืงื˜ -ื™ื˜ืฅื˜ืฅืฅื™. ื“ื™ื™ื” 


ื“ื™ ืืคืขืจืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืืฆื™ื™ืงืึทืœืื‘ืึธืจื- 
ื˜ืึธืจ 


ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืืคืขืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืœืขืจืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ 
ื”ื•ื™ื›ืฉื•ืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื“ืื ืง ืืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ืŸ โ€ ืกืึธ- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ื“ืขืžืืกืงื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืœืก ื ืืฆื™ื™ 
ืงืึธืœืื‘ืึธืจืื˜ืึธืจ. ื“ื™ ,ื ืฒึทืข ืคึผืจืขืกืข" ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึธื ื“ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื•ืฒื™ืึธืจืง, ื“ืขื 
41 ื™ื™ 7 

ืขืก ื”ืื ื“ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืกืืžืืจื™ืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืกืึธืงืึธืœืึธื•ื•-ืกืืžืืจื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ื ืืฆื™"ื™ 
ืงืึธืœืื‘ืึธืจืื˜ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืึธืงื•ืคึผืืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ 
,ืจื™ืขื˜ืฉ", ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืจื™ืึธืœ. 

ืฆื•ื ืกืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืคึผืืจืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืฆื• ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืจืขื• ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืคืืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ืข 15 ื™ืึธืจ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืœืก ืœืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืื˜ืขื“ืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ืกืœืื•ื•ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ-ืื•ื ื™ืฐื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜. 

ื“ืึธืก ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ืฉื™ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืืžืืจื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจืขืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผืฆื–ืึธื’ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืžื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ (ืกืขื - 
ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ) ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืจืขืงืฆื™ืข ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ื" 
ืฉืœื•ืก. 

ื ื‘ืืฉืœื•ืก ืื™ื ืึธืคึผืฆื–ืึธื’ืŸ! ื›ืึธืœื™ืœืข, ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜. 
ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ , ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜" ืฆื• ื“ืขืžื™ืกื™ืึธื ื™ืจืŸ, 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ 6 ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ืขื™ืœ-ืื•ื ื™ื™ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜, ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืึธื–ื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืœืŸ 
ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 1977, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืขื ืกื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขืจืขืจ-ืคืืจื™ื™ืŸ. 

ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื ื“ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืžื™ืกื™ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืกืืžืืจื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ื˜ ืคืืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ,ื‘ืœื•ื™ื–" ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ 


172 


ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึธื˜ืฉื˜ 


ืืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืื‘ืึธ- 
ืจื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš โ€ ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ" ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ... ืœื•ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืคึผื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืกื˜ืื ,ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ"-- ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ื’ืขื ื•ื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืคืจืื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ, -- ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขืœืกืŸ. 


ื ืฒึทืข ืคืจืขืกืข" 


ืฐื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืžืข ื‘ืื˜ื™ื˜ืœื˜ 
ื ืžื™ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืกืืžืืจื™ื ืขืŸ 


ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ืข ืฐืึธืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ,ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข* ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืคืขืจืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืืฆื™- 
ืงืึธืœืื‘ืึธืจืื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ ืกื- 
ืžืืจื™ืŸ-ืกืึธืงืึธืœืึธื•ื•, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข 
ืื ื˜ืœืึธืคืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ื ื˜ 15 ื™ืึธืจ 
ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืœืขืจืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ืขื™ืœ- 
ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜. 

ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืืจืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืืกืงื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื“ื•ืจืš ,ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“". 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื - 
ื’ืข ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขืงืก ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจืŸ, 
ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• , ื“ืขืžื™ืกื™ืึธื ื™ืจืŸ", 
ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜. 

ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืงืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธ- 
ื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืืคึผืขืจืข? ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื˜'ื (ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืืฃ-ืื’ืขื ื˜ื•ืจ) ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืจื™ื›- 
ื˜ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ. ืขืก ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ื“ื™ ,ืง. ื’. ื‘. ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ" 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืืฆื™-ืงืึธืœืื‘ืึธืจืื˜ืึธืจ... 

ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืง. ื’. ื‘.? ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืก ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ,ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ"? 
ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื˜'ื ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืึธ ืขืคึผืขืก ื‘ืื“ื•ื™- 
ืขืจื˜. ืฐืึธืก ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก? 


ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื• --ืึธืŸ ื ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืึธืŸ ื ืคืืจื•ื•ืขืŸ -- ื–ื™ืš ืกื˜ืื ืฆื• ื“ืจืืคึผืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื’ืœืฒึท- 

ื›ืข ืฐืขื ื˜? 
,ื ืฒึทืข ืคืจืขืกืข" 


ื“ืขืจ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืขื–ื™ื’ื ื™ืจื˜ 


...ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืก, ืื– ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฆืึธืœ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืกืืžืืจื™ืŸ ืจืขื–ื™ื’ื ื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ-ืฉื˜ืขืœืข. ืขืจ 
ืฐืขื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืœืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื™ื•ืœ 1977 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืืฃ ืคึผืขื ืกื™ืข. 

ืื™ืŸ , ืจื™ืขื˜ืฉ", ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ 
ื ืืฆื™ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืจื™ืึธืœ ื‘ืขืฉืืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืึธืงื•ืคึผืืฆื™ืข, ืื™ื– ืกืืžืืจื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืืจ- 
ื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื ื˜ื™- 
ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ, ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™- 
ื˜ื™ื–ื ืžื™ื˜ ืื ื˜ื™ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ื–ื. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืกืืžืืจื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื ืืฆื™-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื– ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืžืึธืœ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืžืึธื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, , ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ื 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืขืœืŸ ืจืืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขืงื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ืจืข". 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ,ื–ืฉื™- 
ื“ืขืก" ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืจืฒื“ื™ืงื˜, ืื– ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ืืฑืกืจืึธื˜ืŸ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืคืืจื’ืขื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืฉืข ืคื™ืจืขืจ. 

ืื™ืฆื˜ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืืฆื™, ืืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื’ืข- 
ืงืขืžืคื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธืœืฉืขืฐื™ืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžืึธืจื“ืขื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ... ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืœืืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืคึผืืจื˜ืืžืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ- 
ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืจืึธื‘ืขืจื˜ ื“ื–ืฉืขืงืกืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื– ืกืืžืืจื™ื ืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขื›ืฆืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืขื ืœืขืš ืึนืฃ 
ื’ืขื‘ืขืœืกืขืก ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืื’ืื ื“ืข. 

ื“ืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืจืขื–ื™ื’ื ื™ืจื˜ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 


ืกืœืืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืืงื•ืœื˜ืขื˜. ืขืก ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืข: 
ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื™ 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืืฆื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืข, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ 
ืื™ื ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ ืคืืจ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืฃ 
ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ืคึผืขื ืกื™ืข! ืžื™ืจ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื ืกืงืื ื“ืืœ! ืื–ื ืฆื•ื’ืื ื’ ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื”ืืœื˜, ืืคึผืึธื ืขื, ืื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื ืืฆื™ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ. ืขืก ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ื™ืขื™ืœ ืื™ื– ืืฒึทื ืฉื˜ื™ืžื™ืง 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืืฆื™, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ , ื‘ืœื•ื™ื–" ื ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธืœืฉืขืฐื™ืงืขืก. 

ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ื™ืคืจืื’ืข ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ, ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข! ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜! ืขืก ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ื‘ื ื“ืขื 
ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข-ืืžื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืฉื™ื ื’- 
ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืืฆื™ื–ื ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ. ื“ื™ , ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ-ืคืจืœื™- 
ื”ืฒึทื˜" ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธืจืขื•ื• ืฆื• 15 ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ืค- 
ื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืœืื‘ืึธ- 
ืจืื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“. ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ,ื’ืข- 
ืคืึธืจืฉื˜". ืžืข ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ- 
ืžืขืจื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื’ืกืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ 
ืจื•ึนื™ึธืง. ืฐื•ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืงืจื™ื’ืกืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืขืจ 
ืกืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืจืขื“ื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, 


ืฐืฒึทืœ ื”ื•ื™ื›ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืข ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืก-ื™ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื‘ืืฉื™ืฆืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™. 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื›ื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืข- 
ืกืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืขืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืงืืžืคึผืื ื™ืข ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ-ืžืขืจื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื’ืก- 
ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ื–ื™ื™ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคืืจ ื ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜. ื–ื™ื™ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืข- 
ืจืข ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ื ืก. ื•ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืกืืžืืจื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™. 


,ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ-ืคืจืฒึทื”ืฒึทื˜" 


= 


ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ืึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืื›ืŸ ื‘ืื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 


ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื 
ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื•ืฒื™ืึธืจืง ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงื•ืจืฆืŸ ืคึผืึธืœ 
ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืืžืคืœืขื˜, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืืœืŸ 
,ืค. ื. ื .". ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืจืข ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืืก 
ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœืข, ืฐืขืจ ืก'ื•ืื’ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืึธื ืฆื•ื’ืจืฒึทืคืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืจืขืืงืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืข ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœื™ืจืขื’ืฒ 
ืจื•ื ื’!. ืœืฑื˜ืŸ ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึท ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืืœืŸ, 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคืืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืŸ ื ืข- 
ื‘ืขืš ื“ืึธืก ,, ื“ืขืžืึธืงืจืื˜ื™ืฉืข" ืื•ืŸ ,ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข" ืคึผืึธื ืขื 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง. ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื“ื™ ืกืึธืฐืขื™ 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืขืกืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœื“ื™ืงืข ืงืึธืžืคึผืืจื˜ืฒ. 

ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืœื•ืคื˜ืŸ ืื™ื–ืŸ ื’ืจืึธื“ ื“ืืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืขืจ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜ืข ื’ื•ืžืขื ืข 
ืจืขื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืŸ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื’ืืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืงื•ืคึผื™ืจื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืืคืŸ ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐื™ 
ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ืืจื“ืŸ ืืœืก ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืงืึธืœืึธื ื™ืืœืŸ ื˜ืขืจืึธืจ, ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืกืŸ-ืืจืขืกื˜ืŸ, ืงืขื’ืŸ 
ืฉื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืžืึธื ืกื˜ืจืื ื˜ืŸ, ืงืขื’ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจืข 
ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืžืขื’ืŸ. ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืžืึธื ืกื˜ืจืื ื˜ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืกืขืจืฒึท ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ- 
ื“ื™ืงืข ื–ืขืœื ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืงืจืขื›ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆืขืฉืœืึธื’ืขื ืข ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืค. ื. ื ., ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืฉืฐื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก 
ื“ืจืึธืขื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœื™ืคืึธืœืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืฑื‘ื ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง. 

ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืฒึทื ืขื˜ ืค. ื. ื .? ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ืฐื™ ืกืžืขื™ืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืฆื• ืคืืจื•ืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืคืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื ื‘ื™, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ,ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืื’ืขื“ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธื“ืขืจื ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ 
ืฆื• ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืงืฆื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข 
ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืื”ืื ื“ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืืจืื‘ืขึทืจ ืคื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ 
ื ืืฆื™ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื‘ืื”ืื ื“ืœื˜". 

ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื ื“, ื“ืขืจื™- 
ื‘ืขืจ ืžื•ื– ืค. ื. ื . ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ืื•ื™ืš ืขืจ ,ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ 
ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ืกืงืจื™ืžื™ื ืืฆื™ืข, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ". ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื”ืืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข ื”ืขืฆืข ืคื™ืจื˜ ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืืงืขืžืคืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืก, ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืก" 
ืจืึทืขืœื“ื™ืงืข ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืื˜ืจื™ืึธื˜ืŸ, ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื˜ืขื ืข ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ-ืคืึธืœืง. 

ืก'ืื™ื– ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ืื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ ืึธื’ื•ืœื ืข" 
ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืกืงืจื™ืžื™ื ืืฆื™ืข, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื ืจืืกื™ืกื˜ื™" 
ืฉืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืื ื’. ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ืื– ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ- 
ื“ื™ืงืข ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืจืขืืงืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืขืจ, ืจืืกื™ืกื˜ื™- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ, ืื ื˜ื™ืคืึธืœืงื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืงืจื™ื’ื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืฆืึธืœ ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืœืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ 


ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ,, ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“". 
ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืงืœืึธืจืงืฒึทื˜ ,ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืกืึธื“", ืื– 
ืžื™ื˜ ,ืค. ื. ื .* ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื•" 
ื™ืึธืจืงืขืจ ,ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ-ืคืจืฒึทื”ืฒึทื˜" ืื™ืจ ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคึผ. ื ืึธืฐื™ืง. 


ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’" 


ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ,ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ"ืคืจืฒึทื”ืฒึทื˜" 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ืืจืงื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื”ืขืฆืข ืื•ืŸ ืื˜ื- 
ืงื™ืจื˜ ืฉืืจืฃ , ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“", ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื’", ืฐื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ,, ื“ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฐืึธืจืœื“". 

ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ื’ืขืฐืขื–ืขื ืข ืœื™ื™ืข- 
ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ-ืคืจืฒึทื”ืฒึทื˜", ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืื™ื˜ืŸ-ื‘ื™ื˜ืฉ, 
ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ -- ื ื™ืฐื•ืฒื™ืึธืจืง, ื‘ืืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ืืจืงืŸ ืื•ื ื“- 
ื–ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืข ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืกื™ื•ืขืจ ืฐืึธื›ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ 
,ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’" ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ. ืžื™ืจ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ื" 


124 


ืœืขื˜ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง 
ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœืŸ 


ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 


ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ, ื•ืฐืขืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืืจืคื™ืจืŸ ื 
ืคืึธืœืง ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื• ื ืงืื˜ืืกื˜ืจืึธืคึผืข. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืœืื’ืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืŸ ืขืžืขืกืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœื™ืคืึธืœืง ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืœืฑื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ 
ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื, ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ื‘ืืงืขืžืคื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื’ืข" 
ืคืืจ. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ืื– ืืœืก ื™ื™ึทื“, ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ืก" 
ืจืึธืขืœ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคืืจ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื‘ืืจืขื›- 
ื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’, ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง, ืคืืจ ืคืขืœ- 
ืงืขืจ-ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธืคึผ 
ื“ืขื ืงืึธืฐืขื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืึธืœืง. 

ืื™ื– ื“ืขืŸ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืง ื“ืขืจ ืจืืกื™ื–ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ืืจืื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืจืขื›ื˜ 
ื•ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ; ืื™ื– ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ืึธื“ื ืก, ื“ื™ 
ื“ื™ืกืงืจื™ืžื™ื ืืฆื™ืข ืืฃ ืืœืข ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืื’ืจืขื ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื›ื•ื-ื”ื" 
ืžื•ื™ืฉืขื•ื• ืคืืจ ืืจืื‘ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ื ืฒึทืข 
ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืกืืš ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืืจื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื•ื•ืข- 
ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ -- ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฆื• ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงืŸ ืืœืข 
ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืงืืžืฃ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง! 

ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืืจื•ื™ื’ืขื– ืฆื• ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ 
ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ืึธื• ื“ื™ ื–ืื›ืŸ ื‘ืื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœื“ื™ืงืข 
ื”ืขืจืฉืขืจ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืžืฒึทืกื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื•ื™ื™ 
ืžืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธึทืขืœ-ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืืฆื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืจืืกื™ืกื˜ ืคืึธืจืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ ืคึผื™ื ืึธื˜ืฉืขื˜. 

ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ 
ื“ืขื, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื•ืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื " 
ื“ืขืจืข ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ-ื™ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• 
ืงืขืžืคืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ" 
ืœืขื›ืข ืจืขื›ื˜. 

ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข 
ืงืขืžืคื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœื™ื”ืขืจืฉืขืจ, 
ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขื“ื™ื ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืคืึธืœืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ื‘ื ืื " 
ื“ืขืจืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ, ืจืขืืงืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืข ื”ืขืจืฉื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืจืฒึทื–ืฃ 

ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืืœืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ , ืฉื™ืคืœ", 
ืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ืคืืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืจืขืืงืฆื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ , ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง". 

ืžืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืค. ื. ื . (ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฆื• ืืฒึทื ืงืฑืคืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืื ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืžืขื›ืืคึผืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ,ื–ื™ื ื“" 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืข" 
ื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืจืื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ), 
ืื– ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• 
ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื, ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืฉืึธืœืขื ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ, ืคืืจ ืฉืึธืœืขื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืขืจ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ืข ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 1967. 


ื. ืžื™ื’. ,ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’", ื˜ืขืœ-ืื•ื™ื•ื• 


ืฉื˜ืฒึทืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืžื•ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืžืคืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜. 

ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ: 

ื“ื–ืฉืขืง ืงืืœืžืืŸ, ื”. ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืื™ื–ื™ ืฆื•ืงืขืจืžืืŸ, 

ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืกืœื™ืคืฆื™ืŸ, ื’ืขืจืฉืŸ ืงืืœื™ื, ื™ืื ืงืขื•ื• ื‘ื™ื- 

ืœื, ื˜ืขื“ื™ ื’ืืœื•ื ื‘ืขืง, ื™ืื ืงืขื•ื• ืžื™ืœืขืจ, ืœื™ืืŸ 

ื‘ื•ื™ืจื’, ืกืืœ ืจื™ื˜ืฉืžืืŸ, ืกืขื ื‘ืขื ื“ืื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ื‘ืขืŸ 

ืงืึธืจืžืืŸ, ื”ืขืจื™ ืงืึธืš, ืื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ื‘ืขื–ืขื ืกืงื™, ืกืืœ 
ืœืขื“ืขืจืžืืŸ. 

,ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’", 20 ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1976 


ื•ื• 


ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื™ืืœืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื™ืึธื”ืืŸ 
ืฐืึธืœืคื’ืื ื’ ื’ืขื˜ืข ืื™ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ-ื“ื™ืคึผืœืึธื, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื - 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœ ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข, ืึธืคึผื™ 
ื˜ื™ืง, ืื ืื˜ืึธืžื™ืข. ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื•ื 
ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื™ืก ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืœื™ื™- 
ื ื™ื ืงืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืŸ ื”ืขืจืฆืึธื’ื˜ื•ื. 

ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืข- 
ื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ, ืื– ื’ืขื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื ื˜- 
ื“ืขืงื˜ ื‘ืื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื‘ืืงืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฒื™ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืึธืจื’ื- 
ื ื™ื–ืžืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจ 
ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจื’ืฒื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ื™ืึธืœืึธื’ืŸ-ื“ื™ื™ืืœืขืงื˜ื™ืงืขืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืึธืš 
ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืขืก ืึธื ืฉื•ื™ื•ึผื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœืŸ, 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ื“ืึธืง- 
ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืกืืš ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง. ื‘ืืœืขืจืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื™ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืขืจ- 
ื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืคื•ืจืขืžื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™- 
ืงืข ืึธื ืฉื•ื™ื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ื’ืขื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืข ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืืœืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืข- 
ืœืขื‘ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืงื™ 
ื˜ืขืจ -- ืคืึธื’ืขืœืŸ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื ืื™ื– ื ืกืืš ืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืง. 
ื–ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ 
ืืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ืžื™ืกื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืงืขืกื™- 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื˜ืึธื ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืจืื ืงืŸ ื’ื•" 
ืคืข. ,ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื›ื™ืœืขืง 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฆื™ ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš 


ืžืื˜ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ื™ื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื•ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื• 
ืฐืขืกื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ื 


ื’ืขื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ 


ืœืขื‘ื ืกืคืจื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ืืŸ ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ",-- 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืข. ืื•ืŸ -- ,ื 
ืงืœื•ื’ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™- 
ืกืขืจ ืžืึธืก ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืืคืŸ ืื–ื 
ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“". 

ื–ืึธืจื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื’ืข- 
ื ืขื ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืคืืจืฐืฒึท- 
ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื‘ืขืœืขืจ, ื ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉืข 
ื™ืื’ื“, ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืืœืขื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืฒึทืก- 
ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ื ืกื™ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ: 
,ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืฃ ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื›ืึธื›ืžืข". 

ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื˜ืข ืึธืคื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ืืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’, ืืžืึธืœ 
ื ื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ืข. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืจืขืคื•ืข ืฆื• ืคืฑืœืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืœืื - 
ื›ืึธืœื™ืข. ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื‘ืื“ืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืคืืจืงืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ื’ืขื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ: ,ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื•ื 
ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›- 
ืงืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜, ืื– ืคืืจ 
ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืฆื• ืคืืจื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ? 

ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ืคืึธื’ืขืœ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜: 
,ื’ืขื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืฉืขืง ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ืจืขื“ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ? 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืข- 
ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื– ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืจื™ื™ื“ ืžืื›ืŸ 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงืจืขื ืงืœืขื›ืŸ 
ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“, ื–ื™ื™ ืคึผืื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื˜ื™- 
ืžื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ืฉืžื•ืขืกืขืจ. ืงืœืึธื’ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืžืขื’ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืคืืจืŸ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ. 
ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ื›ืื–ืขืจื˜ ืงืขืกื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ 
ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืงืœืึธื’ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื, 
ืคืืจืกืืžื˜ ืขืก ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืžืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘, ืฐื™ืจืงื˜ ืคึผืกื™ื›ืึธืœืึธ- 
ื’ื™ืฉ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™- 
ืฉืข ืจื™ื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงืจืขื ืง ืจื•ืคืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก 
ืงืจืขื ืงืœืขื›ืข ืกื™ืžืคึผื˜ืึธืžืขืŸ. ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, 
ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืจืื›ืžืึธื ืขืก ืฆื• 
ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื - 
ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ื•ื•ื™ืจื“ืข. 


ืกืกื™ืกื•ืฆื™ 


ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืข ืึธื - 
ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืึธืคึผื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืงืึธื”ืึธืœ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื - 
ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื• 
ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืฐืฒึทืŸ ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืึธืคึผื™ 
ืžืขืจืงืŸ, ืื– ืืฃ ืื˜ืขืจืึธืกืงืœืขืจืึธื– 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืจืขื ืงื˜. ืขืจ 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื‘ืœืฑื– ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืืŸ ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ื™ ืœื•ื™ืคื - 
ื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืขืจ ื”ืขืจื˜ 
ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืขืจ. ื’ืขื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื™ืžื˜ 
ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืœืื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ื ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ืœืขื‘ื ืกื˜ืขื˜ื™- 
ืงืฒึทื˜ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืข- 
ืกืึธื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“. 
,ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืึธืŸ 
ืื•ืคื”ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, 
ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืขืคึผืขืก ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ- 
ืคืึธืจื, ื•ื™ื‘ืืœื“ ื“ื™ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืื ื˜ืฉืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜", -- 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืข. ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜, ืื– ืื•ื ื“- 
ื–ืขืจ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืฒื‘ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืืฒื‘ื™ืงืฒึทื˜,--ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ืคืื•ืกื˜ ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืขืจื‘ืœืขื›- 
ืงืฒึทื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืขืคื™ืกื˜ืึธืคึผืขืœืŸ. ื’ืขื˜ืข 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: ,ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– 
ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฐืขืœื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ืขืจื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื 
ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ื˜ ื–ื™". ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื‘ืื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืขืจื‘ืœืขื›- 
ืงืฒึทื˜, ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืึธื–ื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื ื“ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 

ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฅ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืจื™ืกืŸ 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื™ื– ืฆื• ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ: ,ื•ื™ึทืื–ื™ 
ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ! ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืงื•ืงืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื˜ืข- 
ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜. ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื• ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืœืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื›ื•ื™ื•ื•, 
ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ืคืืจืžืึธื’ืกื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš". 


ื–. ืกื™ืžื›ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ-ื–ืึธืจื™ืŸ, 


ืงืื ื“ื™ื“ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ืกื - 
ืฉืืคื˜ืŸ. 


175 


,ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“-- 
ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“" 


ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื–ื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงื™ึดืขืฐืขืจ ืคืืจืœืื’ ,ืจืื“ื™ืื ืกืงื™ 
ืคึผื™ืกืžืขื ื™ืง" ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ืงืจืื™ึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ื ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืืคืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข. 

ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœื–ืฉืื ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ 
(ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื. ืงืืฆื ืขืœ- 
ืกืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”. ืคึผืึธืœื™ืื ืงืขืจ) ืขืคื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืึธืฉืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืžืืŸ. ืขืก 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉื- 
ืคื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืง ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื–ืื™ึทืงืขืจ. 

ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืื•ืงืจืื™- 
ื ื™ืฉ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืข ืฉืจื˜ื™ 
ื‘ืขืจ ืคึผ. ื˜ื™ื˜ืฉื™ื ื, ืž. ื‘ืื–ืฉืืŸ, 
ืž. ื˜ืขืจืขืฉื˜ืฉืขื ืงืึธ, ื“. ืคึผืื•ื•ืœื™ื˜ืฉ- 
ืงืึธ, ื. ืงืืฆื ืขืœืกืึธืŸ, ืคึผ. ืื•ืกืขื ืงืึธ, 
ืก. ื˜ืขืœื ื™ื•ืง ืื. 


ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜-ื’ืืกื˜ืจืึธืœืŸ 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜-ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื ืคื•ืŸ 
6 ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ื™ 
ืฉืขืจ ื“ืจืืžืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื ืกืืžื‘ืœ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื ื’ืืกื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืฒึทื–ืข 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืจืขืื™ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื“ 


ื ืึธืฐืึธืจืึธืกืฒื™ืกืง, ืจืึธืกื˜ืึธ, ืคึผื™ืื˜ื™- 
ื’ืึธืจืกืง, ื™ืขืกืขื ื˜ื•ืงื™, ื–ืฉืขืœืขื•ื ืึธ- 
ืฐืึธื“ืกืง. 


ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ-ื™ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฉืึธ- 
ืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขื-ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ -- 
,ื˜ืขื•ื•ื™ืข ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ื™ืงืขืจ", ,ื“ืขืจ 


ืคืืจืงื™ืฉืขืคื˜ืขืจ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืš*, ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื™ื ืืงื˜ืขืจืก ,ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ" ืื•ืŸ 
, ืžืื–ืœื˜ืึธื•ื•". 


ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืฉื™ืงืข ื“ืจื™ื–ืก ืžืฒึทืกืขืœืขืš 
ื“ื™ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ืœ- 
ื˜ื™ืคึผืœื™ืงืืฆื™ืข-ืคื™ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ 
ื ื ืฒึทืขื ืคื™ืœื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
,ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขื•", 


176 


ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืฉื™ืงืข ื“ืจื™ื–ืก ืžืฒึทืกืขืœืขืš. 
ืœืขืฆื˜ื ืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืคื™ืœื 
ื“ืขืžืึธื ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ 
ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืฆื•ืฉื•ื™ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ 
ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ 
ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข. 


ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ , ืจืื“ื™ืื ืกืงื 
ื‘ื•ืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื ื" ื•ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ 
,ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" 


ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธื•ื•ื™ืฆืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ , ืจืื“ื™ืื ืกืงื ื‘ื•ืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื ื" 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืื™ึดื ืžืขืœืืžื•ื“ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ,ืกืึธ- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“". 

,ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ 
,ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“", -- ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืืจืฒึทื ืคื™ืจ ืฆื•ื 
ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ, -- ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืื ืื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ื•ืฐื•ืขืจืง ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜- 
ืœืขื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ืฒื™ื ื™ืง ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ ืืฃ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ื˜ืข- 
ืžืขืก. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืืฐื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืึธื™ึทืฉืขืจ ืžื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 


ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ืžืฆืขืจืฒึทืกื‘ืืจืขืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข 
ืคืขืœืงืขืจ". 


ืื™ื ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืก- 
ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ 


ืื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืก- 
ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ืœืขื‘ื”ืืคื˜ืข 
ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ืกื™ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื‘ื™- 
ืœื™ืฒื™-ืคืฒึทืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืœืขืง- 
ื˜ื™ื•ื•, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืžืขืจืงื˜ ื”ืื™ืึธืจ ืึธืคึผ 
ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ. 

ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืงืืœื™ืฉ-ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื- 
ืœืขืจ ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜ื™ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื, ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื›ืึธืจ-ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื ืฅ- 
ืื ืกืืžื‘ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื–ืฉืื–-ืึธืจืงืข- 
ืกื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื ืžืึธื ื˜ืื–ืฉ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืืงืœืขืŸ (,ืคืจื™ื™- 
ืœืขื›ืก", ,ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ื™ืžืœ ืคืืœื˜ ื’ืึธืจ- 
ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผ", ,ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆื™ื™-ืฉืึธ" ืื•ืŸ 
ืื ื“.). 


ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจืืžืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืจืฒึท ื ืฒึทืข 
ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืืงืœืขืŸ: , ืžืืกืึธืขืก ื‘ื™ื ื™ืึธืžื™ืŸ 
ื”ืืฉืœื™ืฉื™", , ื“ื™ ืžืขืœืงืขืจืŸ" (ืื•ื•- 
ื˜ืึธืจ ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืืœืคึผืขืจืŸ) ืื•ืŸ ,, ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง? (ืืฐื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืž. ื™ืืฆื•ื ืึธ- 
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื™. ืกืงืœื™ื•ื˜ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™). 

ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืขืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข 
ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ืฐืขืœืŸ ื‘ืื•ื™ื–ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื™ืึธืจ. 


ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืก 


ื ืงืึธื ืงื•ืจืก ืืฃ ืฉืืคืŸ ื ื”ืขืจื‘ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ 


ืื™ืŸ ืžืืจื˜ 1977 ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ 40 ื™ืึธืจ, 
ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ- 
ื™ื™ึดืฉืขื•ื• ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืืŸ ืื™ื–ืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ื•ื•ืื ื“ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. 
ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื”ืื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ โ€ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืกืคื™ืจืงืึธื ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืคึผื•ื˜ืื˜ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืžืึธืœื“ืŸ 
(ืคื•ืŸ 1 ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1976 ื™ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ 
1 ื™ืื ื•ื•ืืจ 1977) ืืŸ ืึธืคืขื ืขื ืงืึธื - 
ืงื•ืจืก ืืฃ ืฉืืคืŸ ื ื”ืขืจื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขืกืงืขื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืจืขื’ืœืืžืขื ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธื ืงื•ืจืก ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืื™ื ืขื 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืึธืคึผื™ 
ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืืŸ ืืœืก ื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜--ื 
ื ืฒึทื™ื‘ืฑื•ึผื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคื™ื ืค- 
ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืก ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืื˜ื™- 
ืฐืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขืš-ืงื•ืœื˜ื•" 
ืจืขืœืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืืฐื˜ืึธื ืึธืžืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜; ืืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜- 
ืจื™ืขืœืข ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืื–ื•ื’- 
ื“ืขืจืก ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉืคึผืฒึทื–ื™ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืข. ื›ื•ืฅ ื“ืขื, ืงืึทื™ 
ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืคึผืจืึธื™ืขืงื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืขืจื‘ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ื’ืขืึธ- 
ื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืข ืคืืงื˜ืึธืจืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœ- 
ื›ืขื™ืขืก-ืื™ื– ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืžืœืขื›ืข 
ืคืืจ ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ. 


11--50 


ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื ืขื ืงืึธื ืงื•ืจืก 
ื•ืขืจืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืจืฒึท ื’ืขืœื˜- 
ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืขืก: 1ื™ื˜ืข ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข--200 
ืจื•ื‘ืœ, 2-ื˜ืข ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข -- 150 ืจื•ื‘ืœ, 
ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข -- 100 ืจื•ื‘ืœ. 

ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื’ืขืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืขืจืš-ื’ืจืืžืึธื˜ืข ืคื•ื™ 
ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜-ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืงืึธื. 


ืคืืจ ื”ืขืœื“ื ืžื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจืึธื™ื–ื 


ืืคืŸ ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ื™ืœืฆ- 
ื‘ืืืจื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืึธืžื‘ื™ื ืื˜ ืื™ื– 
ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืคึผืฒึทืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืคืืจ- 
ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืืœืฑื ื•ื ื’ 
ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจ ืื™ืœื™ื ืคืืก- 
ื˜ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™. 

ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืงืื‘ืขืจ 1943 ื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ืœื™ื ื™ืืงืึธืฐื•ืœืขืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ 
ืืœืก ื˜ืึธืงืขืจ ืืฃ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื–ืืฐืึธื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžืกืึธืžืึธืœืกืง-ืืคืŸ- 
ืืžื•ืจ. ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืืฐืขืง 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืจืื“ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉื™- 
ืกืขืจ-ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืžื™ื–ืจืขื›- 
ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ. 

ื‘ืขืฉืืก ื“ื™ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื•ื ืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืกืขืจ- 
ื–ืฉืื ื˜ ืคืืกื˜ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืคืืจ- 
ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืคึผืจืขืœ 
46 ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืกืคึผื™ื˜ืืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืึธื‘ื™- 
ืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1951. 

ืื™ืฆื˜, ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืฒึทืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืคืืจื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ- 
ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ ื . ืž. ื’ืœืื“ืงื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืœื™ื. ืคืืกื˜ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ --ื ืžืขื“ืืœ ืคืืจ 
ืฉืœืื›ื˜-ืคืืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ". 

ืืŸ ืึธืจื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขื - 
ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื™ื™- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืžืื“ืจื™ื™ื’ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉื- 
ื ืขืจ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข ืคึผื™ืึธื˜ืขืจ 
ืื‘ืจืืžืึธื•ื•, ืžืขื“ืืœืŸ ,ืคืืจ ื”ืขืœื“ื - 
ืžื•ื˜" -- ื“ืขืจ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ื™ืคืื‘ืจื™ืง ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ืื–ืจืข- 
ืœื™ืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขื ืกื™ืึธื ืขืจ ืืคื- 


ื ืืกื™ ื•ื•ืœืืกืึธื•ื•, ื ืžืขื“ืืœ ,ืคืืจ 
ืฉืœืื›ื˜-ืคืืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ" -- ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ืขืจ 
ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขื”ืขืœืคืขืจ. 


ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธ-ืื’ืจืขื’ืื˜ืŸ -- 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทืงืืœ-ืืžื•ืจืขืจ 
ืžืื’ื™ืกื˜ืจืืœ 


ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืฒึทืงืืœื™ืืžื•ืจืขืจ ืžืื’ื™ืกื˜ืจืืœ --ื 
,ื’ืจื™ื ืข ื’ืืก", -- ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธ- 
ื–ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ื– ืžื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจืŸ ืคื•- 
ื ืขื ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื ืกืคืึธืจ- 
ืžืื˜ืึธืจ-ื–ืืฐืึธื“. ืœืขืฆื˜ื ืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืืคืŸ ืื“ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ,ืื ื’ืืจืกืงืกื˜ืจืึธืœ" 
ืื•ืŸ ,, ื‘ืืกื˜ืจืึธืคื•ื˜", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ื- 
ื–ื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ึทืฉืขื•ื• ื˜ื™ื ื“ื, 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 51 ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธ-ืื’ืจืขื’ืื˜ืŸ. 

ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื ืขื 
ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงืึธืžื™ื•ื’ื™ืฉ-ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ืขืก 
ื‘ืขืจืึธืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืื‘ืจืื ืจืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ื ื™- 
ืงืึธืœืฒึท ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื“ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจ 
ืฐืึธืœืคืกืึธืŸ. 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ ืžืข- 


ื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸื™ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื 
ื ืฒึทืข ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขื˜ 
ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืขืœื“ืฉืขืจืก-ืœืื‘ืึธืจืื ื˜ืŸ 
ืคืืจ ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœืŸ, ืงืœื™ื ื™ืฉืข ืœืื‘ืึธ- 
ืจืื˜ืึธืจื™ืขืก, ืกืื ืขืคึผื™ื“ืขืื™ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืขืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขืš-ืคืึธืจืฉืข- 
ืจื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืื ื˜. 
ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจ- 


ืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ. ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ . 


ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืืจืฑืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ โ€ ื‘ื 3 
ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ-ื™ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ืคืขืœื“- 
ืฉืขืจืก, ืืงื•ืฉืขืจืŸ. ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– 
ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื ืขื 
ื›ืื‘ืืจืึธื•ื•ืกืงืขืจ ืงืื ื˜. ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ -- ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜-ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื 


ืงืื ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืœื™ื ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ ื. 
ืืฐื•ื˜ื•ื›ืึธื•ื•, ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜-ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื’ืขื’ื ื˜-ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืงืึธื ื™ื. ื•ื•ืขืจ- 
ื’ื™ืœืขืก, ื“ืขืจ ืงืืจื“ื™ืึธืœืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืงืœื™ื ื™ืง ืก. ื“ืจื™- 
ื–ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข. 

ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืจืืคึผืขืฐื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืงืœื™ื ื™ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ื- 
ืฐืึธื“ ,ื“ืืœืกืขืœืžืืฉ" ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ืฐื•ึผืœ- 
ืคืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืจืขื•ื•ื–ื™ืŸ -- ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1936 ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ 
ืœืขืงืฆื™ืข. ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืœื˜ 
ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจ- 
ื ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ ื ืคื™ื ืคืฉื˜ืึธืงื™ืงืŸ ืžื•ื™ืขืจ. 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืขืจืœืขืš 
ื”ืขื›ืขืจ 700 ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข 
ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš. 
ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืจืฒึทื›ืข ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง, 
ืืŸ ืืงื˜ืึธืฐืŸ ื–ืืœ, ื ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ื•ืŸ 
ื–ืืœ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸื™ืฉื•ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืคืืจืขื ืข ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธื’ืŸ. ืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื˜ืืงืข ื“ื™ 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืฉื•ืœ. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื™ืึธืกื™ืฃ 
ื’ืจื™ื’ืึธืจื™ืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืžืื–ืœื™ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ื™- 
ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ. 


ื˜ืฒึทื’ืข-ื“ืขืœื™ืงืื˜ืขืกืŸ 


ื“ื™ ื˜ืฒึทื’ืข ืื™ื– ืจืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ืก, 
ื™ืื’ืขื“ืขืก, ืฉืฐืึธืžืขืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืœ-ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืกืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื“ืขืœื™ืงืื˜ืขืกืŸ. ื”ืื™ืึธืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื™ืื’ืข- 
ื“ืขืกื™ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื ื™ืง-ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืคืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืช ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืื ื“ืขืจืข 
ื˜ืฒึทื’ืขื™ื“ืขืœื™ืงืื˜ืขืกืŸ ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ึดืขืœืข ืคืืจื’ืจื™ื™ื˜-ืงืึธื ื˜ืึธืจ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ืœื•ื˜ืฉื‚ื™ืขืจ ืจืื™ืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜ื™ื›ืื“ืึธ- 
ืฉื™ื ืื•ืคื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ื 50 
ื˜ืึธืŸ ื™ืื’ืขื“ืขืก, 65 ื˜ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื ื™ืง, 0| 
ื˜ืึธืŸ ืฉืฐืึธืžืขืŸ. 


ื‘ื™ืจืึทื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจืึทื‘ื™ื“ื–ื•ืฉืื ืฆืขืก 


ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึทื˜ืึธื™ืึธื‘ื™ืขืงื˜ื™ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืคื™ืงืกื™ืจื˜ 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจื™ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธื ืึธืžืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜. 

1. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื˜ืขืœื™ืข ื ื•ืž. 1 ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉื- 
ื ืขืจ-ืงืึธืžื‘ื™ื ืื˜. 

2, 3. ืกืืœืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืฒื™ื ืงืฒึทื˜--ื ื ืฒึทืข ืคึผืืจื™ืงืžื- 
ื›ืขืจืฒึท ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจืงื™-ื’ืืก. 

4 ืฆื•ื”ื™ืœืฃ ื“ื™ ืืฐื•ื˜ืึธ-ืžืึธื˜ืึธื™ืœื™ื‘ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’. 


18 


ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื•ืฉืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจืึทื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืื ืฆืขืก 


5 ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ืœืขืจ-ืงืึธืžื‘ืฒึทื - 
ื‘ื•ื™ืขืจ ืจืึธื‘ืขืจื˜ ืงืื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืืคืŸ ืกื˜ืืจื˜: ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื–. 

7. ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืฉืื›ืžืื˜ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, 

8. ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืกื˜ืื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืขืกื˜ืืคืขื˜ืข. 

9 ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ืกืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืืจืง. 


179 


4 


ื“ืขืจ ืขื›ืึธ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื 


ืืŸ ืืœื‘ืึธื ื’ืจืื•ื•ื™ื•ืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜ื™ื’ืขืฉืขืข- 
ื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธื ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืืฃ ื’ืึธืจืงื™ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืจื™ื–ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ !ื•ื•ื ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜. 

ื‘ืื ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืข ืฆื•ื ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืŸ ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขืฐ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง -- ืฆื•ื ื˜ืึธื’, ืฐืขืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืกื˜ื™ืœื™ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืคืžืขืจืง- 
ื–ืืžืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืงื™ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจื˜ื™ืž- 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืืœื‘ืึธื ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคืึธืจืžืื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืฐืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ื™ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืืคืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœื™ื‘ืœืื˜ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ, ืื– 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ,ืงื•ืจืฆืข ื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึทืฆืŸ ืขืกื˜ืืžืคึผืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ื™ื˜ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข, ืฐื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืจืื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ ื›ืขืœืžืืŸ ืœืฑื˜ ืžืึธื ืขืก ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ". ืืคืŸ 
ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึนืœื‘ืึธื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืค- 
ืฉืจื™ืคื˜: , ืžืึธื ืข -- 1792 ื™ืึธืจ. ื’ืจืื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ ื›ืขืœืžืืŸ. 1793 ื™ืึธืจ". 
ืื–ื•ื™ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืงืœืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื‘ืึธื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ 

ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืข ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื•ื ื’" 
5 ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ื™ื˜. ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 12. ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ื- 
ื ืขื ืข ืคึผืืจื™ื–ืฉืขืจ ืืฒึทื ืฐืฑื ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืก- 
ื˜ื™ืœื™ืข, ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืืกืืžื‘ืœื™ื™-ืคืืจื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืกืืœ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื 4-ื˜ืŸ ืืคืŸ 5ื™ื˜ืŸ ืืฐื’ื•ืกื˜ 1789, ื“ืขืจ 
,ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜-ืคืึธื ื˜ืืŸ", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืกื˜ื™ืœื™ืข. 


ื”ืืžืœืขื˜.. 


ื“ื™ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืื‘ืœืึธ 
ืคึผื™ืงืืกืึธ 


ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื 
ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื 
ืงืื˜ืืœืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ืžืึธ- 
ืœืขืจ ืคึผืื‘ืœืึธ ืคึผื™ืงืืกืึธ. 

ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืข ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืข ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜, 
ืฐื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืžืึธืœื“ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ 1885 
ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ (ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ื“ื™ 118 ืœืฒึทืฐื ื˜ืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื- 
ืœืขืจื™ื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืฑืคึผืกื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืคึผืืœืืฅ ืื™ืŸ 
ืืฐื™ื ื™ืึธืŸ), 1:089 ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 3222 
ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืงืขืจืืžื™ืง, 1.128 ืกืงื•ืœืคึผื˜ื•ืจืŸ, 
ื”ืขื›ืขืจ 18:000 ื’ืจืื•ื•ื™ื•ืจืŸ, ืงื™ืžืื˜ 1.000 
ืœื™ื˜ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืขืก, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš 11 ื’ืึธื‘ืขืœืขื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื›ื˜ ื˜ืขืคึผื™ื›ืŸ, ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืœื•ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™" 
ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ. 


ื‘ืฒึทืจืึธื ืก ื ืžืื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ 


ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืืื•ืงืฆื™ืึธื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืคื™ืจื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธื ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืžืข ืกืึธื˜ื‘ื™, ื‘ื- 
ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืžืึธืœ ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืข ืืœื˜ืขืจื˜ื™ืž" 
ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ, 
ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทืจืึธื ืก ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ,ื‘ืขืคึผืคึผืึธื™. ืคืืจืŸ 
ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืืฆืึธืœื˜ 50 ื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜ 
ืคื•ื ื˜-- ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืกื•ืžืข, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื‘ืืฆืึธืœื˜ ืคืืจ ื ืžืื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜, ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ื ื“ื™ืง 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜. ืืคืŸ ืืื•ืงืฆื™ืึธืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืืคึผืึธืœืขืึธื ืก ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ 
ืจืึธืžืืŸ --,ื’ืœื™ืกืึธืŸ โ€ ืื•ืŸ ืขื–ืฉืขื ื™". ื‘ื™ื– 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืžื- 
ื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ื’ื•ืคืข ื“ืขืจ 
ืืฐื•ื˜ืึธืจ. 


ืื•ึนืŸ ืืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธื“ืืคึผืืจืื˜ 


,ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ.." -- ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืืงื˜ื™ืึธืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื”ืืžืœืขื˜ืก ืžืึธื ืึธืœืึธื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืจืขื’ื•ื ื’, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžืืงืกื™ืžืืœืขืจ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื•ื ื’. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™, ื“ื™ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื•ื ื’, ืฆื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืžืขืกื˜ืŸ? 
ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืืฃ ืื–ื ืคืจืื’ืข. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืคึผืจื•ืฐื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืกื™ื›ืึธืคื™ื–ื™ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ืก-ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ, ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืงืœืึธืจืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ 
ื“ื™ ืงื•ื•ืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ื™ืจื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืกื˜ืข ืžืขื›ืื ื™ื–ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ 
ื ืขืจืฐืŸ-ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืฆื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืจืกืคึผืขืงื˜ื™ื• -- ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ืก"ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืคืขืจืŸ, ื“ื™ืื’ืจืืžืขืก, ืงืจื•ืžืข ืœื™ื ื™ืขืก, ื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืฉืข 


ืคึผืืจืืžืขื˜ืจืขืŸ! 
ืื™ื ืขื ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข-ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ, 


ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ืขืžืื˜ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 


ืงืื˜ืขื“ืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืงื˜ื™ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื™ืงืืœืข ืœืื‘ืึธืจืื˜ืึธืจื™ืข 


ืคืืจ ืคึผืกื™ื›ืึธืคื™ื–ื™ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’. 


ืก'ืื™ื–, ืขืžืขืก, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื• ื–ืขืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ-ื ื™ื˜-ืื™ื– ืจื•ื™ืฉื™ืงืขืจ ืืื•ื“ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืข ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืึธื›ืึธื•ื•ืื™ื-ื’ืืก, ื•ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜, ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ื“ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืœื™ื™ืฆืข. 
ื ืกืฆืขื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืขื˜ื™ื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ... ื“ืจืึธื˜ืŸ -- ืขืคึผืขืก ืงืœืขืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืก ืฆื•ื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ.. 

ืก'ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื”ืืฉืึธืจืขืก, ืื– ื“ื™ ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข ื‘ื™ืึธืคึผืึธื˜ืขื ืฆื™ืืœืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœืขืŸ ืึธืคึผ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื- 
ืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืงืึธืคึผื™ืžืืจืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคื™ืจืŸ ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืข ืจืขืืงืฆื™ืขืก. ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื™ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ, 
ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื™ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื™ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ... ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ, ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืงืจื•ืžืข ืœื™ื ื™ืขืก... 

ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืื‘ืึธืจืื˜ืึธืจื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืฉืฑืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ื‘ื- 
ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคึผืืจืืžืขื˜ืจืขืŸ ื‘ืื ืฉืืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืžืึธืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœืข ื“ืขืจืคืืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืจ. ืก'ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฑื™ืกืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืืœืก ื ื•ืฆืœืขื›ืข ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืึธืคึผืงืœืฒึทื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ึทืขื ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื ืคืืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื ืขื ื˜ืขืื˜ืจืืœืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜, ืืฃ ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข 


ืคืจืื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกื™ืึธื ืขืœืขืจ ืึธืจื™ึดืขื ื˜ืืฆื™ืข. 


180 


(,ืื™ื–ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื™ื") 


ื ื˜ืฉื™ืงืืฐืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš 


ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ ืขืกื˜- 
ืจืฒึทื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธืžืคึผืึธื–ื™ื˜ืึธืจ ื”ืฒึทื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึธืฆืืจื˜ืŸ, ืื–ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื 
ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืœืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœื™ื‘ื™ืง 
ืฐืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื•ืฐืขื˜ ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ืคืืจ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื - 
ื’ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœืคื’ืื ื’ ืืžืื“ืขื•ืก ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื 
ืฐืขืจืง, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื“ืŸ, ื ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืขืจ ืื™ื ืขื 
ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื™ 
ื˜ืขืคึผื™ืื ืข. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืืงื˜ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜: ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื ืข- 
ืžืขืŸ ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื ืึธื˜ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื - 
ืงืขืจ ---ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืืฒื™ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง 
ื ืงืœืืคึผ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ืงืœืื•ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ืฃ 
ื”ืฒึทื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ื ื“ื™ืง, ืื– 
ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืืฑืกืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ. 
ืžืึธืฆืืจื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืข- 
ื–ืขืฆื˜ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืงืœืืคึผ 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืŸ ืงืœืื•ื•ื™ืฉ... ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืึธื–. ื”ืฒึทื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืฉืืžืคึผืื ื™ืขืจ. 

ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•" 
ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš , ื“ืึธืก ืกืืžืข ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข, ื“ืึธืก ืกืืžืข 
ืขืจื’ืกื˜ืข, ื“ืึธืก ืกืืžืข ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืœืขื›ืกื˜ืข", 
ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืฆื•ื™ื™ 
ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ -- ื‘. ืคืขืœื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืž. ืคืึธื•ืœืขืจ. 


(,ื ื™ืขื“ื™ืขืœื™ื") 


ื“ื™ ืžืืคึผื™ึทืข ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ืขืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื” ืึทืœื™ืฐื•ึผื“ 


ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกื™ืึธื ืขืœืข ื’ืื ื’ืกื˜ืขืจืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธืœึดื™ืฐื•ึผื“ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึธื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผืจื•, ืคืืจืฐืฒึทืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจืึธื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืืกื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื ืฐื™ ืืฃ ื ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคื™ื ืื ืฅื™ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ. ื ืกืฐืึธืจืข, ืื– ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ 
ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธืกื™ืื ื–ืฉืขืœืขืก ื“ื™ ืžืืคื™ืข ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ 
ื–ื™ ืฐื™ืœื“ืขื•ื•ืขื˜, ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•ืฒื™ืึธืจืง, 
ื˜ืฉื™ืงืื’ืึธ, ืคื™ืœืื“ืขืœืคื™ืข, ืžืฒึทืืžื™. 

ื ืกืืš ื’ืื ื’ืกื˜ืขืจืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืืคืŸ 
ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืื ื“, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฆืข 
ืกืขืจื™ืข ืงืืœื˜ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืจื“ืŸ. ืืœืก ืงืึธืจื‘ืึธื ืขืก 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ื’ืกื˜ืขืจืก ื’ื•ืคืข --ื ื‘ื•ื™ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื– 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืืžืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืคื™ืจืŸ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืงืึธื ืงื•ืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ื’ืื ื’ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืงื™ื ืขืžืื˜ืึธื’ืจื- 
ืคื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืžืคึผืื ื™ืขืก ืžืื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืœ. 

ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืคื™ืข ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืข ืคึผืึธืจื ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืข ืคื™ืœืžืขืŸ --ื ื˜ืฒึทืฐืœืึธื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืžื™ืฉ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื•ืืœื“ื˜ืื˜, ืกืขืงืก ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฑื™ื˜. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคื™ืœืžืขืŸ ื“ืข- 
ืžืึธื ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืขืจื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื ืึธื™ื–ืืœืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื 
ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ ืงืึธืกื˜ 50 ื“ืึธืœืืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืืจืื ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืื‘ืกืึธืœื™ื•ื˜ืข ื’ืขืคืืจืœืึธื–ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ืฆืื“ 
ืืŸ ืึธื ืคืœื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆืฒ (ืžืข ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื–ื™ ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ) 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืฒึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– 100 ื“ืึธืœืืจืŸ. 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคื™ืœืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืกื™ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ,ืขืœื™ื˜ืข". 

ื“ื™ ืžืืคื™ืข ื ืขืžื˜ ืืŸ ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืืœืข ืคึผืœืื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืคึผื™ืžื•ื–ื™ืง, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจ, ื ืึธืš ื ืงืจื™ื–ื™ืกื™ืคึผืขืจื™ืึธื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ 
ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืืžืึธืœ ืื•ืคื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜. 

ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืึธืคึผืขืจืืฆื™ืข ืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื- 
ืคึผื™ึดืข ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืขืžื- 
ืฉืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืฆื™ืจื˜ ืคึผืืกื™ืจื•ื ื’- ืึธื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืข-ืคื™ืœืžืขืŸ, 
ื’ืจืื ื“ื™ึทืขื–ืข ื‘ืึธื™ืขืฐื•ื™ืงืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืงืึธืœืึธืกืืœืŸ ืจืข- 
ืฐืขืš: ืืฃ 10 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืœืืจืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืœ-ืื™ื ื•ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ื™ืฆื™ืขืก-- 
ื‘ื™ื– 100 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืœืืจืŸ. 


ืฐื™ ืžืข ืคืืจืœืขื ื’ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ื ื•ื•ืืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข ืคืืจืœืขื ื’ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ. 
-- ืืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ,ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืŸ" ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื -ื™ 


ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, -- ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืขืกื˜ืื•ื•ืจืืฆื™ืข-ื•ื•ืืจืฉื˜ืื˜ ื˜. ืื™. ืœืืจ;ืึธื ืึธื•ื•ื. -- ืก'ืฆืขืจืฒึทืกื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ืœืขื“ืขืจื ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ื‘ื•ื ื“ -- ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืฆื• ืคืืจืœืื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืขืš ืืœื˜ืขืจื˜ื™ืžืœืขื›ืŸ ืœืขื“ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืžืข 
ื“ืืจืฃ ื“ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ื ืึธืš ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืจืขืกื˜ืื•ื•ืจื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืข 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืฆืขืฉื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื•ื›ืฉื˜ืขื‘ืœืขืš ืคืืจ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ื“ื™ื ืขืจ, ืืคื™ืœืข ืคื™ืœื™ื’ืจืื ืขืจ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืกืคึผืจืืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ืจืฒึทืš ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ื“ืขืจืคืืจืขื ืข ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจืก. 

ื˜. ืื™. ืœืืจืฒืึธื ืึธื•ื•ื ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืงื™ืžืื˜ 35 ื™ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื’ื•ื˜, ื•ื™ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืคื•ืœืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืขืกื˜ืื•ื•ืจืืฆื™ืข-ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืืจื•ื ื’. 

ื‘ื 10 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ-ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืจืขืกื˜ืื•ื•ืจื™ืจืŸ ืคืืจ ื ื™ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืฆืขืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื•ืืจืฉื˜ืื˜. ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืก'ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ื ื‘ื•ืš, ืฆืขื ืขืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืืฃ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื ื˜ืฉืขื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืก-ืงืืžืขืจืข, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจืฒื ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจืžืืœื™ืŸื™ื“ืืžืฃ. ื“ื™ ืคืืจื’ืขืœื˜ืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืฉื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืกื˜ื™ืœื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืืžืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืืฉืื˜ื™ืจ-ืกืคึผื™ืจื˜. ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ, ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ 
ืคื™ืœื˜ืจื™ืจ-ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจ, ื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืข ืคึผืจืขืกืŸ. 

ืคืืจืืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืืจืฉื˜ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจืฒ, ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืœื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื“ื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืื˜ืŸ ืคืืจืœืึธืจืขื ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš. 

ืืฃ ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจืฐืึธืก ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื , ื”ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืกื™ืงื•ืจืก": ื–ืฉ.- 
ื–ืฉ. ืจื•ืกืึธ --,ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœืฒึทื›ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ" 
(1782), ,ืงื•ืจืฆืข ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืจืืžืื˜ื™ืง", ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ืื™ืŸ 1793, ืคืึธืœื™ืื ื˜ืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืืžืข ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื•ื ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜... 


(,ื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉืขืจื ื™ืื™ื ืžืึธืกืงื•ื•ื") 


181 


ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืœืขืงืกื™ืงืึธืŸ 


ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ 


ื’ืึธืจื“ืึธืŸ, ืฉืžื•ืขืœ 
(1909) 


ื“ืจืืžืื˜ื•ืจื’. ื’ืข- 


-- ืคึผืจืึธื–ืื™ึดืงืขืจ, 
ื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืฐื•ื ืข ื‘ื ืึธืจืขืžืข ืขืœ- 


ื˜ืขืจืŸ. ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ 
ืคืืจื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืืฃ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื˜ืืฐืขืจ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ- 
ื”ื™ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืจืขืžืขื ื˜ืฉื•ืงืขืจ 
ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜-ื”ื•ื™ื–). ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1921 
ื“ืขื ืžืึธืกืงืฐื•ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข- 
ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜. ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืึธืจ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืœืขืจืขืจ, ื ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึธื ื“ืขื ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ,ืงืึธืžืกืึธืžืึธืœ- 
ืกืงืื™ื ืคึผืจืื•ื•ื“ื", ,ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ". 
ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœื ืขืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ 


ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ืึธืจืŸ. ื“ืึธืก 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืฐืขืจืง -- ื“ื™ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ,ืขืœืงืึธ ื’ื™ืœื’ืœ" ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ 


ืคึผืกืขืฐื•ื“ืึธื ื™ื ืฉ. ื“ืึธื ื’ืืจ ืื™ืŸ 1930 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ , ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜". ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ืคึผืกืขืฐื“ืึธื ื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•- 
ื ืขื ืืฐื•ื˜ืึธืจ. ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ื ืึธืฐืขืœืŸ, ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืจืขื’ื•ืœืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืขืจื™ืึธื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื ืจืึธืžืืŸ ,ืคืจื™- 
ืœื™ื ื’", ื ืคึผื™ืขืกืข ,ื“ืขื ื‘ืืœืฉืขืžืก 
ื’ืขืกืœ" ืื•ืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืืจ- 
ื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ. ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ- 


152 


ืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืึนืฃ 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืš ืืฃ ืื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืข- 
ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืืงื˜ื•ืขืœืข ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื•ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 

ืฉ. ื’ืึธืจื“ืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืงืึธืœืขื’ื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ 
,ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“", ืจืขื“ืืง- 
ื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืื“ืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ 
ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ. 

ืฐืขืจืง: , ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื–ืึธืฐืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืŸ", ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, 
4 , ืคึผืื˜ืจื™ืึธื˜ืŸ", ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ื›ืืจืงืึธื•ื• -- ืงื™ึทืขื•ื•, 1926; , ื‘ื™ืจืึธ- 
ื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ", ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’, ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, 1937 , ืžื™ืœ- 
ื›ืึธืžืข-ืฆืฒึทื˜", ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืžืึธืกืง- 
ืฐืข, 1946; ,ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข 
ื™ื™ึดืฉื•ึผืฐื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื", ืจืฒึทื–ืขื™ื‘ื™ืœ- 
ื“ืขืจ, ืคึฟืึธืกืงืฐืข, ,ืืฒื ื™ืงืฒึทื˜?, 
146--/1947: ),ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ 
ื˜ื•ื™ืฉื•ื•ื™ื", ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, 1947; ,ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’", ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืžืึธืกืงื•ื•ืข, 
7 , ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœืขืš", ืจืฒึทื–ืข-ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ, 
,ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“", 1966-- 
9 , ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’", ืจืึธืžืืŸ, ืžืึธืกืง- 
ืฐืข, 1970: , ืื”ื™ื™ื", ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ, ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, 1973; ,, ื‘ืื ืฐืฒึทื - 
ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ", ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, 
6 ,,ืžืขื›ื™ืœืข", ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’, , ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" 
ื ื•ืž. 8, 1974; , ืœื™ื›ื˜", ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™- 
ืœื•ื ื’, , ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ื ื•ืž. 
9 41976 ,ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜", ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™- 
ืœื•ื ื’, , ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“ ื ื•ืž. 
9 1976. 

ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข: ื™. 
,ื ืฆื•ื–ืึธื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
;ืขืžืขืก", 11934 ืž. 
;ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš -ืคึผืื˜ืจื™ืึธื˜ืŸ, 
ืงื™ืขื•ื•, ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ , ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ", 1926; 
ืž. ื ืึธื˜ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ -- , ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข-ืฆืฒึทื˜", 
, ืืฒื™ื ื™ืงืฒึทื˜?, 1946 ืž. ื–ื™ื•ื•-- 
,ื˜ื•ื™ืฉื•ื•ื™ื", , ืืฒื ื™ืงืฒึทื˜?, 1948; 


ื“ืึธื‘ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ -- 
ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘". 
ื“ื•ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ -- 


ื”. ืจืขืžืขื ื™ืง --,ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื- 
ืจื™ืฉืข ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืขื“ื™ืข", ื‘. 2, 
ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, 1964: ื˜. ื’ืขืŸ--,ื 
ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ืืจ", ,ืกืึธื•ืฐื•ืข- 
ื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ื ื•ืž. 11, 1969; 
ืฉ. ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ --,ื“ื™ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ื’ืึธืจื“ืึธืŸ", ,ื ืฒึทืข ืคึผืจืข- 
ืกืข", ืคึผืืจื™ื–ืฉ, 41970 ื›. ืžืขืœื- 
ืžื•ื“ ,ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืข- 
ืจืข ื”ืฒืœื™ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ", , ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืž- 
ืœืื ื“" ื ื•ืž. 5, 1971; ืคื™ืฉืœ ื˜ืึธ- 
ื‘ื™ืืฉ -- , ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื™ืงืข ืœืฒึทื˜ืข- 
ืจื•ื ื’", , ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜", ืื•ืจื•ื’- 
ืฐืฒึท, ืืฐื’ื•ืกื˜ 1971;: ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœ- 
ื‘ืขืจ -- ,ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜ ื ืึธื›ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ", ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1971; 
ืฐื•. ื‘ืึธื’ืื˜ื™ืจื™ืึธื•ื• -- ,ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ 
ืื”ื™ื™ื", , ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจื ืื™ื ื’ืื–ืข- 
ื˜ื", ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ื ื•ืž. 48, 1973; 
ื. ืจืืกืงื™ืŸ --,ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืงื•ื•ืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ", ,ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ. ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" 
ื ื•ืž. 12, 1973: ื‘. ืžื™ืœืขืจ --, ื“ืขืจ 
ืึธื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื•ืขืœื˜", 
ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ", ื ื•ืž. 
9, 1974. 


ื’ืึธืจื“ืึธืŸ, ืฉืึธืœืขื 
(1890--1963) 


-- ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ-ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ. ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื- 
ื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื–ืืžืœื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ , ืื™ื™ื’ื ืก", 
,ืฉื˜ืจืึธื", ,ื ืฒึทืขืจื“", ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 50-ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกื•ืœื˜ืื ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืื‘ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืข- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืขื“ื™ืข". ืคืืจ- 
ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืขื“ื™ืข" 
ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืฐื•ื™ื“ ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœ- 
ืกืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื›ืื™ืื™ื ืื›ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง. 
ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข: ื. ื’ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ืŸ, 
,ืฆืฒึทื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜", ื‘. 3-22, ืžื™ื ืกืง, 


28 ื™. ื‘ืจืึธื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ,ืื˜ืืงืข", 
ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข -- ื›ืืจืงืึธื•ื• -- ืžื™ื ืกืง, 
1. 


ื’ืึธื ื˜ืืจ, ืืฐื•ืจืึธื (1908) 


-- ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืคึผืจืึธื–ืื™ืงืขืจ, ื“ืจืืžื- 
ื˜ื•ืจื’. ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ืฐื• 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžื•ืœื™ืขืจ. 
ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœืฉื•ืœ ื’ืข- 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืœืฑื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืก ืคืืš. ื“ื™ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ื“ื™ 
ืฐืึธืš" ืื™ืŸ 1927. ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึธื“ืขืก ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืกืคึผ- 
ืจืื ื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืคืืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ืกื’- 
ืฉืืคื˜-ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ึดื ืข. 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1933 ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ื ืžื™ื˜- 
ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืงืึธืœืขื’ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืืจืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ,ืคืืจืžืขืกื˜" 
(ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ -- , ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื- 
ื˜ื•ืจ"). ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™- 
ืกืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื“ื™ื ืกื˜. ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ื ืขื 1942 -- 
ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ืคื- 
ืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜, ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 
ืคื•ืคืฆืŸ ื™ืึธืจ -- ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจืขื“ืงืึธืœืขื’ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึท- 
ืขื–ื™ืข ืื™ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ , ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ 
ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“". 

ืคืืจ 50 ื™ืึธืจ ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืข- 
ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฐืจืึธื ื’ืึธื ื˜ืืจ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ 20 ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ืืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ึทื ื™ืฉ. 
ื. ื’ืึธื ื˜ืืจ ืื™ื– ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜ื–ืื›ืœืขืš ื 
ืœื™ืจื™ืงืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืžืฒึทืกื˜- 
ืขืจืฉืืคื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ืจื™ืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜-ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืกืŸ 


ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืื•ืค- 
ื˜ื•ืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืงืืžืฃ, ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืกื™ื›ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืึธ- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืงืจื™ื’. 

ื. ื’ืึธื ื˜ืืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ 
ืืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื“ื™ื›- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื–ืื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™- 
ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื ืืฆืฒืึธื ืืœืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื- 
ื˜ื•ืจืŸ. 

ืฐืขืจืง: ,ืืฃ ืจืขืฉื˜ืึธื•ื•ืื ื™ืขืก/", 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื›ืืจืงืึธื•ื•, 1923: ,ืฆื•ื 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜", ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขืžืขืก, ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 1936 , ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืคืืจืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ", ืจืึธืžืืŸ, ืงื™ึดืขื•ื•, 
7, .ื“ื™ ืคื™ืฉืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืืœืื’ืข", 
ืคึผืึธืขืžืข, ืงื™ึทืขืฐื•, 1937; , ื“ื™ ืคึผืืจื- 
ืฉื•ื˜ื™ืกื˜ืงืข", ืคึผืึธืขืžืข, ืงื™ึดืขื•ื•, 1927; 
.ื”ืขืœืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’", ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืข- 
ืžืขืก, ืงื™ืขื•, 1938: ,ืืฃ ื–ื•ื ื™ืงืข 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ", ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 1939 , ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืกืขื˜ื™ืข", ื“ืจืืžื- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึธืขืžืข, ืงื™ึดืขื•ื•, 1940: ,ืจืื›- 
ื•ื•ืขืก", ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืงื™ืขื•ื•, 1940: ,ืืคืŸ 
ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ืืจื’", ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, 
7 ,ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข", ืจืึธ- 
ืžืืŸ, ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, 1948: , ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืคืŸ 
ื“ืืš", ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขืžืขืก, ืžืึธ- 
ืกืงื•ื•ืข, 1969. 

ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข. ื. ืงื™ืคึผื ื™ืก -- 
,ื ืื›ืขืก", ,ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ", 1924; 
ืก. ื”ื™ืจืฉ -- ,ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื. ื’ืึธื ื˜ืืจืก 
,ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืืจืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ", , ืกืึธ- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ", ื ื•ืž. 9, 
8 ื™ื™ ื“ืึธื‘ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ --, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ-ื•ื•ืขืœื˜", , ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœื™- 
ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ", ื ื•ืž. 10, 1939: ื’. 
ืคืจื™ื“ืžืืŸ --,ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ืœื™ื‘ืข", , ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ", 
ื ื•ืž. 251, 1966;: ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ืŸ-- 
,ืืฐื•ืจืึธื ื’ืึธื ื˜ืืจืก ื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืข ืœื™- 
ื“ืขืจ", , ืคึผืจืฒึท ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ", ื ื•ืž. 40, 
0 ื‘. ืžื™ืœืขืจ -- , ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ 
ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื ื–ืื ื’", , ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“- 
ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ", ื ื•ืž. 21, 1968; 
ื”. ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ--,ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ืžืึธืก?, , ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ", 
ื ื•ืž. 13, 1976; ืœ. ืึธื–ืขืจืึธืฐ--,ื 
ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ", ืืจืฒึทื ืคื™ืจ 
ืฆื•ื ื‘ื•ืš ,ื“ื™ ืžืึธืก ืคืืจ ืœื™ื‘ืข", 
66 ื™. ืคืืœื™ืงืžืืŸ--, ืืฐืจืึธื 
ื’ืึธื ื˜ืืจืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ", , ืกืึธ- 
ืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“'", ื ื•ืž. 11, 
4 ื”. ืจืขืžืขื ื™ืง -- , ืจืฒึทืคืข ืžืฒึทืก- 
ื˜ืขืจืฉืืคื˜", ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš , ืขื˜ื™ื•ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ", ืžืึธืกืงื•ื•ืข, 1975; ืž. 
ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ืืŸ --,ืื•ื•ืจืึธื ื’ืึธื ื˜ืืจืก ื‘ื•ืš 


,ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื“ืืš", ,ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ 
ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“", ื ื•ืž. 1, 1970 ืึธ. ื“ืึธ- 
ื‘ืจืึธืฐืึธืœืกืงื™ --,ื“ื™ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืฐื•ืจืึธื ื’ืึธื ื˜ืืจ?" (ืืฃ ืคึผืฑืœื™ืฉ), 
,ืคึผืึธืœืงืกื™ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข", ื ื•ืž. 51--52, 
3 ืฉ. ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ -- ,ื ื ืฒึท- 
ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืืฐืจืึธื 
ื’ืึธื ื˜ืืจ", , ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข", ื ื•ืž. 
1, 1973. 


ื’ืึธืจืฉืžืืŸ, ืžืขื ื“ืœ 
(1902--1972) 


-- ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ. ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ื ืฒึทื™ื‘ืึธืจื™ืกืึธื•ื• (ืฐืฒึทืกืจื•ืก- 
ืœืื ื“). ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 
ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืฉื•ืœ ืคืืจ ืžืึธืœืขืจ ,ื•ื›ื•ื˜ืขืžืืก", 
ื•ืฐื•ื•ึผ ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืจ- 
ืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืฐืึธืจืกืงื™ืŸ. ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธืจืฉืžืืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ื–ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ื ืึธืš ื 
ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜, ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ , ืคื™ืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜" ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื–ื™ 
ืื™ืŸ ืกืื˜ื™ืจื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ,ื“ืขืจ 
ืืคึผื™ืงืฑืจืขืก"?. ื ืกืืš ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืืž- 
ืงืฒึทื˜ ื’ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืกื™ืžืืกืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฃ. ืขืจ 
ืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืกืขืจื™ืขืก ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื™ื–ืื–ืฉืŸ (ื ,ืงื™ืจื’ื™ื–ื™ืฉืข?, 
,ื“ืื’ืขืกื˜ืื ื™ืฉืข", ,ืžืึธืœื“ืื•ื•ืื ื™- 
ืฉืข" ืกืขืจื™ืขืก) ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ. ื‘ืื ืื ื“ 
ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืฉืืคื˜ ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื˜ืึธ- 
ื’ืจืืคื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืขืก ืฆื• 
ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœืืกื™ืงืขืจ 
ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื™.-ืœ. ืคึผืขืจืขืฅ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืฐื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. 

ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข: ืคืจื™ื“ืข ืจืืกืงื™ืŸ, 
,ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืžืขื ื“ืœ ื’ืึธืจืฉ- 
ืžืืŸ", ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ โ€ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืž- 
ืœืื ื“", ื ื•ืž. 5, 1971, 


183 


ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ , ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ืคืืจืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1976 


ืจืึธืžืื ืขืŸ, ืคึผื™ืขืกืŸ, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืฐืขืœืŸ, 
ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 


ืž. ืืœื˜ืžืืŸ. ื–ืงื™ื™ื ื™ืฉืข ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฆืŸ. ื ื•ืž. 4, ื–. 123; ื ื•ืž. 
0, ื–. 79. 

ืข ื’ืึธืจื“ืึธืŸ. ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ (ืจืึธืžืืŸ. ืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ). ืื™ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”. ืื™ื ื’ืขืจ. 
ื ื•ืž. 2, ื–. 36; ื ื•ืž. 3, ื–. 26 ื ื•ืž. 4, ื–. 67. 

ืฉ. ื’ืึธืจื“ืึธืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜. 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’. ื ื•ืž. 9, ื–. 61. 

ืฉ. ื’ืึธืจืฉืžืืŸ (ืฆื•ื 770ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’). ื›ืื ืขืก ืฉืึธืฃ 
ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจ (ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’. ืคืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ). ื ื•ืž. 
4 ื–. 39. 

ื˜. ื’ืขืŸ. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ (ืจืึธืžืืŸ. ืคืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืฒื™ืœ). 
ืื™ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’. ืคึผืขืจืง ืขืœ. ื ื•ืž. 6, ื–. 126 
ื ื•ืž. 7, ื–. 57; ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืืจืง (ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’). 
ืžื•ืชื 1141 

ืื™. ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจ. ,ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ื ืงืขืก ืื™ื–ืŸ ืึธืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื˜ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜* (ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’). ื ื•ืž. 11, ื–. 104; ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜. ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ืข (ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’). 
ื ื•ืž. 12, ื–. 98. 

ื‘. ื”ืืœืคึผืขืจืŸ. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื ื•ืž. 4, ื–. 115. 

ื. ื•ื•ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ืก. ื ื˜ืึธืขืก ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืขื–ืฉื‘ืŸ. ืื™ื™ื ืืง- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ. ื ื•ืž. 3, ื–. 87, 

ื ืึธื˜ืข ืœื•ืจื™ืข (ืฆื•ื 770ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’). ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืœื™ื‘ืข (ืจืึธืžืืŸ). ืื™ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ ืข. ื’ ืึธ ืจ. 
ื ื•ืž. 1, ื–. 21: ื ื•ืž. 2, ื–. 94. 

ื‘. ืžื™ืœืขืจ. ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ื ืงืฒึทื˜ (ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’). ืื™ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™. ืžืืกื˜ื‘ื•ื™ื. ื ื•ืž. 1, ื–. 479 ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™- 
ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื ื•ืž. 10, ื–. 62. 

ื”. ืคึผืึธืœื™ืื ืงืขืจ. ืฉืžืฒึทืข ื’ืื–ืœืขืŸ (ืจืึธืžืืŸ). ืื™ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื”. ืื™ื ื’ืขืจ. ื ื•ืž. 9, ื–. 417 ื ื•ืž. 10, ื–. 
20. 

ื™ื•. ืคืืœืขืฆืงื™ืก. ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืืคืกื ืœึท 
(ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’). ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืฉ--ืฉ. ื’ืึธืจืฉ ืžืืŸ 
ืื™ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ื’. ืงื ืœื™ื ืึธืฐืกืงื™. ื ื•ืž. 9, ื–. 
93 

ืจ. ืคึผื•ืกื˜ื™ืœื ื™ืงืึธื•ื•. ืœืื“ื™ื–ืฉื™ื ืขืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜. -- ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืึธื›ื ืก 
ืžืื˜ืึธื ืข (ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ). ื ื•ืž. 2, ื–. 133. 

ื™. ืคืืœื™ืงืžืืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืก ืžืฒึทืกืขืก. ื ื•ืž. 11, ื–. 31. 

ืž. ืงืึธื‘ืจื™ืื ืกืงื™. ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ึทืข ื’ื™ื™ื˜ (ืจืึธืžืืŸ. ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ 
ื˜ื™ื™ืœ), ื ื•ืž. 12, ื–. 47. 

ื’. ืงืึธืกืึธื™. ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’ (ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืœืข). ื ื•ืž. 7, ื–. 99. 

ื”. ืจืื‘ื™ื ืงืึธื•ื•. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื ื•ืž. 11, ื–. 54. 

ืž. ืจืื–ื•ืžื ื™ (ืฆื•ื 80-ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’). ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข 
ื”ื•ื™ื˜-ืคืืจื‘ (ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’). -- ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืœืขื˜ืŸ. ื ื•ืž. 10, 
ื–. 50. 

ืจ. ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ (ืฆื•ื 70ื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’). ื“ืขื ื˜ืื˜ื ืก 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• (ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’). ื ื•ืž. 5, ื–. 21. 

ื™. ืจื™ื•ื•ืขืก. ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืึธื˜ืขื (ืืฐื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืข 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’). ื ื•ืž. 11, ื–. 68. 


184 


ืœ. ืฉืงืึทืœื ื™ืง. ืคื™ืจ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ (ืคืืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’). ื ื•ืž. 11, ื–. 94. 

ื™. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืžืืŸ. ื ื ืฒึทืข ืจืืฉืงืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืกืข. ืื™ืœื™ื•ืกื˜- 
ืจื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”. ืื™ื ื’ ืขืจ. ื ื•ืž. 5, ื–. 62. 

ืงื•ืจืฆืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘. ืฉื™ื™ื ื’ืื•ื˜ืขืจ, ื‘. ืžืึธ- 
ื’ื™ืœื ืขืจ, ื . ืกื™ืจืึธื˜ื™ื ืข. ื ื•ืž. 5, ื–. 97. 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื ื- 
ืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืขืจ ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืก. ื‘ ืืจื•ื–ื“ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
0ืกืคื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’) ืื•ืŸ ื“. ืงื ืœื™ื ืึธืฐ ืกื™ 
ืง ืื™ ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ึผืŸ ื“. ื’ืจืึธื–ืึธื•ื•ืก- 
ืงืข, ืฉ. ื’ืึธืจืฉืžืืŸ, ื™ืข. ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื‘. ืงืึธ- 
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ (ื ื•ืž. 6, ื–. 63--103). 

ื ืฒึทืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ. ื‘. ืื•ืŸ ื. ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื ื•ืž. 11, ื–. 79. 

ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืžื™ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ืœืขืจ. ื›. ื’ื•ืจืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ. ื‘ืื’ืข- 
ื’ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืืฃ ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจืขืจ ืขืจื“. ื ื•ืž. 12, ื–. 44 ืจ. ืคึผื• ืก- 
ื˜ื™ืœื ื™ืงืึธืฐ. ืžืืœืื›ืึธื•ืฐื•ืงืขืจ ืงืึธืžื‘ืฒึทื ืขืŸ. ื ื•ืž. 
1 ื–. 47; ืœ. ืฉืงืึธืœื ื™ืง. ื“ืขืจ ื•ืฐืขื’ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ (ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทืงืืœื™ืืžื•ืจืขืจ 
ืžืื’ื™ืกื˜ืจืืœ --,ื‘ืื"). ื ื•ืž. 1, ื–. 14; ,ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธื ื‘ืืก". ื ื•ืž. 2, ื–. 9. 

ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื’ืขืฉืืคืขื ืข ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื ื‘ื- 
ื–ื•ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธื ืึธืžืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ (ื ื•ืž. 
3 ื–. 17--25): 

ืœ. ืœื™ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ืกืงืื™ื (ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืŸ). ื 
ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜. ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉื --ื›ึผ. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ. 

ืค ื“ืืจื™ืขื ืงืึธ (ืžืึธืœื“ืื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ). ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ ืขืจื“. ื™ื™ึทึดื“ื™ืฉ --ื. ืกื˜ืจืขืœ- 
ื ื™ืง. 

ืก. ื“ ื ื•ื• ื™ื“ ืึธืฐ (ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ). ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืืŸ. ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ -- ืž. ืœื™ืคืฉื™ืฅ. 

ืž. ืงืฐืœื™ืฐื™ื“ื–ืข (ืจื•ื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ)). ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง. ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ --ืจ. ื‘ืืœื™ืืกื ืข. 


ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืคึผืึธืขืžืขืก 


ื ื‘ืจื™ืง ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ืŸ (ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœื™ื“ื™ื›- 
ื˜ืขืจ). ื ื•ืž. 12, ื–. 26. 

ืจ. ื‘ืืœื™ืืกื ืข. ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ืœ ื’ืขื˜ืจืœืฒึท. ื ื•ืž. 3, ื–. 64. 

ื›. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ. ืฐื•ื™ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื ื•ืž. 1, 
ื–. 63; ืกืฒึท ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืกืฒึท ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ื“. ื ื•ืž. 11, 
ื–. 28. 

ื”. ื‘ืœืึธืฉื˜ืฒืŸ (ืฆื•ื 780ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’). ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืœื“ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืึธืงื˜ืข... ื ื•ืž. 1, ื–. 16, 

ื. ื‘ืขืœืึธื•ืกืึธื•ื•. ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ื ื•ืž. 6, ื–. 
2. 

ื. ื’ืึธื ื˜ืืจ. ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ,ื ืขื’ื™ื ืข". ื ื•ืž. 1, ื–. 1104 
ื ื•ืž. 9, ื–. 56. 

ื›. ื’ื•ืจืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืงืœืื ื’. ื ื•ืž. 5, 
ื–. 119. 


ืž. ื’ืจื•ึผื•ื•ืžืืŸ (ืฆื•ื 760ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’). ืœื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืžื™" 
ื ื™ืื˜ื•ืจืŸ. ื ื•ืž. 3, ื–. 99. 

ืœ. ื”ืขืœืขืจ. ื•ื™ ื–ื•ื ืขืŸ-ืฉืฒึทืŸ, ื ื•ืž. 5, ื–. 494 ื ื•ืž. 10, 
ื–. 47. 

ืก. ืฐื•ึผืจื’ื•ืŸ. ื“ืจืฒึท ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ -- ื›. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ. ื ื•ืž. 10, 
ืŸ. 124, 

ื. ื•ื•ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ืก. ื ืฒึทืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ื ื•ืž. 6, ื–. 3. 

ืฐ. ืฐืขืจื ื™ืง (ืฆื•ื 7-60ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’). ื“ืจืฒึท ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. 
ื ื•ืž. 3, ื–. 101; ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฉืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื ื•ืž. 
0, ื–. 69. 

ืž. ื˜ืืœืืœืื™ืขื•ื•ืกืงื™. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืขืžืขืก. ื ื•ืž. 7, 
ื–. 95. 

ื–. ื˜ื™ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื™ืง. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ื ื•ืž. 5, ื–. 96. 

ื“. ื›ืฒึทืงื™ื ึทืข. ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœืขืš. ื ื•ืž. 4, ื–. 65 ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ื 
ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืจื•ื™ืก. ื ื•ืž. 11, ื–. 101, 

ืž. ืœื™ืคืฉื™ืฅ. ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืฒึทืŸ. ื ื•ืž. 6, ื–. 60. 

ื›. ืœื•ื™ืฆืงืขืจ. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขื- 
ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขืžืขืŸ. ื ื•ืž. 11, ื–. 131. 

ืž. ืžืึธื’ื™ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. 
ื ื•ืž. 4, ื–. 28, 

ื‘. ืžืึธื’ื™ืœื ืขืจ. ืคื™ื ืฃ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ื ื•ืž. 12, ื–. 89. 

ื. ืžืขื–ืฉื™ืจืึธื•ื•, ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก! ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ -- 
--ืืŸ ื™ื ื 1 ืฉื -- ื™ืข ื™ืข ื™ื• -= 

ืž. ืคึผืขื ืก. ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ื ื•ืž. 9, ื–. 110. 

ื. ืงืืฆืขื•ื• (ืฆื•ื 60*ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’). ื ืฒึทืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. 

ื ื•ืž. 1, ื–. 124; ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืกื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ. 

ื ื•ืž. 10, ื–. 86. 

ืคืจื™ื“ืžืืŸ. ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ื ื•ืž. 9, ื–. 100. 

ืž. ืจื™ืื ื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืฐืขืœื˜ืŸ. ื ื•ืž. 4, ื–. 37. 


ื™ื• 


ื›ืึธืฉืขืฐืขืจ ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ. ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืš 
ืžืฒึทื ืข, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืข. ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™. ืืœื‘ื™ืจื˜, ืจ. ื‘ื" 
ืœื™ืืกื ืข, ืœ. ื”ืขืœืขืจ, ื–. ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืžืืŸ, ืž. ื˜ืืœืืœืื™ืขื•ื•ืก- 
ืงื™, ืž. ืžืึธื’ื™ืœืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ื‘. ืžื™ืœืขืจ, 1. ืคืจื™ื“ืžืืŸ, 
ืž. ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžืืŸ. ื ื•ืž. 11, ื–. 64, 

ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื•ืขืœื›ืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉ. ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ--ื›. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ. 
ื ื•ืž. 6, ื–. 104. 

ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื’ืื ื’ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ. ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืจ. ื‘ืืœื™ืืกื ืข, ื›. ื‘ืฒื“ืขืจ, ื”. ื‘ืœืึท- 
ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ, ืื™ ื‘ืจืึธื ืคืžืืŸ, ื. ื’ืึธื ื˜ืืจ, 
ื. ืฐืขืจื’ืขืœื™ืก, ืž. ื˜ืืœืืœืื™ืขืฐืกืงื™ 
ื ื•ืž. 2, ื–. 32, 

ืคื•ืฅ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืข. ืž. ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ืืŸ 
ืคืขืจืฆืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื ื•ืž. 3, ื–. 120; ืฉ. ื“ ืจื™ื–. ืคืืจ 
ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก. ื ื•ืž. 1, ื–. 132, 

ืคื•ื ืขื ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ:ืื•ื™ืฆืขืจ. ืž. ื ืื“ื™ืจ. ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. 
ื ื•ืž. 5, ื–. 57 ื”. ืœื™ื™ื• ื™ืง. ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ (ืœื™- 
ื“ืขืจ). ื ื•ืž. 7, ื–. 118: ืื™. ืžืื ื’ืขืจ. ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ื ื•ืž. 10, ื–. 72, 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ'ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. ืึธ. ืžืืจื’ื•ืœื™ืก. 
ืื™ืžืึธื ื•ืขึนืœ ื”ืึธืจื•ืžื™ (ืฆื•ื 700-ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜). ื ื•ืž. 6, ื–. 154. 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. ืคึผืจืึธืค. ืฉ. ื‘ ืึธ ืจืึธ ืฐืึตื™ 
ืืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืกืงืึธืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“. ื ื•ืž. 9, ื–. 163. 

ื“ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืคืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจ. 
ืฉืขืฐื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ (ื ื•ืž. 4, ื–. 3--12); ื‘. ืžื ืจ ืง. ื“ื™ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ, ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื™ 


ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืื ื“. -- ื“ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ; 
ื”. ื’ ืœื™ืง. ื–ืึธื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ (ืœื™ื“). 

ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืกื™ืฐื•ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืื ื“ 
(ื ื•ืž. 2, ื–. 87--93). ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผ. ื‘ื™ื ืขืฆืงื™, 
ืž-ืœ. ื”ืืœืคึผืขืจืŸ, ืž. ืฐื™ื ื˜ืฉืขืฐืกืงื™, ื–ื™ 
ืฐืคื ืคืขืจ. ืืง /ืคืื’ื’ืฆืช ืคืœ 1ืืจื“ื™ืจ 
ื ืงื•ืจ. ื™ ื•ืึทื ื˜ืฉ, ื ืจื™ื–ืขืŸ 

ืฆื•ื 100-ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฐืจืึธื ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ (ื–ืงึทื ืข 
ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ,ืขืคึผื™ื–ืึธื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ"). ื ื•ืž. 
4 ื–. 30. 

ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืœื’ืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง (ื ื•ืž. 7, 
ื–. 3--56). 

ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ื™ืง (ื™ื“ื™ืฉ--ืž. ืื™ื˜ืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ). ื™. 
ื ืก ื˜ ืจ ื• ืง ืึธ ืฐื•. ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื’ืืจื™ืข, ื ื™. ืž ืฒึท ืข ืจ. 
ืคื™ื ืฃ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืŸ. 

ื›ึผืจืึธื–ืข (ื™ึทึดื“ื™ืฉ--ื. ื’ืึธื ื˜ืืจ). ื“. ื ืก ืขื ืึธ ืฐ. 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜: ื›. ื‘ ืข ื  ื ื“ ืึธ ืฐื•ื•. ืขืจืขื•ื• 
ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขืฐ! ื. ื‘ ื ืจื•ืš. ืกืึธืœื˜ืฉืข, ืจืขื‘ ื™ืึธืกืขืœืข, 
ืึธืจืขืžืขืœืฒึทื˜. 

ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื•ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉื ื›. ื‘ื™ื™ึทื“ืขืจ, ืž. ืœื™ืคืฉื™ืฅ, ื“. ื›ืฒึท- 
ืงื™ื ืข). ืฐ. ืคึผ ืขื˜ ืจ ืึธ ืฐ. ืื™ืŸ ืœืฑื˜ืขืจืŸ ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜. 
ื“. ื’ืื‘ ืข. ืื•ืžืจื•! ื“. ืึธ ืฐ ื ื“ื™ืึธ. ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ืžืข 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข: ืก. ื˜ืื“ื–ืฉืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื“ื‘ืึธืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืขื•ื•ื ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื ืง ื ืึธืš ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื“ื•ื ืฒึท: ืฐ. ืกื ืžื•ื™ืœืึธืฐ. ื“ื™ ืคืึธื˜ืึธ ืคื•ืŸ 9-ื˜ืŸ 
ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ. 


ืคื•ืคืฆืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ,ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" (ื ื•ืž. 8) 


ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจื™ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœ- 
ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจื™ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ (ื–. 3). 

ื. ื•ื•ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ืก. ืกืื›ืืงืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื–ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ (ื–. 4). 

ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจ 15 ื™ืึธืจ ,ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืž- 
ืœืื ื“" (ื–. 13--38). 

ื ืฒึทืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื‘. ื”ื ืœืคึผืขืจืŸ. ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึท 
ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึทืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืขืคึผืขืก (1. 47); ื‘. ืžื™- 
ืœ ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืื’ืึธืŸ (ื–. 857 ื›. ืž ืข ืœ ื ืž ืฐ ื“. ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขืจ ื›ืึธืœืขื (1. 61 ื”. ืจื ื‘ื™ื ืงืึธืฐ. 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ (ื–. 39). 

ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ื™ื›ื˜. ืž. ืื™ื˜ ืง ืึธ ืฐื™ื˜ ืฉ. ,ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืž- 
ืœืื ื“" ืคืืจืŸ ืคึผืขืจื™ืึธื“ ืืฐื’ื•ืกื˜ 1971--ื™ื•ืœ 1976 
(ื–. 187). 

ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ-ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคืจืืš ืคืจืื’ืŸ. ืข. ืคืืœ- 
ืง ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ. ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ (ื–. 169); 
ื. ืจืืก ืงื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืกืึธืฐืข- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืœืข (ื–. 94). 

ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข 
ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืคืืจ 15 ื™ืึธืจ ,ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ 
ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" (ื–. 110); 

ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ: ื . ืคึผืึทืœืขื˜ืฒึทืขื• , ืœืขื ื™ืŸ" (1969, ื ื•ืž. 
, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉื ---ื. ื’ืึธื ื˜ืืจ); ื. ืฐืึธื–ื ืขืกืขื ืกืงื™ ,, ื“ืขืจ 
ืจื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื–ืขืจืข* (1967, ื ื•ืž. 4, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ---ืž. 
ื˜ื™ื™ืฃ); ืœ. ื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืกืœืื•ื•ืกืงื™ ,ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืฃ-ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืจื•ืง- 
ื˜ืึธืจ" (1965, ื ื•ืž. 2, ื™ื™ึตื“ื™ืฉื ืฐื•. ื”ืึธืคืฉื˜ืฒืŸ); ื. 
ื˜ื•ื•ืืจื“ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ , ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ" (ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ,ืฐืฒึทื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ืฐืฒึทื˜", 1961, ื ื•ืž. 1, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื. ื•ื•ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ืก); 
ืœ. ืžืืจื˜ื™ื ืึธื•ื• ,ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ? (1968, ื ื•ืž. 9, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉื 
ื™. ืฉื˜ืขืจื ื‘ืขืจื’). 

ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™:ื ื™ืฉ: ืื™ ื›ืึธืžืขื ืงืึธ ,ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ- 


185 


ืงืข" (1966, ื ื•ืž. 10, ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ ืž. ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ืืŸ); ืž. 
ืจื™ืœืกืงื™ ,ื ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" 
(1961, ื ื•ืž. 2, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื•ื•. ื”ืึธืคืฉื˜ื™ืŸ. 

ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืกืจื•ืกื™ืฉ: ื”ืจ. ื‘ืึธืจืึธื“ื•ืœื™ืŸ ,ืคื™ื“ืœืขืจ" 
(1967, ื ื•ืž. 5, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืž. ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ืืŸ): ืž. ื˜ืื ืง ,ื 
ื˜ืึธืกื˜ ืคืืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜" (1961, ื ื•ืž. 2, ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ 
ืž. ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ืืŸ). 

ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืœื“ืืฐื™ืฉ: ืคึผ. ื‘ืึธืฆื• ,ืขืจื“" (1966, ื ื•ืž. 
3, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื. ื’ืึธื ื˜ืืจ); ืข. ื‘ื•ืงืึธื•ื• ,ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืฆื• ื 
ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืขื™ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื™ื ื“ืขืจ" (1966, ื ื•ืž. 3. ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ 
ื. ืœื™ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ); ืคึผ. ื–ืื“ื ื™ืคึผืจื• ,ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ื™ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ ื“ืขื 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื˜ืจืืงื˜ืึธืจ" (1972, ื ื•ืž. 12, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื›. ื‘ื™ื™- 
ื“ืขืจ). 

ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืฐื™ืฉ: ื. ืฐืขื ืฆืœืึธื•ื•ื ,ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ 
ืคืืจืœืื ื’" (1972, ื ื•ืž. 12, ื™ื™ึตื“ื™ืฉื ื. ืœื™ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ; 
ืข. ืžืขื–ืฉืขืœืฒึทื˜ื™ืก , ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืข ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืขืจื“" (1968, 
ื ื•ืž. 5, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื. ื•ื•ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ืก). 

ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื–ื™ื ื™ืฉ: ืจ. ืžืืจื’ื™ืื ื™ ื•ื•ื• ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ" (1966. ื ื•ืž. 9, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืฉ. ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื™ืื•ื•ืกืงื™); 
ื™. ื ืึธื ืขืฉืฐื™ืœื™ , ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื–ื™ืข* (1966, 
ื ื•ืž. 9, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืž. ื˜ืืœืืœืื™ืขื•ื•ืกืงื™). 

ืคื•ืŸ ืืจืžืขื ื™ืฉ: ืก. ืืจื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ืืŸ , ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืื 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืจืืจืื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืœ" (1972, ื ื•ืž. 12, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื. 
ืœื™ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ). 

ืคื•ืŸ ืขืกื˜ืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉ. ืข. ื ื™ื•ื˜ ,ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš" 
(1972, ื ื•ืž. 12, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื. ืœื™ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ). 

ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื˜ื™ืฉ. ื. ื•ืขื™ืืŸ ,ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื" (1972, ื ื•ืž. 
2, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื. ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ). 

ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืจื‘ืฒึทื“ื–ืฉืื ื™ืฉ: ื“ื–ืฉ. ื“ื–ืฉืื‘ืืจืœื™ 
,ืœืื ื“ ืžืฒึทื ืก" (1972, ื ื•ืž. 12, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื. ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ). 

ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืจื’ื™ื–ื™ืฉ: ื˜. ืฉืืžืฉื™ืขื•ื• ,ืื˜ื•-ืื“ื™ืจ" 
(1972, ื ื•ืž. 12. ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื. ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ. 


ื”ื•ืŸ ืืฐืืจื™ืฉ: ืจ. ื’ืืžื–ืื˜ืึธื•ื• ,ืคื™ื™ื’ืœ" (1961, 
ื ื•ืž. 12, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืž. ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ืืŸ). 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืœืžื™ืงื™ืฉ: ื“. ืงื•ื’ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืึธื•ื• , ื”ื™ื ื˜ื™ืฉืข 


ื•ื•ืขืœืฃ" (1971, ื ื•ืž. 1, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉื ื. ื•ื•ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ืก). 


ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ ืฉื•ึผืฐืืฉื™ืฉ: ืž. ืกืขืกืคึผืขืœ ,ื“ืึธืก ืืงืขืจ- 
ืคืขืœื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืฒึทืขื ื˜ืึธื’" (1970, ื ื•ืž. ื’, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ 
ื. ืœื™ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ). 

ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืืงื•ื˜ื™ืฉ: ืก. ื“ืื ื™ืœืึธื•ื• ,ืกืคื™ื ืงืก" (1962, 


ื ื•ืž. 2, ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ ื. ื”ื•ื‘ืขืจืžืืŸ). 

ืืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื 15-ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ , ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ 
ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“": ืž. ืืœื˜ืžืืŸ, ืจ. ื‘ืืœื™ืืกื ืข, ื›. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, 
ื™. ื‘ื•ืจื’, ื”. ื‘ืœืึธืฉื˜ืฒืŸ, ื. ื’ืึธื ื˜ืืจ, ืฉ. ื’ืึธืจื“ืึธืŸ, 
ืฉ. ื’ืึธืจืฉืžืืŸ, ืื•. ื’ื•ืจืืœื ื™ืง, ืž. ื’ืœื™ื™ื–ืขืจ, ื˜. ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืก. ื’ืจื•ื–ื‘ืขืจื’, ืื™. ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจ, ืž. ื˜ืืœืืœืื™ืขื•ื•ืกืงื™, 
ื›. ื˜ืืžืืจืงื™ืŸ, ื™. ื˜ืฉื™ื˜ืฉืขืœื ื™ืฆืงื™, ื“. ื›ืฒึทืงื™ื ืข, 
ืž. ืœืื ื“ืžืืŸ, ื™. ืœื™ื•ื‘ืึธืžื™ืจืกืงื™, ื. ืœื™ื–ืขืŸ, ื™. ืกืข- 
ืจืขื‘ืจื™ืื ื™, ื”. ืคึผืึธืœื™ืื ืงืขืจ, ืจ. ืคึผืœื™ืš, ื™. ืคืืœื™ืง- 
ืžืืŸ, ื . ืคืจื™ื“ืžืืŸ, ื–. ืงืื”ืืŸ, ื’. ืงืจืืฐื•ืฆืึธื•ื•, ื”. 
ืจืื‘ื™ื ืงืึธื•ื•, ืž. ืจืื–ื•ืžื ื™, ื™. ืจื•ื‘ื™ืืŸ, ื”. ืจืขืžืขื ื™ืง, 
ืื™. ืฉื•ืœืงื™ื ืข, ื™. ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจ, ื™. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืžืืŸ. 

ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื–ืฉื•ืจ. 
ื ืืœืŸ. 

ืจืขืฉื™ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ,ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ 
ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“". 


ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ-ื’ืจืืคื™ืง. ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ื’. ืงืจืืฐื•ืฆืึธื•ื•, ืž. ืืงืกืขืœ- 
ืจืึธื“, ื’. ืคึผืขืจืงืขืœ, ื™ืข. ืงืื’ืืŸ, ืฐื•. ืœืขืฐื™ื ืกืึธืŸ. 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืฒึทืœืื’ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ,ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืž- 


186 


ืœืื ื“": ื˜. ืงืืคึผืœืืŸ ,ื“ื™ ืงืืœืข", ืจ. ืคืืœืง ,ื 
ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื•ืฐื•ืฒึทืกืŸ", ื. ื˜ื™ืฉืœืขืจ , ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜", 
ื . ืืœื˜ืžืืŸ , ืืฐื˜ืึธืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขื˜", ื–. ืืงืกืขืœืจืึธื“ ,ื“ืขืจ 
ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืึธื–", ืž. ื’ืึธืจืฉืžืืŸ ,ื ืงืึธืœืฐื™ืจื˜ื ื™ืง 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœื“ืืฐื•ื™ืข", ืฉ. ื’ืขืจืฉืึธืฐื• ,ืฆื™ืจืง", ื. ื’ืœื•ืก- 
ืงื™ืŸ ,ื–ืขื’ืœื™ืฉื™ืคืœืขืš ื‘ืื ื‘ืจืขื’", ื”. ืื™ื ื’ืขืจ, 
ืื™ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข ืฆื• ืฉืึธืœืขืื™ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขืžืก ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ 
ื™ื•ื™ืกืขืฃ", ื™. ื˜ืฉืฒึทืงืึธื•ื• ,ื ืงืœืขื–ืžืขืจ", ืื™. ืื™ื˜- 
ืงื™ื ื“ ,ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืข". 


ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ-ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง, ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข, 
ืคืจืื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ 


ืจืขืคึผืึธืจื˜ืื–ืฉ ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ืข ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืข- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. ื ื•ืž. 9, ื–. 3. 

ืืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ื•ื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธ- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืœืขื’ืื˜ืŸ ื. ื•ื•ืข ืจ- 
ื’ืขืœื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื. ืกืืจ ื˜ื ืงืึธ ืฐ. 

ื–. ืืงืคึผืขืจืึธื•ื•. โ€ ืกืืžืขื“ ืฐื•ึผืจื’ื•ืŸ -- ื“ืขืจ 
ืื–ืขืจื‘ืฒึทื“ื–ืฉืืŸ. ื ื•ืž. 10, ื–. 123. 

ืœ. ืึธื–ืขืจืึธื•ื•. ื•ื™ึทืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื ืœื™ื“ (ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื. ื’ืึธื ื˜ืืจืก ื‘ื•ืš ,ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง", ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืœืื’ 
,ื›ื•ื“ืึธื–ืฉืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื ืื™ื ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจื", 1976). ื ื•ืž. 
6 ื–. 149. 

ื”. ื‘ืขืจื™ืึธื–ืงื™ืŸ. ื”ืืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ (ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืž. ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ืื ืก 
ืฉืืคื•ื ื’). ื ื•ืž. 1, ื–. 149. 

ื“. ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืกืึธืŸ. ืคึผืจืึธืœืขื˜ืืจื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึธื–ืขื™ืงื•ื ืกื˜ (ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื ืึธื˜ืข ืœื•ืจื™ืขืก ืจืึธืžืืŸ ,ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืขืคึผ ืจื•ืคื˜"). ื ื•ืž. 
41 ื–. 56. 

ืื•. ื’ื•ืจืืœื ื™ืง. ื“ื™ ืžื•ื–ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคืœืืžื™ืงืขืจ ืกืื˜ื™ืจืข (ืฆื•ื 
0ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืž. ื™ืข. ืกืืœื˜ื™ืงืึธื•ื•- 
ืฉื˜ืฉืขื“ืจื™ืŸ). ื ื•ืž. 1, ื–. 156; ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœื™- 
ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืฆื•ื ืฆืื ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™-ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ. ื ื•ืž. 2, 
ื–. 166; ืื•ื™ื’ ืืฃ ืื•ื™ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜. 
ื ื•ืž. 3, ื–. 149; ืœืขื ื™ื ืก ืคึผืืจื˜ืฒ -- ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื ืขื - 
ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ. ื ื•ืž. 5, ื–. 3; ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืฆื™ืจ- 
ื˜ืขืžืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™- 
ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. ื ื•ืž. 11, ื–. 149. 

ืื™. ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจ. ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™.-"ืœ. ืคึผืขืจืขืฆืŸ. ื ื•ึนืž. 0, 
ื–. 144. 

ื. ื•ื•ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ืก. ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืึธืŸ ื ืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจ. ื ื•ืž. 1, ื–. 172; 
ื ื•ืž. 7, ื–. 163. 

ื™. ืœื™ื•ื‘ืึธืžื™ืจืกืงื™. ืคึผืขืจืขืฅ ืžืืจืงื™ืฉืขืก ื“ืจืืžืขืก (;ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื“ืฒึทื’ืขื˜", ,ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธืจื™ื–ืึธื ื˜", , ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธ- 
ื›ืข ืึธื•ื•ืื“ื™ืก", ,ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืœืฆืฒึทื˜", ,ืจืขื‘ ืืจื™ืข ื“ืขืจ 
ืกื•ื™ืคืขืจ" --- ,,ืงืึธืœื ื™ื“ืจืข"). ื ื•ืž. 1, ื–. 161; ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืขื ืืฑื‘ื ืึธืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ? ื ื•ืž. 8, ื–. 148. 

ืจื•ื˜ ืœืขื•ื™ืŸ (ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ). ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืŸ. ื ื•ืž. 4, ื–. 160. 

ืž. ืžืืจื’ืึธืœื™ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืืฐืจืึธื ืฉืœื™ืึธื ืกืงื™. ื ื•ืž. 
2, ื–. 140. 

ื›. ืžืขืœืืžื•ื“. ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืจื™ื–ืึธื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืืจืฆื™ื™- 
ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’. ื ื•ืž. 2, ื–. 170. 

ืข. ืคืืœืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ. ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื ื•ืž. 10, 
ื–. 135, 

ื. ืจืืกืงื™ืŸ. ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“. ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืกืึธื ืก 
ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ืก-ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก. ื ื•ืž. 7, ื–. 141. 


ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 


ื”. ืจืขืžืขื ื™ืง. ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ. ื ื•ืž. 9, ื–. 
42 ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขืžืก ืจืขืืœื™ื–ื. ื ื•ืž. 10, ื–. 114; 
ืจืฒึทืคืข ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจืฉืืคื˜ (ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื. ื’ืึธื ื˜ืืจ). ื ื•ืž. 11, ื–. 152. 

ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ. ื ื•ืž. 9, ื–. 13. 

ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืขืกืข ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืื ื“ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. ืฆ. ื‘ ืœื™ืฅ. ื ืื˜ืืŸ 
ื–ืื‘ืืจืขืก ืขืคึผืึธืคึผื™ื™ (ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ , ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜?; 
ืž. ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’. ืœื™ื•ื‘ืข ื•ืืกืขืจืžืื ืก ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ 
(ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ , ืคืึธืœืงืกืฉื˜ื™ืžืข"). ื ื•ืž. 5, ื–. 145, 


ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง-ื™ื“ืื˜ืขืก 


ืฉืœื™ืžืข ืขื˜ื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ื”ืขืจืฉืœ ืึธืจืœืื ื“, ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืœื‘ืืง 
(ื ื•ืž. 3, ื–. 103--155). ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉ. ืขื˜ื™ื ื’ืขืจ 
(;ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ืžืข ื‘ืขืจืŸ", ,ื“ืึธืก ืงืื˜ืฉืงืขืœืข', ,ืื™ืš 
ืงื•ืง ืžื™ืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื’ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ"), ืืจืฒึทื ืคื™ืจ-ืฐืึธืจื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื”. ืจ ืขืž ืขื ื™ืง ื™ืืฒื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ืขืจ? 
ื”. ืึธืจืœืื ื“ ,ื ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืขืคึผ"? (ื ืึธืฐื•ืขืœืข); ืฉ. 
ื”ืืœืงื™ืŸ. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืœื‘ืึทืงืŸ. 

ืืฒึทื–ื™ืง ื”ื•ื‘ืขืจืžืืŸ (ืฆื•ื 770ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’): ืืฒึทื–ื™ืง 
ืคึผืœืื˜ื ืขืจ (ืฆื•ื 80-ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’). ื ื•ืž. 4, ื–. 
114+2. ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื. ื”ื•ื‘ืขืจืžืืŸ , ืžื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืขื ืข 
ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ":; ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื. ืคึผืœืื˜ื ืขืจ ,ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืขืจื“". 

ื‘. ืฉืืคื™ืจ (ืฆื•ื 100-ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’). ื ื•ืž. 6, ื–. 
7+-121. ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘. ืฉืืคื™ืจ ,ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง", ,ื‘ื ื’ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ืงืขืกื˜? ื . ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ืขืจ 
(ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืข). ,ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืกืขืจ ืึธืจืขืžืฉืืคื˜? (ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘. ืฉืืคื™ืจ). 

ืฆื•ื 100'ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืจืŸ ืœื™- 
ื‘ืขืจืžืื ืก ืื•ืคืจื•ืฃ ,ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™- 
ื’ืขื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜". ื ื•ืž. 10, ื–. 88 (ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื. ื™ืขืจื•ืกืืœื™ืžืกืงื™ ,ื“ืขืจ ืจื ืฃ ืฆื• ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืขืจ ืื›ื“ืขืก"). : 

ืžืฑื™ืฉืข ื˜ืฒืฃ (ืฆื•ื 10-ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจืฆืฒึทื˜; ืื™ืฆื™ืง ืงื™ืคื ื™ืก 
ืฆื•ื 80-ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’); ื ืฑืขืš ืœื•ืจื™ืข (ืฆื•ื 
0"ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’). ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืฒืฃ, 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™. ืงื™ืคึผื ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืš ืœื•ืจื™ืข. 
ื ื•ืž.12, ื–. 114--139, 

ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืก ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฅ-ื‘ื™ื›ืœ. ืฉ.ื’ ืึธ ืจื“ืึธืŸ. ื“ื™ 
ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’. ื ื•ืž. 
6 ื–. 263 ื™-ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื™ืก. ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ ืงืฒืŸ ืงื•- 
ืงืืŸ. ื ื•ืž. 2, ื–. 148; ื ื•ืž. 3, ื–. 4116 ื™. ืœึตื™|- 
ื‘ืึธืžื™ืจืก ืงื™. ื ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข (ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ-ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจืŸ ืœ. ื’ื•ืจืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ). ื ื•ืž. 10, ื–. 
8. 

ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข. ื. ืคื™ื ื  ืงืข ืœืฉ ื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื™-ืœ. ืคึผืขืจืข- 
ืฆืขืก ืฐื•ืขืจืง ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจืง ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืขืฆืŸ, ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขื ืข 
ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 1917--1974. 
ื’ื•ื, 5 ื–; 172 

-- ืฐืขืจืง ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™.-ืœ. ืคึผืขืจืขืฆืŸ. ื ื•ืž. 6, ื–. 182. 

-- ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ื˜ื™ื™ืคืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง. ื ื•ืž. 7, ื–. 174. 


ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ, ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื™ื ืขืก, 
ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืืฆื™ืขืก . 


ื™ื›ืจืฑื ืขืก. ื™ื•ื“ืขืก ืืจืึธื ื˜ ืฉื™ืง. ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ื ืœื™ื“. ื ื•ืž. 2, ื–. 162. -- ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขืจืขืจ ืจืืคืืœืกืงื™. 


ื ื•ืž. 10, ื–. 98. ื”. ื‘ ืœ ืึธ ืฉ ื˜ ื™ื™ ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืืฒึทืš 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ... ื ื•ืž. 4, ื–. 150; ื ื•ืž. 5, ื–. 4132 ืœื™ื›ื˜. 
ื ื•ืž. 10, ื–. 153. ื›. ื˜ื ืžื ืจ ืงื™ืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉ- 
ืคึผืึธื›ืขื™ืฉื˜ืื (ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ื”ืึธืคืฉื˜ืฒื™ืŸ, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื™, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืฐื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคืจืข). ื ื•ืž. 1, ื–. 145; 
ื•ื•ืืจืฉืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ (ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ- ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข ืขืจืขื•ื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื•ืขืœื˜-ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข). 
ื ื•ืž. 6, ื–. 135; ื ื•ืž. 7, ื–. 134; ื ื•ืž. 9, ื–. 112. 
ื›. ืžืข ืœื ืžื•ื“. ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืขื ืข ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ (ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ ืฉ. ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืขื ืคืขืœื“, ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ 80-ื˜ืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’), ื ื•ืž. 12 ื–. 156. ื™. ืจื•ื‘ื™ืืŸ 
ื“ืจืฒึท ืคืœืขืฉืขืจ ืฐืฒึทืŸ (ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืึธื˜ืœ ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ืื ืขืŸ). ื ื•ืž. 
14 

ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. ื™. ื“ืึธื‘ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• 
ืž. ื›ืืฉื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืืฆืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืืœืžืื ืืš โ€ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“". ื ื•ืž. 1, ื–. 4128 ืฉ. ื”ืืœ- 
ืงื™ื ืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื”. ื‘ืœืึธืฉื˜ืฒื ืขืŸ, ื›. ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืคึผ. ืงื™- 
ืจื™ื˜ืฉืื ืกืงื™ืŸ, ืฉ. ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื™ืื•ื•ืกืงื™ืŸ, ื™. ื’ืจื•ื‘ืขืจืŸ, 
ื–. ืฉืืคื™ืจืŸ, ืข. ืจื•ื™ื˜ืžืื ืขืŸ. ื ื•ืž. 5, ื–. 156; ืื ืข 
ืกื˜ืขืœืžืืš ืฆื• ืืจืŸ ืงื•ืฉื ื™ืจืึธื•ื•ืŸ. ื ื•ืž. 10, ื–. 144 
(ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื ื˜ืืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื›. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ). 

ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืจื•ืกืŸ. ื™. ืฉื•ืก ื˜ ืขืจ. ืงืึธืฐื•ื ืขืจ ืžืขืœืึธ- 
ื“ื™ืขืก. ื ื•ืž. 9, ื–. 156; ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืขืก. ื ื•ืž. 
0, ื–. 156. 

ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืขืก. ื ื•ืž. 1. ื”. ืจ ืขืžืขื ื™ืง. ,ื“ืขืจ 
ืงื•ื™ืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ืจื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜" (ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“. ื›ืฒึทืงื™ื ืข , ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ". , ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ืกืงื™ 
ืคื™ืกืื˜ืขืœ", ืž., 1975); ืœ. ืึธ ื–ืข ืจ ืึท ืฐื• ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉื -- 
ืž. ืื™ื˜ืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ). , ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืฐื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’" (ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ-ื–ืืž- 
ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืž. ืœื™ืคืฉื™ืฅ, ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืจื•ืกื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’. ืคืืจืœืื’ ,ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ืกืงื™ ืคึผื™ืกื- 
ื˜ืขืœ", ืž., 1975); ื’. ืคึผ ืขื˜ ืจืึธ ื•ื• ื. ,ื–ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื’ื•ื˜ืกืงืฒึทื˜? (ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจื™ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉ. ื“ืจื™ื–, ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ืื™ื ืขื ืคืืจืœืื’ 
,ื“ืขื˜ืกืงืื™ื ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจื", ืž., 1973). 


ื ื•ืž. 3. ื. ืจื ืก ืงื™ืŸ. ,ื“ืขืจ ื•ืขื’ ืฆื•ื ื–ื™ื’" (ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื ืฒึทืขื ืจืึธืžืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™. ืจื™ืฐืฐืขืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. , ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ืกืงื™ ืคึผื™ืกืื˜ืขืœ", ืž., 1975); 
ื˜. ื’ืขืŸ *ื ืจืึธืžืืŸ ื•ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืคืึธืœืง? (ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”. ืคึผืึธืœื™ืื ืงืขืจืก ื‘ื•ืš ,ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ", ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืข- 
ืฐืขืจ ืคืืจืœืื’ , ืจืื“ื™ืื ืกืงื™ ืคึผื™ืกืžืขื ื™ืง", 1975); 
ืž. ื’ ืœืฒื–ืขืจ. +ืฆื•ืคื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืš? (ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื›ืื™ึดื ื’ืึธืœื“ืฉื˜ืฒื ืก ื‘ื•ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื ืึท- 
ืžืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืงืืจืขืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจืœืื’ ,ืงืจื™- 
ื˜ืขืจื™ืึธืŸ", ืื™ืŸ 1974); ื. ืจื™ ืฉื™ืŸ. ,ืื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ 
ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืกืื›ืืงืœ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขืš ื”ืืจืฅ" (ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืจื™ืข (ืœืขื•ื™ืŸ) ื“ืขืงืขืจ โ€ ืฉื™ืจื™ื". 
ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืœ-ืื•ื•ื™ื•ื• ืืฃ ืื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1975). 
ื ื•ืž. 5. ื’. ืœืึธืžื™ื“ื–ืข. ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื”. ืจืขืžืขื ื™ืงืก ื‘ื•ืš 
,ืขื˜ื™ื•ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ" (, ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ". ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ืœืื’ , ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ืกืงื™ ืคึผื™ืกืื˜ืขืœ". ืž., 1975); ื™. ืก ืข- 
ืจ ืขื‘ืจื™ืื ื™. ,ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ" (ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ-ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™. ื‘ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื“ืขืจ , ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื›- 
ื˜ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ". , ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ืกืงื™ ืคึผื™ืกืื˜ืขืœ", ืž., 1975); 
ืฐ. ืคึผืื ืžืืŸ ,ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืืŸ" 
(ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืข. ื‘ื•ื’ืื™ืขื ืงืึธ ,ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ื- 


187 


ืงืื ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืืŸ". ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข-ืื’ืขื ื˜ื•ืจ ;ื ืึธืฐืึธืกื˜ื™" ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ, 
ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืฉ). 

ื ื•ืž. 7. ืค. ืœืื ื“. ื ืฐืขืจืง ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ืŸ 
(ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™. ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจ ,ืงืœืขื–ืžืขืจ". 
, ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ืกืงื™ ืคึผื™ืกืื˜ืขืœ", ืž., 1976); ื™. ื“ ืึธ ืง ื˜ ืึท- 
ืจ ืึธ ื•ื• ื™ื˜ ืฉ. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ (ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืฐืขืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘. ืžื™ืœืขืจ ,ืœื•ื™ื™ 
ื˜ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜", ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืคืืจืœืื’ ,ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ืกืงื™ ืคึผื™ืกืื˜ืขืœ", 
ืž.. 1974); ืž. ืžืืจื’ืึธ ืœื™ืŸ. ืฆืืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฑื™ื‘ืŸ 
(ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื›. ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ ืืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืฉื˜ื™ื’ืŸ", ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืื“ืขืœืคื™ืข -- ืœืึธืกื™ืื ื“- 
ื–ืฉืขืœืขืก, 1915); ื”. ืจ ืขืž ืขื ื™ืง. ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืžืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืฉืืคื˜ (ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื–ื™ืง ืคึผืœืื˜ื ืขืจ ,ื“ื™ 
ื–ืืœืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ", ,ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ืกืงื™ ืคึผื™ืกืื˜ืขืœ", ืž,, 
6. 

ื ื•ืž. 11. ืž. ื’ ืœืฒื–ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ืื™ื ืขื 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ (ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐื•. ื˜ืืžื‘ื•ืจืก ื‘ื•ืš ,ืžืืจืืžืึธืจืข- 
ืฉืื ืขืจ". ืคืืจืœืื’ ,ืงืจื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืึธืŸ", ื‘ื•ืงืืจืขืฉื˜, 
5) ื”. ื–ื™ืžืื ืืก. ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืข 
(ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ,ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึธืœืื™ึดื ื“ืขืœื™ื˜ืข", ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•ื™ืึธืจืง ืืฃ ื™ื™ึทึดื“ื™ืฉ, ืื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื˜, ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ 
ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ); ื™. ืงื•ืจื™ืฉ. ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืื‘ืืจืึธื•ื•ืกืง 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื•ืฐืขืœื˜ (ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ื›ืื‘ืืจืึธื•ื•ืกืงืขืจ ื‘ื™- 
ื›ืขืจื™ืคืืจืœืื’, 1975);. ื. ืจืืก ืงื™ืŸ. ื™ืืฃ ื“ื™ 
ืœืขื‘ื ืกื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ" (ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขืžื•ืืจืŸ-ื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื™. ืœื™ื•- 
ื‘ืึธืžื™ืจืกืงื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. , ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ืกืงื™ 
ืคึผื™ืกืื˜ืขืœ", ืž., 1976). 


ื ื•ืž. 12. ื”. ืจืข ืžืขื ื™ืง. ื ืจืึธืžืืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข (ืจืึธืžืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื›. ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจืžืืŸ , ืงืึธ- 
ืžืขื˜ื". ืคืืจืœืื’ , ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ืกืงื™ ืคึฟื™ืกืื˜ืขืœ", ืž., 1976); 
ื™. ื’ืึธืจืขืœื™ืง. ื ื•ืขืจื˜ืคื•ืœืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข (ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ, ื–ืขื›ืฆื ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืขื“ื™ืข", ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืคืืจ- 
ื ืขืžื˜ ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉ ืึธืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื™ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ". ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืคืืจืœืื’ , ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืข- 
ื“ื™ืข"); ื™. ืฉ ืจืฒึทื‘ืžืืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ (ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•. ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ ,ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ื“ืขืจ- 
ืžืึธื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ". ืคืืจืœืื’ โ€ ืงืจื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืึธืŸ", ื‘ื•ืงืืจืขืฉื˜, 
5. 

ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืœืฒืขื ืขืจ (ื ื•ืž. 3. ื–. 86-66); 

ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข: ื™. ืงืจืื•ื™ืฅ (ื•ื™ืœื ื™ื•ืก). ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืฆืขืก: 
ืจ. ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ื‘ืขืจื’ (ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึทืขื•ื•). ื“ืจืฒึท ืกืงื™ืฆืŸ. 

ืคืืจืฆืฒื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื›. ื–ืฒึทืขืŸ (ืžืึธืกืงืฐืฐืข. ื“ืึธืจ" 
ืคื™ืฉืข ืœืขืจืขืจ; ื. ืœื™ื‘ืขืจืžืืŸ (ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“). ืงื•ืจ- 
ืฆืข ืœืขื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจื. 
ืž. ืœืื ื“ืžืืŸ. ืืŸ ืขื˜ื™ื•ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฉ. ื”ืืœืงื™ืŸ (ื ื•ืž. 10, ื–. 104). 

ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง: ื‘. ืงืึธื˜ืœื™ืืจ (ื›ืืจืงืึธื•ื•). ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื ื•ืžืขืจ , ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“". 

ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจื™ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. ืž. ื‘ืจื•ืงืื–ืฉ (ื•ื™- 
ื˜ืขื‘ืกืง). ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข. 

ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ื™ืง: ื›. ื›ืึธืžืกืงื™ (ืกืœืึธื ื™ื). ื“ืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ 
ืื™ืš, ื“ืขืจ ,ื‘ืขืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืœืึธื ื™ื". 

ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’: ื–. ืžื™ื ืงื™ืŸ (ื“ืึธื ืขืฆืง). ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ. ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื“ืขืœืข; ืฉ. ืจืืคึผืึธืคึผืึธืจื˜ (ืœืขื ื™ื’- 


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ื’ืจืื“). ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืœื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืฒื™ื‘ื™ืง;: ืž. ืžื™ื ื™ืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 
(ื’ืึธืจืงื™). ืคืœืขืงืŸ; ืฉ. ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ (ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืฆืข). ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืข- 
ืฉืึธืœื™ื. 

ืคืืจ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืกืฐืขื’ืฃ ื”. ื‘ืืจืื– (ืจืึธืกื˜ืึธื•. 
ืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ; ื‘. ืกื™ื ืขืœื ื™ืงืึธื•ื•ื (ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข). ืืฒึทื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืขืฉ. 

ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ -- ื–ืฒืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจ ื’ืฑืจืœ. ื–. ืงืื”ืืŸ 
(ืฆื•ื 70-ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’). ื“ื™ ืฉืฒึทืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืฐืึธืจื‘ืŸ (ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืคึผืืจื˜ืฒ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืกืจื•ืกืœืื ื“, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื–ืื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ืข ืืฃ ืจืึธืงืึธืกืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืก ื ืึธ-ื™ 
ืžืขืŸ ืคึผ. ืžืืฉืขืจืึธื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธ- 
ืคืขืกืึธืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืŸ, ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ืข-ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ ื‘. 
ืืฒึทื–ื ื‘ืขืจื’). ื ื•ืž. 3, ื–. 135. -- ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธ- 
ืคึผืึธืœื™ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข (ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืž. ืž. ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ืืจืกืงื™ืŸ), 
ื ื•ืž. 12, ื–. 91; ืฐ. ื™ืึธืคื™ืง. ื ืคืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื“ื" 
ืžืขื ื˜ (ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื•ื™ืขืจ-ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ืข 
ื–ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ ืžืืœืงื™ืŸ). ื ื•ืž. 5, ื–. 4112 ื. ื”ื ืงื™ 
(ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ -- ืž. ืื™ื˜ืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ). ื ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืœ- 
ื˜ืข ื‘ืึธืœืฉืขืฐื™ืงืขืก. ื ื•ืž. 6, ื–. 2122 ื. ืœื™ื–ืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื’ื“ืขืจ, ืœื™ื™ื‘ืœ ื“ืขื ื“ืจืื’ื•ื ืก ื–ื•ืŸ. ื ื•ืž. 7, ื–. 104; 
ืข. ื‘ื™ืœื™ืืฐื™ื˜ืฉื•ืก. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืืงืจื™ื•ื• ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ื’ืœื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ (ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืงืข ื”ืขืกื™ืข ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจื™ื˜ืข) 
ื ื•ืž. 10, ื–. 107. 


ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ื™ืง 


ื“ื™ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. ื ื•ืž. 2, ื–. 6. 

ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืืฐื˜ืึธื ืึธืžืข ื’ืขื’ื ื˜. ืœ. ืฉื ืคึผื™ืจืึธ. ืกืื›ืืงื™ 
ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืกืคึผืขืงื˜ื™ืฐื•ืŸ. ื ื•ืž. 3, ื–. 10. 

ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืืฃ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขืžืขืก. ืคึผืจืึธืคึผ. ื’. ื‘ ืึธื  ื“ ื" 
ืจ ืข ื•ื• ืก ืง ื™. ืื™ืŸ ื ื ืขืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผืจื•ื›ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืขืœื•ื›ืขืก. ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืก. 
ื ื•ืž. 11, ื–. 3; ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืก. ื ื•ืž. 12, ื–. 159. 

ืื•. ื‘ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืฉืึธืœืขืื™ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ. ื ื•ืž. 
6 17 

ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข. ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืืœื™ืข" 
ืื•ื™ื’-ืืฃ-ืื•ื™ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ื ื•ืž. 5, ื–. 130. 

ื˜. ื’ืึธื–ืฉืื ืกืงืข (ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ). ืกืืงืึธื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืฉื™ื–ื ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ. ื ื•ืž. 1, ื–. 108; ื ื•ืž. 2, ื–. 141, ื ื•ืž. 3, 
ื–. 140. 

ื. ื’ืจืึธืฉืขื•. ื“ืขืจ ืงืืžืฃ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืขื›ืฆืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœื™ื–ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ืื“ื™ื’- 
ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื ื•ืž. 3, ื–. 4. 

ืœ. ื“ืื“ื™ืื ื™. ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื“ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื. ื ื•ืž. 
5 ื–. 122, 

ื’. ื•ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจืึธื•ื•. ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉื ืคืขืœืงืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ 
ืฉืข ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜. ื ื•ืž. 9, 
ื–. 120. 

ื. ื•ื•ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ืก. ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ. 
ื ื•ืž. 10, ื–. 6; ื ื‘ืื ืงืจืึธื˜ื™ืจื˜ืข ืื™ื“ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื˜ืขื’. ื ื•ืž. 12, ื–. 37. 

ื’. ื–ื™ืžืื ืืก. ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ื ื•ืž. 6, ื–. 20. 
ืกืื›ื ื™ืŸ. ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ? (ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืจืขื˜ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืœ. ืกืืžืืจื™ืŸ). ื ื•ืž. 4, ื–. 143. 


':- ืขืจืœื™ืš. ....ืืคืŸ ืกืžืืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ึดืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื’ืขื ื˜ื•ืจ".. ื ื•ืž. 7, ื–. 
4. 

ื. ืงื™ืกืœืึธื•ื•. ืก. ืจืึธื’ืึธื•ืŸ. ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดืฉืขื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข. 
ื ื•ืž. 6, ื–. 6. 

ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื ืคืึธืจืžื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืœืฒื™ืขื ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ื’ืกื™ืกืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืืœื™ึทืข (ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข). 
ื ื•ืž. 4, ื–. 12; ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืึธืŸ ื ื”ืฒึทื (ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื- 
ื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข). ื ื•ืž. 12, ื–. 11; ืฆื• 
ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึธืœืื™ึทื ืื•ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืžืฒึท-ื™ 
ืจืขื•ื•ื™ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ืืจื“ืŸ. ื ื•ืž. 6, ื–. 4174 ื•ื•ื™- 
ื˜ืืจื™ืึธ. ื›ื•ืื ืึธ ื“ื ื•ื•ืืจื’ืืก-ืฐื•ื™ืงื™ 
ื˜ืึธืจ ืžืืจื˜ืฉืขื ืงืึธ. ,ืกืขื ืื˜ืึธืจ ื“ื–ืฉืขืงืกืึธืŸ, 
ืื™ืš ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ื- 
ืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื–ืื ืคืืจื’ืึธืกืŸ". ื ื•ืž. 10, ื–. 3. 

ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืืฃ ืคืจืื’ืŸ. ืœ. ื“ ื ื“ื™ืื ื™. ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื 
ืื™ื– ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืฉืคึผืื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉื ืคืขืœ- 
ืงืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜. ื ื•ืž. 4, ื–. 176. 

ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจืฐื•ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืืฆื™ืขืก. 
ื˜. ืงืืจ ืืก ืึธ ืฐ ื. ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืืš ืคื•ืŸ , ื“ื–ืฉื•ื™ึดืฉ ื“ืข- 
ืคืขื ืก ืœื™ื’". ื ื•ืž. 4, ื–. 1172 ืž. ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ. 
ื ืฒึทืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜. ื ื•ืž. 10, ื–. 161: ืฉ. ืกื™ืœืฐ ืขืจ. 
ืžืขื“ื™ื ืืก ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื ื•ืž. 
5 ื–. 162, 

ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื•ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ืขื (ื ื•ืž. 1, ื–. 137--140); 

ื”. ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ื˜ืขืจืžืืŸ (ื›ืžืขืœื ื™ืฆืงื™). ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฉื™ืœืขืจ! ื. ืฉืคึผื™ืœื‘ืขืจื’ (ืกืžืึธืœืขื ืกืง). 
ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜: ื’. ืงื™ื–ืขืœ (ื‘ืืงื•). ื‘ืืงื•- 
ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœ: ื. ืคึผ ืจื™ื‘ ืœื•ื“ืข (ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข). ื ื”ืขืœื“ 
ื ืงืจื™ืžื˜ืฉืืง -- ื™ืืงืึธื•ื• ื˜ืฉืืคึผื™ื˜ืฉืขืฐ. 

(ื ื•ืž. 6. ื–. 109--115); 

ื™. ื”ื•ื˜ื ืขืจ, ื. ืฉืคึผื™ืœื‘ืขืจื’. ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขื”ืขื ืขื 
ืืจื•ื™ืก; ืฐื•. ืก ืึท ืœ ืึทึธ ื•ื• ื™ื™. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ; 
ื. ืคึผืจื™ื‘ ืœื•ื“ืข. ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ ืžื™ืœื ืขืจืก ืœืขื‘ื ืกื•ื•ืขื’ 
(ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ ืžื™ืœื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื - 


ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“). 
(ื ื•ืž. 7, ื–. 110--115). 
ืž. ืจื™ืื ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืงืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื˜; 


ืฐ. ืž ื ืจ ื’ ื•ื• ืขืœ ื ืฉ ืฐื• ื™ืœื™. ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื‘ืขืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง: ื”. ื‘ ื ืจื ื–. ืื•ืžืคืืจื’ืขืกืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืื’ืข- 
ื’ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ. 


ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ 


ื : ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื - 
ื–ื•ืกืงื™ืŸ - ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 


ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ืึธืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ. 
ื“ ืขืจ -- ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘; ื‘. 
ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืข! ืข. ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ -- ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื–ืืž- 
ืœืขืจ ืฉ. ืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœืก--ื’ืึธืœื“ืคืื“ืขื ืก ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื ื•ืž. 11, ื–. 136, 

ืก. ื˜ืฉืขื‘ืึธื˜ืืจื™ืึธื•ื•. ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื”ื•ืžืื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ื ืกื˜ 
(ืฆื•ื 770ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“. ืฉืึธืกื˜ืืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ). 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ -- ื. ืจื ืก ืงื™ืŸ ื ื•ืž. 9, ื–. 134. 

ื™. ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื™ืก. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืจืืœ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทืฐืึธืœื’ืข. ื ื•ืž. 4, ื–. 133, 

ื™. ืœื™ื•ื‘ืึธืžื™ืจืกืงื™. ื“ืขืจ ืืงื˜ื™ืึธืจ ืขืœื™ืข ื˜ืจืืงื˜ืึธืฐืขื ืงืึธ. 
ื ื•ืž. 11, ื–. 145. 


ื. ืกื™ื“ืึธืจืึธื•ื•. ื ื”ืืœื‘ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ 
(ืฆื•ื 770ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื’. ืงืจืื•ื•ืฆืึธื•ื•). ื ื•ืž. 
1, ื–. 165, 

ื™. ืกืขืจืขื‘ืจื™ืื ื™. ื’ืึธืœื“ืคืื“ืขื ืก ื’ืืกื˜ืจืึธืœ-ืจืฒึทื–ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื›ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ. ื ื•ืž. 10, ื–. 126. 

ื™. ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจ. ื ื•ืขื˜ืขืจืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืงื•ื ืกื˜ (ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื™ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขืจ ืž. ืงืื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ). 
ื ื•ืž. 7, ื–. 157. 


ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืžื™ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 


ื›. ื ืื“ืขืœ. ืืฐืจืึธื ืจื™ื™ื–ืขื ืก ื ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื™ืจื˜ืขืจ 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ืŸ. ื ื•ืž. 4, ื–. 181. 

ืœ. ื•ื•ื™ืœืกืงืขืจ. ืืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื. ืงื- 
ื”ืื ืึธ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืืจืึธืŸ ื“. ื’ื™ื ืฆื‘ื•ืจื’. ื ื•ืž. 5, ื–. 166. 

ืž. ืจืื›ืืžื™ืžืึธื•ื•. ื•ื™ึทืื–ื•ื™ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืกื™ื‘ื•ืœื’ื- 
ืจื™ืข ื’ืขืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ-ืžืขืจื“ืขืจ. 
ื ื•ืž. 7, ื–. 159. 

ืื™. ืงืึธื ื˜ืฉืขื•. ืกืคืืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืœืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื’ื- 
ืจื™ืข. ื ื•ืž. 7, ื–. 161. 

ืฐ. ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืขื•ื•. ื ืฒึทื™ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขื ืข ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ-ืคืึธื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืขื™ื‘ื™- 
ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืืฃ ืž. ื™ืข. ืกืืœื˜ื™ืงืึธื•ื•ื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขื“ืจื™ื ืก ื ืึธ- 
ืžืขืŸ. ื ื•ืž. 9, ื–. 168. 


ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 


ืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ืกืึธืœืึธืฐืฒื™ื˜ืฉื™ืงืœ, ืฉืคึผื™ืœ. ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื. ื•ื• ืข ืจ- 
ื’ืขืœื™ืก, ืžื–ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืก. ื˜ ืฉ ืขื‘ ืึธ ื˜ืืจื™ืึธืฐ. 
ื ื•ืž. 1. ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืข. ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื. ืฐ ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ืก, ืžื•ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืก. ื˜ ืฉ ืขื‘ ืึธ ื˜ื- 
ืจ ื™ ืึธ ื•ื•. ื ื•ืž. 2. ืฉื ื™ื™. ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื›. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, 
ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืž. ืคึผ ืึธืœื™ืื ืกืงื™. ื ื•ืž. ื’. ื ืœืื - 
ื’ืขืจ ื•ืฐืขื’. ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™. ืฉืืคืขืจืืŸ 
(ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ---ื. ื•ื• ืข ืจ ื’ ืข ืœ ื™ ืก), ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื™. ืค ืจ ืข ื - 
ืง ืขืœ. ื ื•ืž. 4. ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืžืึธืœ. ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื. ืฐื• ืข ืจื’ ืขืœ ื™ืก. ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืข. ื–ืฉื ืจ ืง ืึธ ืฐ- 
ืก ืง ื™. ื ื•ืž. 5. ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ื ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืจ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืž. ื’ ืจื•ื‘ื™ืืŸ, ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“. ื ืฉ ืง ืข- 
ื ื ื–ื™. ื ื•ืž. 7. ืืคืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืขื˜. ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื. ื•ื• ืขืจื’ ืขืœื™ืก, ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืก. ื˜ ืฉ ืขื‘ ืึท- 
ื˜ื ืจื™ืึธ ืฐื•. ื ื•ืž. 9. ื”ืฒึทื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ื–ื™ื ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื. ื•ื•ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ืก. ื ื•ืž. 11. 
ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ืกืŸ. ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื. ื’ืึธื ื˜ืืจ, ืžื•ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื . ืฉื•ืœืžืืŸ ื ื•ืž. 
2. 


ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข ืฉื•ืจืขืก (ืื™ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”. ืื™ื ื’ืขืจ). ื ื•ืž. 
3 7, 9, 10, 11. 

ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื ื•ืž. 1, 3, 4, 
7 9 10. 

ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืœืขืงืกื™ืงืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกืึธ- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. ื ื•ืž. 1--7, 9--12. 

ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก , ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ 
ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ. ื ื•ืž. 1, 2, 5, 6, 9, 
0, 12. 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื˜ืฉื™ืงืื•ื•ืข. ื ื•ืž. 1, 3, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12. 

ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืึธ-ืืจื›ื™ื•ื•. ื ื•ืž. 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 10. 

ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืง. ื ื•ืž. 1--7, 9--12, 


189 


ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื ืก. ื ื•ืž. 1--7, 9--12. 

ืคึผืจืขืกืข-ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ื™ื›ื˜. ื ื•ืž. 1, 2, 4. 

ืงืึธืžืขื ื˜ืืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข. ื ื•ืž. 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 11. 

ืคืึธื˜ืึธ-ืื™ื ืคืึธืจืžืืฆื™ืข โ€ ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“- 
ื–ืฉืื ืฆืขืก". ื ื•ืž. 1, 5, 12. 

ืจืขืคึผืœื™ืง. ื ื•ืž. 3. 

ืคึผืึธื˜ืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ , ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“". ื ื•ืž. 3. 

ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ. ื ื•ืž. 3. 

ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ. ื ื•ืž. 6. 

ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš. ื ื•ืž. 1--7, 9--12. 


ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืฒึทืœืื’ืขืก 


ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืก ื–ืืœ. ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ืงื™ื - 
ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ื“ืขื ืฆืื ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ื™ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ. ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ื•. ืฆื™ืคึผืœืืงืึธืฐ, ื. ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ืฉ, ื•ื• 
ืคึผืึธืคึผืงืึธื•ื•, โ€ ืง. ืžืืงืกื™ืžืึธื•ื•, ื•ื•. ื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉืขืจืกืงื™, ื•ื• 
ืฆื™ื’ืืœ (ื ื•ืž. 1). 

ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืกืคืกืจ ื“ืขื ืœึนืื ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™-ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื - 
ืคืึธืจ. ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืœ. ืงืึธื˜ืœื™ืืจืึธื•, 
ื™ืข. ืžืึธื™ืกืฒื™ืขื ืงืึธ, ื›. ื™ืื ื•ืงืึธื•ื•, ื. ืžื™ืœื ื™ืงืึธื•, ืคึผ. 
ืคืึธืžื™ืŸ, ื. ืฐืขืœื™ื›ืึธื•ื• (ื ื•ืž. 2). 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ื–ืืœืŸ. ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ื•ื•. ืกืงืึธื‘ืœืขื•ื•, ืข. ืงืึธื–ืœืึธื•ื•, ื•ื•. ืฆื™ืคึผืœื- 
ืงืึธื•ื•, ื. ื’ืจื™ืฆืฒึท, ื–. ื•ื™ืœืขื ืกืงื™, ื•ื•. ืงื•ื‘ืืจืขื•, 
ื•ื•. ื˜ืฉื™ืงืžืืกืึธื•ื•, ืคึผ. ืคืึธืžื™ืŸ (ื ื•ืž. 3). 

ื’ืขื˜ืึธื™ืงืขืžืคืขืจ (ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืื•ืžื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜). ืœ ืขืึธ 
ื’ืจื•ื ื“ื™ืง. ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืœื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืืฉื™ื–ื. 
ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ื‘. ื˜ื•ื˜ืขืœืžืืŸ. ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธื•ื•ื™ืฆืขืจ ืžืึธ- 
ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ. ื ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ-ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขื˜. ื“ื™ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ 
(ื–ืข ื“ื™ ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื›. ืžืขืœืืžื•ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื ืกื˜- 


ืœืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ืขืœืžืืŸ). ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ 
ื. ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืข. ืจืึธืžืื ืึธื•ื•ื (ื ื•ืž. 4. 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืก'ื–ืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื " 
ื’ืจืื“. ืคื•ืŸ ื–. ื–ืืœืฆืžืื ืก ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืคึผืขื ื“ื–ืœ ื‘ืื ืžืึธืœื‘ืจืขื˜ (ืืฐื˜ืึธืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขื˜), ื ื™ื•ื - 
ื’ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ, ื˜ืจื™ืคึผืึธืœื™ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื’ืขื“ื™ืข. ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืข. ืึท ืงืืก ืื•ืŸ ื. ืคึผ ืœืืก- 
ื˜ ืึธืฐ (ืืฃ ื–. 144 ื ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื–. ืงืื”ืืŸ ,ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื–ืืœืฆืžืื ืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ"). ื ื•ืž. 5. 

ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ (ืœืฑื˜ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืœ 
ืืจืึธื ืกืึธืŸ): ื™ื™ื™ึดืขืฉ" (ืกืงืœืคึผื˜ืึธืจ ื . ื ืจืึธื - 
ืก ืึธ ื–); ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ. -- ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื˜ 
(ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ื–ืฉ. ืคึผืืก ืงื™ืŸ; ื ืžืฒื“ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืื - 
ื’ืข ื”ืึธืจ (ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืœ. ืก ืขื’ ื ืœ); ืฉื•ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ 
(ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืž. ืงื™ืก ืœื™ื ื’). ื ื•ืž. 6. 


ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ื•ืœื’ืืจื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ. ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื ืข ืงืจืืžืขืจ, ืคื ืขื ืคึผืึธืœืงืก-ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ 
ืฆืื ืงืึธ ืœืืฐืจืขื ืึธืฐ (ื–ืข ื“ื™ ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฅ ,ื 
ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ"). ื ื•ืž. 7. 


ืืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืž. ืฐืฒึทื ืžืื ืก ืฐื•ืขืจืง. ื™. ื–ื™ืกืžืื ืก 
ื ืฒึทืข ืกืขืจื™ืข ืืงื•ื•ืืจืขืœืŸ: ื ื“ืึธืจืคื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผื™ื™ื–ืื–ืฉ, 
ืกื•ื™ื“ืขืก, ื‘ืื ืฉืฒึทืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคื™- 
ื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฐื•. ืืจื›ืื ื’ืขืœืกืงืื™ื: ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ. ื ื•ืž. 9. 

ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ื”. ืื™ื ื’ืขืจ (ื–ืขืงืก ืจืขืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืขืก). ื ื•ืž. 10. 

ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ื’. ืงืจืื•ื•ืฆืึธื•ื• (ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ-ื’ืจืืคื™ืง, ืขืงืกืœื™ื‘ืจื™ืกืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืืงื•ื•ืืจืขืœืŸ); ืจืขืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืง 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ื™ืข. ืงืึธื’ืืŸ. ื ื•ืž. 11. 

ืจืขืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจืŸ ืื™. ืžืืกื˜ื‘ื•ื™ื 
(ื–ืข ื“ื™ ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืœ. ื‘ืึธื’ื•ืกืœืื•ื•ืกืงืื™ื ืืฃ ื–. 155 
,ื ืคื™ืœืฆื•ื–ืึธื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืืœืื ื˜"). ื ื•ืž. 12. 


ื˜ื™ืงืŸ-ื˜ืึธืขืก 


ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ,ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ื ื•ืž. 11 ืคืืจืŸ 1976 ื™ืึธืจ, ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ 192, ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜-ืคืึธืจืžืขืก ื‘ื ืฐืขืจื‘ืŸ ืœืฒื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจ: ืงืขื’ื ื•ื•ืืจื˜, ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜, ืคื™ืœืžืึธืœื™ืงืข ืคืืจื’ืื ื’- 


ื’ืขื ื”ืฒึทื˜, ืคืืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ื”ืฒื˜. 


190 


*ืืŸ 


1 


1 


ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ 


ื”ึผ 
= 
-2 
ื–ื™ื‘ 
= 
ืช. 2 
8; 3 
ื• 7 
ืžืข 2 
5 : 
: 2 
: : 
3 : 
ื™ื™ ื•ื• 
ืง 
== ืจื‘ 
ืฉื™ = 
= 
3 5 
8 1 
3 8 
5 
8 
8 8 
-+ == 
ืฆ 2 
(= 
ื” 
= 
25 


ื’ืง : : == ืก ,4 ื™ืฉ ืฉืฉ 
ืจ ื™ื™ ื™ื™ 46 ืื™ .- ...1 ืื™ = 
:22 1ื”,,..,,,,,.,-ื™ ื™ื™,ื™,,,,,,ื™,,,,ืฉ,, .,,, .,,.,,ื™ื™ืข,,,.,,,ืข,,,,,,ืฉ,,,!,,,,ืช,,,,,, ,ื˜ื™ : 
ื™ื™ =ืžืข=-ื‘ื™-ืข ืื˜ 26 } ื˜ืขื˜ืฉ ื•ืืข. ืขืก ื :ื {} 46 96ืฅ ื˜ืข - ื™ 
| . 0 - { 8 02 ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืืŸืก+ ื˜ื•ื˜ 2 1 ืฆื•ืฆ.. ืกื˜- ื™ืก ื™ื‘ืœ ืฉืš. ืคื•ืก 03/ ! 
= ืฉื™ื˜ ืื™ ื™ื™ ื™ื™ ืขื™ .416 == ืื˜ 
ืจ..- ืืฉ ื™ืข ...ื™ื™ ื™ื™ ื˜ื™ ืืฉืฉื˜ื“ื˜ื™ืง?) 5 ืฒืื ืจืฉืงืกืขืจ-. ืชื•ื™ื ืฉืž ื•ื‘ืื™ืกืคืื•ื›ื•ืฆืขื˜. 157 2084 ||ืงื’ืืคืžืขืจื™ืงื™ื’ืื ื•ืจืคืชืงืืžืขื ื™ื˜ื™) -/ื™ื”ืขืจืžืžื™ืกืฉื™ืขืžืื ื’,. = :15 


ืฉื™ = === = === = = === = === ==;=== === ==0222 
2 

-- ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ืกืŸ, -- ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฐืึธื ืข, 

ืงื•ื ืืจื•ื™ืก ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจืŸ. | ืฐืขืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ. 

-- ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืข ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœื™ืกืœ, 

ื›'ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจืŸ. -- ืงื•ื ืืจื•ื™ืก, ื›'ื•ื•ืขืœ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื’ืขื– ืฐืขืจืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ. 

-- ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืš ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, -- ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื–, ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ, 

ืฉื˜ืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืงืกืœ. ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ. 

-- ื›'ืฉืจืขืง ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ, ื›'ืฉืจืขืง ื–ื™ืš, ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ, 

ื›'ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืืคืŸ ืืงืกืœ. -- ืื•ื‘ ื“ื• ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืœื™ื™ื’ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข. 

-- ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื ืžืื˜ืึธื ืข, -- ื•ื•ืืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• ื“ืึธืก ืื ื˜ืœืึธืคืŸ?! 


ืงื•ื, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ืฐืฒึทื–ืฃ ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข. 


282 ืช ืขืคื– ื•ืฐ/ื“0084 
( 021112ืง 008610888) 


|ื•ืžืืžื˜ื”ืกืกืืกืื ืขืŸ 
ื“ ืงืข/ืื’ 6812ืฐ202860186ืฆื-ืกื•ื•ืงืขื–ื”ืงืกื“ื—ืช 


6 80:0ื660600 118 

0 4624167680ื— 6010324 4ื–ืง0ืก 

ื— 1901 6 113226168 

ื›ื˜ื”ืกื–21ืกืขื— /4608610840 0180ื˜6ื“21ืชื‘ื• 
ืกื— ืช?ื–?ืง88 2 ืกืกื–ืื’ื’ืกืง ื”ืžื”ืž2ื”ื– 


ื– ืช = ื— ืช 0 ื ืช 2 ? 
1020 .6 ,ืคืงื’ื–ื—ืก} .2 ,08ืก} .}1 ,ืขืก2ืฐ0ืกื˜ .ื 
,ื’ืขืื’ืชืก1ื” .ื ,ืกื˜ืคืงืฆื”. ื›ึผื–ืกื” ,2268 

402/0 .0 ,ืงืกืืฐืชื”ืชืกืช .} {ืงืกืชื”ืื”ื” .ืก 
ืื•ื•ืืžืžื”.ืกื˜ืขื˜ .ื•ื– 


02 ืฆื–ื•ืŸ 11 ืž20ื“06ื06ืก 01861078620816) 


21 ื˜ื˜;7ื;2 84ืข4ื2622 60ืงืช2 
7 ,1640088 .ื”ืฅ ,02ื“1168 ,82ืืกืกืŸื 

1 4 0 ืข) 6 ื— 6 1 

1 ,-- /8100ื6242ืง 28:16ื—ื™ื– 

7 -- ืž/ืง0680618 0186101861111814 
ื”ื4ื22ืกืง ื”ื’ืืกืกื˜ื’6ืืก 1โ€ 200:8607866628ืฆ2 
ื ื— ื ืง 8456 0 6 ื—8ื”ืก8ืก?ืžืฉ 02 .ื 

2 ื ืช 8 2 ื”. 1! ืงืกื–ื“ืืกืขืงืกื 


ืขื–ื“ื”ื˜ืกืช ื 11020462840 = 7.8.1976 482600 8 62200 
-ืกืชืขื–1 ื’ื–2ืืขืฆื +7006108143 27ืืงืก .}ื– 18.841.1970 
-ืฆืกืช .ื”ืกืฆ) .ื—ืื 1270,25 .ื— .1166 .| ื˜ื ื”26082ืงื– 
.800 .328 ื—ืกื 50 11682 .630,125 .ืช .ืืฆ (17,16 .ืช 


ืฐืฐ6ื3/2 0ืช1)02600 208000ืฆ/1 0026068 
ืฐ68021010ืง 08 8ืก411 7 ืœึทื ื”ืขืฉ ื’ืงื–ืกื—ืื“ 080484ืืกืกื 
ืืกื˜ื˜ืก18ื–ืก2ืง22ืฅ100 ื—ืžื— ืขื”ืืกืงื—ืฉ)2ืงื–ืขื”0ื—03ื•400 
ื–ืื”ื”ืก2 ืกื— 6660 1208ืกืข8ืข21 008672 061616ืืกื 
.ื”100008 /1411424801 11 ื•ืขืงืก2ืงื–ืขื”ืกื—ืช ,080178ื”32816ืข 
.13 ,286884082 .ืงืกื ,1-19 ,24008482 


-ื– 1976 ,ืœืชืฐื’ืชื60ื– ืฐืฐื“40086 ื”ื’ืืงืฅืืœืช (0) 


ื•ื•ืŸ;ืฐ661:3' 
ื“ืง:ื•.ืฆื’ืงืฑื•/ื‘ืŸ